ASTM D6177-97(2003)
(Practice)Standard Practice for Determining Emission Profiles of Volatile Organic Chemicals Emitted from Bedding Sets
Standard Practice for Determining Emission Profiles of Volatile Organic Chemicals Emitted from Bedding Sets
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The objective of this practice is to provide procedures for estimating emission profiles of VOCs from bedding sets. These profiles can then be used to estimate human inhalation exposures to VOCs emitted from bedding sets. The estimated inhalation exposures ultimately can be used as an input to characterization of health risks from short–term VOC exposures.
The results of emissions testing for specific raw materials and components, or processes used in manufacturing different bedding sets, can be used to compare their relative impacts on airborne concentrations.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the procedures for estimating emission profiles of volatile organic chemicals (VOCs) from bedding sets when a new bedding set is first brought into a house, based on emissions testing in environmental chambers.
1.2 Emission profiles from bedding sets are determined from air concentrations measured in environmental chambers.
1.3 VOC emissions from bedding sets, as in the case of other household furnishings, usually are highest when the products are new. Procedures described in this practice also are applicable to used bedding sets.
1.4 The practice is applicable to VOCs and not to semi volatile organic chemicals or nonvolatile organic chemicals.
1.5 This practice summarizes procedures for sample selection and handling. This practice also refers to pertinent sampling procedures and analytical methods for emission testing, but does not include technical details on selection of appropriate collection media and analytical equipment and associated procedures.
1.6 Emission profiles based on this practice may be used for estimating human exposures to VOCs.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Standards Content (Sample)
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Designation: D 6177 – 97 (Reapproved 2003)
Standard Practice for
Determining Emission Profiles of Volatile Organic
Chemicals Emitted from Bedding Sets
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6177; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D 3687 Practice forAnalysis of Organic Compound Vapors
Collected by the Activated Charcoal Tube Adsorption
1.1 This practice covers the procedures for estimating emis-
Method
sion profiles of volatile organic chemicals (VOCs) from
D5116 Guide for Small–Scale Environmental Chamber
bedding sets when a new bedding set is first brought into a
Determinations of Organic Emissions from Indoor
house, based on emissions testing in environmental chambers.
Materials/Products
1.2 Emission profiles from bedding sets are determined
D 5157 Guide for Statistical Evaluation of IndoorAir Qual-
from air concentrations measured in environmental chambers.
ity Models
1.3 VOC emissions from bedding sets, as in the case of
D 5197 Standard Test Method for Determination of Form-
other household furnishings, usually are highest when the
aldehyde and Other Carbonyl Compounds in Air (Active
products are new. Procedures described in this practice also are
Sampler Methodology)
applicable to used bedding sets.
D 5466 Standard Test Method for Determination of Volatile
1.4 The practice is applicable to VOCs and not to semi-
Organic Chemicals in Atmospheres (Canister Sampling
volatile organic chemicals or nonvolatile organic chemicals.
Methodology)
1.5 This practice summarizes procedures for sample selec-
D 6196 Practice for Selection of Sorbents and Thermal
tion and handling. This practice also refers to pertinent
DesorptionAnalysisProceduresforVolatileOrganicCom-
sampling procedures and analytical methods for emission
pounds in Air
testing, but does not include technical details on selection of
E 355 Practice for Gas Chromatography Terms and Rela-
appropriate collection media and analytical methods or on
tionships
sampling and analytical equipment and associated procedures.
E 1333 Test Method for Determining Formaldehyde Con-
1.6 Emission profiles based on this practice may be used for
centrations inAir and Emission Rates fromWood Products
estimating human exposures to VOCs.
Using a Large Chamber
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3. Terminology
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.1 Definitions:
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.1.1 For definitions and terms used in this practice, refer to
bility of regulating limitations prior to its use.
Terminology D 1356.
2. Referenced Documents 3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 air change rate, n—the volume of outdoor air that
2.1 ASTM Standards:
enters the indoor environment in one h, divided by the volume
D 1356 Terminology Relating to Atmospheric Sampling
of the indoor space.
and Analysis
3.2.2 bedding set, n—an ensemble that includes a mattress
for sleeping and a supporting box spring.
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22 on Sampling
3.2.3 emission profile, n—a time–series of emission rates of
and Analysis of Atmospheres and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
one or more chemicals.
D22.05 on Indoor Air.
3.2.4 nonvolatile organic chemical, n—an organic com-
Current edition approved April 10, 2003. Published June 2003. Originally
–8
approved in 1997. Last previous edition approved in 1997 as D 6177 - 97.
pound with saturation vapor pressure less than 10 kPa at
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
25°C.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3.2.5 semi-volatile chemical, n—an organic compound with
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
–2 –8
saturation vapor pressure between 10 and 10 kPa at 25°C.
the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D 6177 – 97 (2003)
3.2.6 short–term exposure, n—an exposure of one week or Further, to protect from damage during shipping, place the
less in duration. bedding sets in corrugated shipping containers.
3.2.7 volatile organic chemical, n—an organic compound 7.4 Upon receipt at the testing laboratory, remove the
–2
with saturation vapor pressure greater than 10 kPa at 25°C. bedding from corrugated shipping containers, but do not
remove the manufacturer’s normal packaging materials. In-
4. Summary of Practice
spect for shipping damage and record the arrival condition. To
isolate the bedding sets from the surrounding laboratory
4.1 ThispracticedescribesproceduresfordeterminingVOC
environment, place each bedding set wrapped in its normal
emission profiles of a bedding set using an environmental
packaging (manufacturer’s shipping bag) in a larger outer bag,
chamber.
which has an inert surface.
4.2 These procedures include selection and handling of
7.5 Maintain a chain of custody record to note dates, times,
samples, and conducting chamber emission tests (Research
and operations performed (such as storage and transportation)
Triangle Institute, 1995) . Details related to storage and trans-
for each bedding set.
portation of samples are included in selection and handling.
Procedures for conducting chamber tests include selection of
8. Procedures for Emissions Testing
test conditions and methods for collection and analysis of air
8.1 Volatile organic emissions from indoor sources such as
samples.
bedding sets vary widely in the number of chemicals and the
4.3 The practice also describes procedures for estimating
strength of their emissions.To characterize emissions fully, the
emission profiles from the chamber concentration data.
sample collection and analysis system must be capable of
quantitative collection and analysis of volatile, polar, and
5. Significance and Use
nonpolar compounds. The design and operation of sample
5.1 The objective of this practice is to provide procedures
collection and analysis systems must be appropriate for the
for estimating emission profiles of VOCs from bedding sets.
organic chemicals and their concentrations. Such systems
These profiles can then be used to estimate human inhalation
include collection of samples using canister sampling method-
exposures to VOCs emitted from bedding sets. The estimated
ology (Test Method D 5466) or, more often, collection on solid
inhalation exposures ultimately can be used as an input to
adsorbent tubes (for example, Practice D 6196), and instru-
characterization of health risks from short–term VOC expo-
ments to analyze organic emissions (for example, gas chro-
sures.
matographs, see Practice E 355). Determination of formalde-
5.2 The results of emissions testing for specific raw mate-
hyde and other aldehydes can be done by different methods
rials and components, or processes used in manufacturing
(EPA Compendium, 1990). One of these methods (Test
different bedding sets, can be used to compare their relative
Method D 5197), which collects air samples on 2,4-
impacts on airborne concentrations.
dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH)–treated silica gel cartridges
followed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC),
6. Facilities and Equipment
is preferred because of better sensitivity.
6.1 A facility to determine product or material emissions
8.2 The remainder of this section describes certain air
requires use of a room–size environmental test chamber,
sampling procedures related to emissions testing of bedding
typically larger than 22.6 m . Emissions from components of
sets and briefly summarizes analytical methods. Technical
bedding sets can be characterized in small chambers ranging in
details on selection of appropriate collection media and ana-
size from a few liters to 5 m . Chamber testing also requires
lytical methods, and on sampling and analytical equipment and
associated equipment such as a clean–air generation system,
associated procedures, are provided in the references cited in
monitoring and control systems, and sample collection and
8.1.
analysis equipment (see Guide D5116 and Test Method
8.3 Screening Samples:
E 1333).
8.3.1 The purpose of the screening samples is to identify
volatile organic chemicals and their relative concentrations, to
7. Procedures for Sample Selection and Handling
aid in selecting sampling durations, collection media, and
7.1 The procedures for sample selection and handling in-
laboratory analysis methods for conducting emissions testing.
clude sample selection, packaging for shipping, and shipment
8.3.2 Collect air samples from the manufacturer’s shipping
and storage.
bags using sampling lines connected directly to sampling
7.2 Select bedding sets to be tested directly from the
devices.
production line. Volume of production can be considered as a
8.4 Background Samples:
criterioninselectingthetype(s)ofbeddingsettobetested.Use
8.4.1 The following types of background samples are nec-
a random number table to avoid biases in selection.
essary:
7.3 Theselectedbeddingset(s)shouldbewrappedusingthe
(1) background concentrations in the outer storage bag and
manufacturer’s normal packaging materials and procedures.
the laboratory atmosphere, and
Winberry, W.T., Forehand, L., Murphy, N.T., Ceroli, B., and Evans, A.,“
Research Triangle Institute, “Final Report—Performance of Testing in Support Compendium of Methods for the Determination of Air Pollutants in Indoor Air
of Research by the SPSC Indoor Air Quality Task Force,” RTI/5736/00-02RFR, (8EPACompendium’),” EPA/600/4-90/010, U. S. Environmental ProtectionAgency,
Research Tri
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