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ASTM D2990-09

(Test Method)

Standard Test Methods for Tensile, Compressive, and Flexural Creep and Creep-Rupture of Plastics

Standard Test Methods for Tensile, Compressive, and Flexural Creep and Creep-Rupture of Plastics

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Data from creep and creep-rupture tests are necessary to predict the creep modulus and strength of materials under long-term loads and to predict dimensional changes that may occur as a result of such loads.  
Data from these test methods can be used: (1) to compare materials, (2) in the design of fabricated parts, (3) to characterize plastics for long-term performance under constant load, and ( 4) under certain conditions, for specification purposes.
Before proceeding with this test method, reference shall be made to the specification of the material being tested. Any specimen preparation, conditioning, dimensions, and/or testing parameters covered in the material specification shall take precedence over those mentioned in this test method, except in cases where to do so would conflict with the purpose for conducting testing. If there are no material specifications, then the default conditions apply.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of tensile and compressive creep and creep-rupture of plastics under specified environmental conditions (see 3.1.3).
1.2 While these test methods outline the use of three-point loading for measurement of creep in flexure, four-point loading (which is used less frequently) can also be used with the equipment and principles as outlined in Test Methods D 790.
1.3 For measurements of creep-rupture, tension is the preferred stress mode because for some ductile plastics rupture does not occur in flexure or compression.
1.4 Test data obtained by these test methods are relevant and appropriate for use in engineering design.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. A specific warning statement is given in 6.8.2.
Note 1—This standard and ISO 899 Parts 1 and 2 address the same subject matter, but differ in technical content (and results cannot be directly compared between the two test methods). ISO 899 Part 1 addresses tensile creep and creep to rupture and ISO 899 Part 2 addresses flexural creep. Compressive creep is not addressed in ISO 899.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Aug-2009
ICS
83.080.01 - Plastics in general
Technical Committee
D20 - Plastics
Drafting Committee
D20.10 - Mechanical Properties
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D2990-01 - Standard Test Methods for Tensile, Compressive, and Flexural Creep and Creep-Rupture of Plastics
Effective Date
01-Sep-2009
Replaced By
ASTM D2990-17 - Standard Test Methods for Tensile, Compressive, and Flexural Creep and Creep-Rupture of Plastics
Effective Date
01-Mar-2017
Referred By
ASTM F2599-22 - Standard Practice for Sectional Repair of Damaged Pipe By Means of an Inverted Cured-In-Place Liner<rangeref></rangeref >
Effective Date
01-Sep-2009
Referred By
ASTM F3430-20 - Standard Specification for Closed-Cell Cellular Polypropylene (PP) Corrugated Wall Stormwater Collection Chambers
Effective Date
01-Sep-2009
Referred By
ASTM F2789-10(2020) - Standard Guide for Mechanical and Functional Characterization of Nucleus Devices
Effective Date
01-Sep-2009
Referred By
ASTM D907-15(2023) - Standard Terminology of Adhesives
Effective Date
01-Sep-2009
Referred By
ASTM D4762-18 - Standard Guide for Testing Polymer Matrix Composite Materials
Effective Date
01-Sep-2009
Referred By
ASTM D7931/D7931M-21a - Standard Guide for Specifying Drainage Geocomposites
Effective Date
01-Sep-2009
Referred By
ASTM F2764/F2764M-23 - Standard Specification for 6 in. to 60 in. [150 mm to 1500 mm] Polypropylene (PP) Corrugated Double and Triple Wall Pipe and Fittings for Non-Pressure Sanitary Sewer Applications
Effective Date
01-Sep-2009
Referred By
ASTM F2922-13(2018) - Standard Specification for Polyethylene (PE) Corrugated Wall Stormwater Collection Chambers
Effective Date
01-Sep-2009
Referred By
ASTM D7406-20 - Standard Test Method for Time-Dependent Compressive Deformation Under Constant Pressure for Geosynthetic Drainage Products
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ASTM F2019-22 - Standard Practice for Rehabilitation of Existing Pipelines and Conduits by the Pulled in Place Installation of Glass Reinforced Plastic Cured-in-Place (GRP-CIPP) Using the UV-Light Curing Method
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ASTM D7361-07(2023) - Standard Test Method for Accelerated Compressive Creep of Geosynthetic Materials Based on Time-Temperature Superposition Using the Stepped Isothermal Method
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ASTM D2990-09 - Standard Test Methods for Tensile, Compressive, and Flexural Creep and Creep-Rupture of PlasticsASTM D2990-09 - Standard Test Methods for Tensile, Compressive, and Flexural Creep and Creep-Rupture of Plastics
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D2990 − 09
Standard Test Methods for
Tensile, Compressive, and Flexural Creep and Creep-
1
Rupture of Plastics
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2990; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope* D618Practice for Conditioning Plastics for Testing
D638Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of tensile
D695Test Method for Compressive Properties of Rigid
and compressive creep and creep-rupture of plastics under
Plastics
specified environmental conditions (see 3.1.3).
D790Test Methods for Flexural Properties of Unreinforced
1.2 While these test methods outline the use of three-point
and Reinforced Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materi-
loadingformeasurementofcreepinflexure,four-pointloading
als
(which is used less frequently) can also be used with the
D1822Test Method for Tensile-Impact Energy to Break
equipment and principles as outlined in Test Methods D790.
Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materials
D4000Classification System for Specifying Plastic Materi-
1.3 For measurements of creep-rupture, tension is the pre-
ferred stress mode because for some ductile plastics rupture als
D4065Practice for Plastics: Dynamic Mechanical Proper-
does not occur in flexure or compression.
ties: Determination and Report of Procedures
1.4 Testdataobtainedbythesetestmethodsarerelevantand
D4968Guide for Annual Review of Test Methods and
appropriate for use in engineering design.
Specifications for Plastics
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
D5947Test Methods for Physical Dimensions of Solid
standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.
Plastics Specimens
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the 3. Terminology
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.1.1 creep modulus—the ratio of initial applied stress to
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Aspecific warning
creep strain.
statement is given in 6.8.2.
3.1.2 creep strain—the total strain, at any given time,
NOTE 1—This standard and ISO899 Parts 1 and 2 address the same
produced by the applied stress during a creep test.
subject matter, but differ in technical content (and results cannot be
3.1.2.1 Discussion—The term creep, as used in this test
directly compared between the two test methods). ISO899 Part 1
method,reflectscurrentplasticsengineeringusage.Inscientific
addresses tensile creep and creep to rupture and ISO899 Part 2 addresses
flexural creep. Compressive creep is not addressed in ISO899. practice, creep is often defined to be the nonelastic portion of
strain. However, this definition is not applicable to existing
2. Referenced Documents
engineering formulas. Plastics have a wide spectrum of retar-
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
dation times, and elastic portions of strain cannot be separated
D543Practices for Evaluating the Resistance of Plastics to
in practice from nonelastic. Therefore, wherever “strain” is
Chemical Reagents
mentioned in these test methods, it refers to the sum of elastic
strain plus the additional strain with time.
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 on
3.1.3 deformation—a change in shape, size or position of a
Plastics and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.10 on Mechanical
test specimen as a result of compression, deflection, or exten-
Properties.
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2009. Published September 2009. Originally
sion:
approved in 1971. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as D2990-01. DOI:
3.1.4 compression—in a compressive creep test, the de-
10.1520/D2990-09.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
creaseinlengthproducedinthegagelengthofatestspecimen.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3.1.5 deflection—in a flexural creep test, the change in
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. mid-span position of a test specimen.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D2990 − 09
3.1.6 extension—in a tensile creep test, the increase in 5.3
...

This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D2990–01 Designation:D2990–09
Standard Test Methods for
Tensile, Compressive, and Flexural Creep and Creep-
1
Rupture of Plastics
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2990; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope*
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of tensile and compressive creep and creep-rupture of plastics under specified
environmental conditions (see 3.1.3).
1.2 While these test methods outline the use of three-point loading for measurement of creep in flexure, four-point loading
(which is used less frequently) can also be used with the equipment and principles as outlined in Test Methods D790.
1.3 For measurements of creep-rupture, tension is the preferred stress mode because for some ductile plastics rupture does not
occur in flexure or compression.
1.4 Test data obtained by these test methods are relevant and appropriate for use in engineering design.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use. A specific warning statement is given in 6.8.2.
NOTE1—ThisstandardandISO899aresimilarincontent,butarenotequivalent. 1—ThisstandardandISO899Parts1and2addressthesamesubject
matter,butdifferintechnicalcontent(andresultscannotbedirectlycomparedbetweenthetwotestmethods).ISO899Part1addressestensilecreepand
creep to rupture and ISO899 Part 2 addresses flexural creep. Compressive creep is not addressed in ISO899.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D543 Practices for Evaluating the Resistance of Plastics to Chemical Reagents
D618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics for Testing D621Test Methods for Deformation of Plastics Under Load
D638 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics
D695 Test Method for Compressive Properties of Rigid Plastics
D790 Test Methods for Flexural Properties of Unreinforced and Reinforced Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materials
D1822 Test Method for Tensile-Impact Energy to Break Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materials D2236Test Method for
Dynamic Mechanical
Properties of Plastics
by Means of a Tor-
3
sional Pendulum
D4000 Classification System for Specifying Plastic Materials
D4968Guide for Annual Review of Test Methods and Specifications for Plastics 4065 Practice for Plastics: Dynamic
Mechanical Properties: Determination and Report of Procedures
D4968 Guide for Annual Review of Test Methods and Specifications for Plastics
D5947 Test Methods for Physical Dimensions of Solid Plastics Specimens
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.1.1 creep modulus—the ratio of initial applied stress to creep strain.
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D20 on Plastics and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.10 on Mechanical Properties.
Current edition approvedAugust 10, 2001. Published October 2001. Originally published as D2990–71. Last previous edition D2990–95.These test methods and Practice
D2991 replace Practices D674, which has been discontinued.
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2009. Published September 2009. Originally approved in 1971. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as D2990-01.
2
ForreferencedASTMstandards,visittheASTMwebsite,www.astm.org,orcontactASTMCustomerServiceatservice@astm.org.For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D2990–09
3.1.2 creep strain—the total strain, at any given time, produced by the applied stress during a creep test.
3.1.2.1 Discussion—The term creep, as used in this test method, reflects current plastics engineering usage. In scientific
practice, creep is often defined to be the nonelastic portion
...

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1.1 This test method outlines the use of dynamic mechanical instrumentation for determining and reporting the viscoelastic properties of thermoplastic and thermosetting resins as well as composite systems in the form of cylindrical specimens molded directly or cut from sheets, plates, or molded shapes. The compression data generated is used to identify the thermomechanical properties of a plastics material or composition using a variety of dynamic mechanical instruments.  
1.2 This test method is intended to provide a means for determining the thermomechanical properties (as a function of a number of viscoelastic variables) for a wide variety of plastic materials using nonresonant, forced-vibration techniques as outlined in Practice D4065. Plots of the elastic (storage) modulus, loss (viscous) modulus, complex modulus, and tan delta as a function of frequency, time, or temperature are indicative of significant transitions in the thermomechanical performance of the polymeric material system.  
1.3 This test method is valid for a wide range of frequencies, typically from 0.01 to 100 Hz.  
1.4 Due to possible instrumentation compliance, the data generated are intended to indicate relative and not necessarily absolute property values.  
1.5 Test data obtained by this test method are relevant and appropriate for use in engineering design.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized pr...

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ASTM
ASTM D5026-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Plastics: Dynamic Mechanical Properties: In Tension

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides a simple means of characterizing the thermomechanical behavior of plastic materials using very small amounts of material. The data obtained is used for quality control, research and development, as well as the establishment of optimum processing conditions.  
5.2 Dynamic mechanical testing provides a sensitive method for determining thermomechanical characteristics by measuring the elastic and loss moduli as a function of frequency, temperature, or time. Plots of moduli and tan delta of a material versus these variables can be used to provide graphical representation indicative of functional properties, effectiveness of cure (thermosetting resin system), and damping behavior under specified conditions.  
5.2.1 Observed data are specific to experimental conditions. Reporting in full (as described in this test method) the conditions under which the data was obtained is essential to assist users with interpreting the data an reconciling apparent or perceived discrepancies.  
5.3 This test method can be used to assess:  
5.3.1 Modulus as a function of temperature,  
5.3.2 Modulus as a function of frequency,  
5.3.3 The effects of processing treatment, including orientation,  
5.3.4 Relative resin behavioral properties, including cure and damping,  
5.3.5 The effects of substrate types and orientation (fabrication) on elastic modulus,  
5.3.6 The effects of formulation additives which might affect processability or performance,  
5.3.7 The effects of annealing on modulus and glass transition temperature,  
5.3.8 The effect of aspect ratio on the modulus of fiber reinforcements, and  
5.3.9 The effect of fillers, additives on modulus and glass transition temperature.  
5.4 Before proceeding with this test method, make reference to the specification of the material being tested. Any test specimen preparation, conditioning, dimensions, or testing parameters, or combination thereof, covered in the relevant ASTM materials specificati...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method outlines the use of dynamic mechanical instrumentation for gathering and reporting the viscoelastic properties of thermoplastic and thermosetting resins and composite systems in the form of rectangular specimens molded directly or cut from sheets, plates, or molded shapes. The tensile data generated is used to identify the thermomechanical properties of a plastic material or composition using a variety of dynamic mechanical instruments.  
1.2 This test method is intended to provide a means for determining viscoelastic properties of a wide variety of plastic materials using nonresonant forced-vibration techniques, in accordance with Practice D4065. Plots of the elastic (storage) modulus; loss (viscous) modulus; complex modulus and tan delta as a function of frequency, time, or temperature are indicative of significant transitions in the thermomechanical performance of the polymeric material system.  
1.3 This test method is valid for a wide range of frequencies, typically from 0.01 Hz to 100 Hz.  
1.4 Due to possible instrumentation compliance, the data generated are intended to indicate relative and not necessarily absolute property values.  
1.5 Test data obtained by this test method are relevant and appropriate for use in engineering design.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: This test method is technically equivalent to ISO 6721, Part 4.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Pri...

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ASTM
ASTM D2863-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Measuring the Minimum Oxygen Concentration to Support Candle-Like Combustion of Plastics (Oxygen Index)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides for the measuring of the minimum concentration of oxygen in a flowing mixture of oxygen and nitrogen that will just support flaming combustion of plastics. Correlation with burning characteristics under actual use conditions is not implied.  
5.2 In this test method, the specimens are subjected to one or more specific sets of laboratory test conditions. If different test conditions are substituted or the end-use conditions are changed, it is not always possible by or from this test to predict changes in the fire-test-response characteristics measured. Therefore, the results are valid only for the fire-test-exposure conditions described in this test method.
SCOPE
1.1 This fire-test-response standard describes a procedure for measuring the minimum concentration of oxygen, expressed as percent volume, that will just support flaming combustion in a flowing mixture of oxygen and nitrogen.  
1.2 This test method provides three testing procedures. Procedure A involves top surface ignition, Procedure B involves propagating ignition, and Procedure C is a short procedure involving the comparison with a specified minimum value of the oxygen index.  
1.3 Test specimens used for this test method are prepared into one of six types of specimens (see Table 1).    
1.4 This test method provides for testing materials that are structurally self-supporting in the form of vertical bars or sheet up to 10.5-mm thick. Such materials are solid, laminated or cellular materials characterized by an apparent density greater than 15 kg/m3.  
1.5 This test method also provides for testing flexible sheet or film materials, while supported vertically.  
1.6 This test method is also suitable, in some cases, for cellular materials having an apparent density of less than 15 kg/m3.
Note 1: Although this test method has been found applicable for testing some other materials, the precision of the test method has not been determined for these materials, or for specimen geometries and test conditions outside those recommended herein.  
1.7 This test method measures and describes the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.  
1.8 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazards statement are given in Section 10.  
1.10 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.
Note 2: This test method and ISO 4589-2 are technically equivalent when using the gas measurement and control device described in 6.3.1, with direct oxygen concentration measurement.  
1.11 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D695-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Compressive Properties of Rigid Plastics

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Compression tests provide information about the compressive properties of plastics when employed under conditions approximating those under which the tests are made.  
4.2 Compressive properties include modulus of elasticity, yield stress, deformation beyond yield point, and compressive strength (unless the material merely flattens but does not fracture). Materials possessing a low order of ductility may not exhibit a yield point. In the case of a material that fails in compression by a shattering fracture, the compressive strength has a very definite value. In the case of a material that does not fail in compression by a shattering fracture, the compressive strength is an arbitrary one depending upon the degree of distortion that is regarded as indicating complete failure of the material. Many plastic materials will continue to deform in compression until a flat disk is produced, the compressive stress (nominal) rising steadily in the process, without any well-defined fracture occurring. Compressive strength can have no real meaning in such cases.  
4.3 Compression tests provide a standard method of obtaining data for research and development, quality control, acceptance or rejection under specifications, and special purposes. The tests cannot be considered significant for engineering design in applications differing widely from the load-time scale of the standard test. Such applications require additional tests such as impact, creep, and fatigue.  
4.4 Before proceeding with this test method, reference should be made to the ASTM specification for the material being tested. Any test specimen preparation, conditioning, dimensions, and testing parameters covered in the materials specification shall take precedence over those mentioned in this test method. If there is no material specification, then the default conditions apply. Table 1 in Classification D4000 lists the ASTM materials standards that currently exist.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the mechanical properties of unreinforced and reinforced rigid plastics, including high-modulus composites, when loaded in compression at relatively low uniform rates of straining or loading. Test specimens of standard shape are employed. This procedure is applicable for a composite modulus up to and including 41,370 MPa (6,000,000 psi).  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.
Note 1: For compressive properties of resin-matrix composites reinforced with oriented continuous, discontinuous, or cross-ply reinforcements, tests may be made in accordance with Test Method D3410/D3410M or D6641/D6641M.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. A specific precautionary statement is given in 13.1.
Note 2: This standard is equivalent to ISO 604.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D1929-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determining Ignition Temperature of Plastics

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Tests made under conditions herein prescribed can be of considerable value in comparing the relative ignition characteristics of different materials. Values obtained represent the lowest ambient air temperature that will cause ignition of the material under the conditions of this test. Test values are expected to rank materials according to ignition susceptibility under actual use conditions.  
4.2 This test is not intended to be the sole criterion for fire hazard. In addition to ignition temperatures, fire hazards include other factors such as burning rate or flame spread, intensity of burning, fuel contribution, products of combustion, and others.
SCOPE
1.1 This fire test response test method2 covers a laboratory determination of the flash ignition temperature and spontaneous ignition temperature of plastics using a hot-air furnace.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 Caution—During the course of combustion, gases or vapors, or both, are evolved that have the potential to be hazardous to personnel.  
1.4 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire-hazard or fire-risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.  
1.5 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in 1.3 and 1.4.
Note 1: This test method and ISO 871-2022 (Option 1) are similar in all technical details.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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