ASTM D6177-97(2008)e1
(Practice)Standard Practice for Determining Emission Profiles of Volatile Organic Chemicals Emitted from Bedding Sets
Standard Practice for Determining Emission Profiles of Volatile Organic Chemicals Emitted from Bedding Sets
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The objective of this practice is to provide procedures for estimating emission profiles of VOCs from bedding sets. These profiles can then be used to estimate human inhalation exposures to VOCs emitted from bedding sets. The estimated inhalation exposures ultimately can be used as an input to characterization of health risks from short–term VOC exposures.
The results of emissions testing for specific raw materials and components, or processes used in manufacturing different bedding sets, can be used to compare their relative impacts on airborne concentrations.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the procedures for estimating emission profiles of volatile organic chemicals (VOCs) from bedding sets when a new bedding set is first brought into a house, based on emissions testing in environmental chambers.
1.2 Emission profiles from bedding sets are determined from air concentrations measured in environmental chambers.
1.3 VOC emissions from bedding sets, as in the case of other household furnishings, usually are highest when the products are new. Procedures described in this practice also are applicable to used bedding sets.
1.4 The practice is applicable to VOCs and not to semi-volatile organic chemicals or nonvolatile organic chemicals.
1.5 This practice summarizes procedures for sample selection and handling. This practice also refers to pertinent sampling procedures and analytical methods for emission testing, but does not include technical details on selection of appropriate collection media and analytical methods or on sampling and analytical equipment and associated procedures.
1.6 Emission profiles based on this practice may be used for estimating human exposures to VOCs.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulating limitations prior to its use.
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Designation:D6177 −97(Reapproved 2008)
Standard Practice for
Determining Emission Profiles of Volatile Organic
Chemicals Emitted from Bedding Sets
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6177; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
´ NOTE—Editorially changed reference cited in Footnote 4 in April 2008.
1. Scope D1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of
Atmospheres
1.1 This practice covers the procedures for estimating emis-
D3687 Practice for Analysis of Organic Compound Vapors
sion profiles of volatile organic chemicals (VOCs) from
Collected by the Activated Charcoal Tube Adsorption
bedding sets when a new bedding set is first brought into a
Method
house, based on emissions testing in environmental chambers.
D5116 Guide for Small-Scale Environmental Chamber De-
1.2 Emission profiles from bedding sets are determined
terminations of Organic Emissions from Indoor Materials/
from air concentrations measured in environmental chambers.
Products
1.3 VOC emissions from bedding sets, as in the case of D5157 GuideforStatisticalEvaluationofIndoorAirQuality
Models
other household furnishings, usually are highest when the
products are new. Procedures described in this practice also are D5197 Test Method for Determination of Formaldehyde and
OtherCarbonylCompoundsinAir(ActiveSamplerMeth-
applicable to used bedding sets.
odology)
1.4 The practice is applicable to VOCs and not to semi-
D5466 Test Method for Determination of Volatile Organic
volatile organic chemicals or nonvolatile organic chemicals.
Chemicals inAtmospheres (Canister Sampling Methodol-
1.5 This practice summarizes procedures for sample selec-
ogy)
tion and handling. This practice also refers to pertinent
D6196 Practice for Selection of Sorbents, Sampling, and
sampling procedures and analytical methods for emission
Thermal Desorption Analysis Procedures for Volatile Or-
testing, but does not include technical details on selection of
ganic Compounds in Air
appropriate collection media and analytical methods or on
E355 Practice for Gas ChromatographyTerms and Relation-
sampling and analytical equipment and associated procedures.
ships
E1333 Test Method for Determining Formaldehyde Concen-
1.6 Emission profiles based on this practice may be used for
trations in Air and Emission Rates from Wood Products
estimating human exposures to VOCs.
Using a Large Chamber
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3. Terminology
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.1 Definitions:
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.1.1 For definitions and terms used in this practice, refer to
bility of regulating limitations prior to its use.
Terminology D1356.
2. Referenced Documents 3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 air change rate, n—the volume of outdoor air that
2.1 ASTM Standards:
enters the indoor environment in one h, divided by the volume
of the indoor space.
3.2.2 bedding set, n—an ensemble that includes a mattress
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22 on Air
Qualityand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.05 on Indoor Air. for sleeping and a supporting box spring.
Current edition approved April 1, 2008. Published July 2008. Originally
3.2.3 emission profile, n—a time–series of emission rates of
approved in 1997. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as D6177 - 97(2003).
one or more chemicals.
DOI: 10.1520/D6177-97R08E01.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
3.2.4 nonvolatile organic chemical, n—an organic com-
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
–8
pound with saturation vapor pressure less than 10 kPa at
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. 25°C.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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D6177−97 (2008)
3.2.5 semi-volatile chemical, n—an organic compound with criterioninselectingthetype(s)ofbeddingsettobetested.Use
–2 –8
saturation vapor pressure between 10 and 10 kPa at 25°C. a random number table to avoid biases in selection.
3.2.6 short–term exposure, n—an exposure of one week or
7.3 Theselectedbeddingset(s)shouldbewrappedusingthe
less in duration.
manufacturer’s normal packaging materials and procedures.
Further, to protect from damage during shipping, place the
3.2.7 volatile organic chemical, n—an organic compound
–2
bedding sets in corrugated shipping containers.
with saturation vapor pressure greater than 10 kPa at 25°C.
7.4 Upon receipt at the testing laboratory, remove the
4. Summary of Practice
bedding from corrugated shipping containers, but do not
remove the manufacturer’s normal packaging materials. In-
4.1 ThispracticedescribesproceduresfordeterminingVOC
spect for shipping damage and record the arrival condition. To
emission profiles of a bedding set using an environmental
isolate the bedding sets from the surrounding laboratory
chamber.
environment, place each bedding set wrapped in its normal
4.2 These procedures include selection and handling of
packaging (manufacturer’s shipping bag) in a larger outer bag,
samples, and conducting chamber emission tests (Research
which has an inert surface.
Triangle Institute, 1995) . Details related to storage and trans-
portation of samples are included in selection and handling. 7.5 Maintain a chain of custody record to note dates, times,
and operations performed (such as storage and transportation)
Procedures for conducting chamber tests include selection of
test conditions and methods for collection and analysis of air for each bedding set.
samples.
8. Procedures for Emissions Testing
4.3 The practice also describes procedures for estimating
emission profiles from the chamber concentration data. 8.1 Volatile organic emissions from indoor sources such as
bedding sets vary widely in the number of chemicals and the
5. Significance and Use
strength of their emissions.To characterize emissions fully, the
sample collection and analysis system must be capable of
5.1 The objective of this practice is to provide procedures
quantitative collection and analysis of volatile, polar, and
for estimating emission profiles of VOCs from bedding sets.
nonpolar compounds. The design and operation of sample
These profiles can then be used to estimate human inhalation
collection and analysis systems must be appropriate for the
exposures to VOCs emitted from bedding sets. The estimated
organic chemicals and their concentrations. Such systems
inhalation exposures ultimately can be used as an input to
include collection of samples using canister sampling method-
characterization of health risks from short–term VOC expo-
ology (Test Method D5466) or, more often, collection on solid
sures.
adsorbent tubes (for example, Practice D6196), and instru-
5.2 The results of emissions testing for specific raw mate-
ments to analyze organic emissions (for example, gas
rials and components, or processes used in manufacturing
chromatographs, see Practice E355). Determination of formal-
different bedding sets, can be used to compare their relative
dehyde and other aldehydes can be done by different methods
impacts on airborne concentrations. 4
(EPA Compendium, 1990). One of these methods (Test
Method D5197), which collects air samples on 2,4-
6. Facilities and Equipment
dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH)–treated silica gel cartridges
6.1 A facility to determine product or material emissions
followed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC),
requires use of a room–size environmental test chamber,
is preferred because of better sensitivity.
typically larger than 22.6 m . Emissions from components of
8.2 The remainder of this section describes certain air
bedding sets can be characterized in small chambers ranging in
sampling procedures related to emissions testing of bedding
size from a few liters to 5 m . Chamber testing also requires
sets and briefly summarizes analytical methods. Technical
associated equipment such as a clean–air generation system,
details on selection of appropriate collection media and ana-
monitoring and control systems, and sample collection and
lytical methods, and on sampling and analytical equipment and
analysis equipment (see Guide D5116 and Test Method
associated procedures, are provided in the references cited in
E1333).
8.1.
8.3 Screening Samples:
7. Procedures for Sample Selection and Handling
8.3.1 The purpose of the screening samples is to identify
7.1 The procedures for sample selection and handling in-
volatile organic chemicals and their relative concentrations, to
clude sample selection, packaging for shipping, and shipment
aid in selecting sampling durations, collection media, and
and storage.
laboratory analysis methods for conducting emissions testing.
7.2 Select bedding sets to be tested directly from the
production line. Volume of production can be considered as a
“Compendium of Methods for the Determination ofToxic Organic Compounds
in Ambient Air,” 2nd Ed., 1999, US. Environmental Protection Agency/625/R-96/
Research Triangle Institute, “Final Report—Performance of Testing in Support 010b. Available from United States Environmental Protection Association (EPA),
of Research by the SPSC Indoor Air Quality Task Force,” RTI/5736/00-02RFR, Ariel Rios Bldg., 1200 Pennsylvania Ave, NW, Washington, DC 20460, http://
Research Triangle Park, NC, September 1995. www.epa.gov.
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D6177−97 (2008)
8.3.2 Collect air samples from the manufacturer’s shipping mally desorbed (EPA Compendium, 1990) and separated by
bags using sampling lines con
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