ASTM D3053-13a
(Terminology)Standard Terminology Relating to Carbon Black
Standard Terminology Relating to Carbon Black
SCOPE
1.1 This terminology covers a compilation of definitions of technical terms used in the carbon black and rubber industries. Terms that are generally understood or adequately defined in other readily available sources are not included.
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Designation: D3053 − 13a
StandardTerminology Relating to
1
Carbon Black
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3053; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D3313 Test Method for Carbon Black—Individual Pellet
Hardness
1.1 This terminology covers a compilation of definitions of
D3493 Test Method for Carbon Black—Oil Absorption
technical terms used in the carbon black and rubber industries.
Number of Compressed Sample (COAN)
Terms that are generally understood or adequately defined in
D3849 Test Method for Carbon Black—Morphological
other readily available sources are not included.
Characterization of Carbon Black Using Electron Micros-
copy
2. Referenced Documents
D5230 Test Method for Carbon Black—Automated Indi-
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
vidual Pellet Hardness
D1508 Test Method for Carbon Black, Pelleted Fines and
D6086 Test Method for Carbon Black—Void Volume (VV)
Attrition
D6556 Test Method for Carbon Black—Total and External
D1509 Test Methods for Carbon Black—Heating Loss
Surface Area by Nitrogen Adsorption
D1510 Test Method for Carbon Black—Iodine Adsorption
D6602 PracticeforSamplingandTestingofPossibleCarbon
Number
Black Fugitive Emissions or Other Environmental
D1511 Test Method for Carbon Black—Pellet Size Distri-
Particulate, or Both
bution
D1513 Test Method for Carbon Black, Pelleted—Pour Den-
3. Terminology
sity
3.1 Definitions:
D1514 Test Method for Carbon Black—Sieve Residue
aciniform, adj—shaped like a cluster of grapes.
D1566 Terminology Relating to Rubber
DISCUSSION—The spheroidal primary particles of carbon black are
D1618 Test Method for Carbon Black Extractables—
fused into aggregates of colloidal dimension forming an aciniform
Transmittance of Toluene Extract
morphology.
D1765 Classification System for Carbon Blacks Used in
carbon black, n—an engineered material, primarily composed
Rubber Products
of elemental carbon, obtained from the partial combustion or
D1799 Practice for Carbon Black—Sampling Packaged
thermal decomposition of hydrocarbons, existing as aggre-
Shipments
gates of aciniform morphology which are composed of
D1900 Practice for Carbon Black—Sampling Bulk Ship-
spheroidal primary particles which exhibit uniformity of
ments
3
primary particle sizes within a given aggregate and tur-
D1937 Test Method for Carbon Black, Pelleted—Mass
bostratic layering within the primary particles.
Strength
DISCUSSION—Carbon black exhibits a hierarchy of morphological
D2414 Test Method for Carbon Black—Oil Absorption
features: particles (that is, primary particles), aggregates, and agglom-
Number (OAN)
erates. While the fundamental building block of carbon black is the
D2663 Test Methods for Carbon Black—Dispersion in Rub-
primary particle, they almost never exist in isolation, but are strongly
3
ber
fused by covalent bonds into aggregates. The primary particles are
D3265 Test Method for Carbon Black—Tint Strength
conceptual in nature, in that once the aggregate is formed the primary
particle no longer exists, they are no longer discrete and have no
physical boundaries amongst them. Once produced, individual aggre-
1
This terminology is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D24 on Carbon gates join together by van der Waals forces to form agglomerates.
Black and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D24.41 on Carbon Black
Agglomerates do not break down into smaller components unless
Nomenclature and Terminology.
adequate force is applied (for example, shear force). Primary particle
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2013. Published December 2013. Originally
and aggregate sizes are distributional properties and vary depending on
approved in 1972. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as D3053 – 13. DOI:
10.1520/D3053-13A.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
3
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM The one exception to this general characteristic of manufactured carbon black
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on is thermal black, in which primary particles may exist in isolation and the primary
the ASTM website. particle sizes within an aggregate are not necessarily uniform.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D3053 − 13a
the carbon black grade. Transmission electron micrographs shown in limited to the tread portion of the tire.These grades are designated with
Annex A1 of Practice D6602 demonstrate that w
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D3053 − 13 D3053 − 13a
Standard Terminology Relating to
1
Carbon Black
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3053; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This terminology covers a compilation of definitions of technical terms used in the carbon black and rubber industries.
Terms that are generally understood or adequately defined in other readily available sources are not included.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D1508 Test Method for Carbon Black, Pelleted Fines and Attrition
D1509 Test Methods for Carbon Black—Heating Loss
D1510 Test Method for Carbon Black—Iodine Adsorption Number
D1511 Test Method for Carbon Black—Pellet Size Distribution
D1513 Test Method for Carbon Black, Pelleted—Pour Density
D1514 Test Method for Carbon Black—Sieve Residue
D1566 Terminology Relating to Rubber
D1618 Test Method for Carbon Black Extractables—Transmittance of Toluene Extract
D1765 Classification System for Carbon Blacks Used in Rubber Products
D1799 Practice for Carbon Black—Sampling Packaged Shipments
D1900 Practice for Carbon Black—Sampling Bulk Shipments
D1937 Test Method for Carbon Black, Pelleted—Mass Strength
D2414 Test Method for Carbon Black—Oil Absorption Number (OAN)
D2663 Test Methods for Carbon Black—Dispersion in Rubber
D3265 Test Method for Carbon Black—Tint Strength
D3313 Test Method for Carbon Black—Individual Pellet Hardness
D3493 Test Method for Carbon Black—Oil Absorption Number of Compressed Sample (COAN)
D3849 Test Method for Carbon Black—Morphological Characterization of Carbon Black Using Electron Microscopy
D5230 Test Method for Carbon Black—Automated Individual Pellet Hardness
D6086 Test Method for Carbon Black—Void Volume (VV)
D6556 Test Method for Carbon Black—Total and External Surface Area by Nitrogen Adsorption
D6602 Practice for Sampling and Testing of Possible Carbon Black Fugitive Emissions or Other Environmental Particulate, or
Both
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
aciniform, adj—shaped like a cluster of grapes.
1
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D24 on Carbon Black and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D24.41 on Carbon Black
Nomenclature and Terminology.
Current edition approved June 1, 2013Nov. 1, 2013. Published July 2013December 2013. Originally approved in 1972. Last previous edition approved in 20102013 as
D3053 – 10.D3053 – 13. DOI: 10.1520/D3053-13.10.1520/D3053-13A.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
DISCUSSION—
The spheroidal primary particles of carbon black are fused into aggregates of colloidal dimension forming an aciniform morphology.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D3053 − 13a
carbon black, n—an engineered material, primarily composed of elemental carbon, obtained from the partial combustion or
thermal decomposition of hydrocarbons, existing as aggregates of aciniform morphology which are composed of spheroidal
3
primary particles which exhibit uniformity of primary particle sizes within a given aggregate and turbostratic layering within
the primary particles.
3
The one exception to this general characteristic of manufactured carbon black involves thermal black where primary is thermal black, in which primary particles may
exist in isolation and the primary particle sizes within thean aggregate are not necessarily uniform.
DISCUSSION—
Carbon black exhibits a hierarchy of morphological features: particles (for example,(that is, primary particles), aggregates, and agglomerates. While
the fundamental building block of carbon black is the primary particle, they almost never exist alone,in isolation, but are strongly fused by covalent
3
bonds into aggregates. The primary particles are conceptual in nature, in that once the aggregate is formed the primary particle no longer exists, they
are no longer discrete,discrete and have no physical boundaries amongst them. AsOnce produced, theindividual aggregates are held join together by
van der Waals force
...
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