ASTM E1732-18b
(Terminology)Standard Terminology Relating to Forensic Science
Standard Terminology Relating to Forensic Science
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 These terms have particular application to the forensic sciences. In addition, a hierarchy of sources of definitions were used in the development of this terminology. The hierarchy is as follows: Webster’s New Collegiate 7th Dictionary; technical dictionaries; and the Compilation of ASTM Standard Definitions (1).10 The subcommittee developed a suitable definition after all of the sources in the hierarchy were found wanting.
SCOPE
1.1 This terminology standard includes definitions of terms used in the forensic sciences.
1.2 Legal and scientific and terms in common use that are generally understood or defined adequately in other readily available sources may not be included, except when dictionaries show multiple definitions and it seems desirable to indicate the definitions recommended for forensic science use.
1.3 Section A defines terms that are common to multiple areas of forensic science, whereas, the subsequent sections define terms pertaining to specific forensic science areas, as follows:
Section A: General (Common) Forensic Science Terms
The terms defined in Section A are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.92, Terminology.
Section B: Criminalistics
The terms defined in Section B are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.01, Criminalistics.
Section B1: Terms for Seized Drug Analysis
Section B2: Terms for Gunshot Residue (GSR) Analysis and Smokeless Powder Analysis
Section B3: Terms for Paint Analysis
Section B4: Terms for Textile, Fiber, Cord, and Tape Examination
Section B5: Terms for Glass Examination
Section C: Digital and Multimedia Evidence
The terms defined in Section C are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.12, Digital and Multimedia Evidence.
Section C1: Terms for Computer Forensics
Section C2: Terms for Digital Image Processing and Multimedia Evidence Examination
Section C3: Terms for Magnetic Card Reader Examination
Section C4: Terms for Facial Image Examination
Section D: Interdisciplinary
The terms defined in Section D are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.11, Interdisciplinary Forensic Science Standards.
Section E: Questioned Documents
The terms defined in Section E were formerly the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.02, Questioned Documents, and are currently the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.90, Executive Committee.
1.4 Entries listed in Sections B–E reflect only those existing in Committee E30 standards current with the date of a once yearly review of Committee E30 standards. Changes to standards or entries following this date will appear in Sections B–E after the following year’s review date.
1.5 An alphabetical list of the terms defined in this standard is given in Appendix X1, which also identifies the section(s) in which each term is defined.
1.6 Definitions identical to those published by another standards-developing organization or ASTM committee are identified with the abbreviation of the name of the organization or the identifying document and ASTM committee; for example, ASME is the American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
1.7 In some cases different usage of a term in different fields has been noted.
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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Designation: E1732 − 18b
Standard Terminology
1
Relating to Forensic Science
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1732; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.4 Entries listed in Sections B–E reflect only those existing
in Committee E30 standards current with the date of a once
1.1 This terminology standard includes definitions of terms
yearly review of Committee E30 standards. Changes to stan-
used in the forensic sciences.
dardsorentriesfollowingthisdatewillappearinSectionsB–E
1.2 Legal and scientific and terms in common use that are
after the following year’s review date.
generally understood or defined adequately in other readily
1.5 An alphabetical list of the terms defined in this standard
available sources may not be included, except when dictionar-
is given in Appendix X1, which also identifies the section(s) in
ies show multiple definitions and it seems desirable to indicate
which each term is defined.
the definitions recommended for forensic science use.
1.6 Definitions identical to those published by another
1.3 Section A defines terms that are common to multiple
standards-developing organization or ASTM committee are
areas of forensic science, whereas, the subsequent sections
identified with the abbreviation of the name of the organization
define terms pertaining to specific forensic science areas, as
or the identifying document and ASTM committee; for
follows:
example, ASME is the American Society of Mechanical
Section A: General (Common) Forensic Science Terms
Engineers.
The terms defined in Section A are the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee E30.92, Terminology.
1.7 Insomecasesdifferentusageofatermindifferentfields
has been noted.
Section B: Criminalistics
The terms defined in Section B are the direct responsibility of
1.8 This international standard was developed in accor-
Subcommittee E30.01, Criminalistics.
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
Section B1: Terms for Seized Drug Analysis
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Section B2: Terms for Gunshot Residue (GSR) Analysis and
Smokeless Powder Analysis
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
Section B3: Terms for Paint Analysis
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Section B4: Terms for Textile, Fiber, Cord, and Tape Examination
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Section B5: Terms for Glass Examination
Section C: Digital and Multimedia Evidence
2. Referenced Documents
The terms defined in Section C are the direct responsibility of
2
Subcommittee E30.12, Digital and Multimedia Evidence.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Section C1: Terms for Computer Forensics
C162 Terminology of Glass and Glass Products
Section C2: Terms for Digital Image Processing and Multimedia
Evidence Examination
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
Section C3: Terms for Magnetic Card Reader Examination
D6161 Terminology Used for Microfiltration, Ultrafiltration,
Section C4: Terms for Facial Image Examination
Nanofiltration and Reverse Osmosis Membrane Processes
Section D: Interdisciplinary
E131 Terminology Relating to Molecular Spectroscopy
The terms defined in Section D are the direct responsibility of
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
Subcommittee E30.11, Interdisciplinary Forensic Science Standards.
ASTM Test Methods
Section E: Questioned Documents
E308 PracticeforComputingtheColorsofObjectsbyUsing
The terms defined in Section E were formerly the direct responsibility of
the CIE System
Subcommittee E30.02, Questioned Documents, and are currently the
E456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.90, Executive Committee.
E860 Practice for Examining And Preparing Items That Are
Or May Become Involved In Criminal or Civil Litigation
1
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E30 on
Forensic Sciences and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.92 on
2
Terminology. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2018. Published March 2019. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2018 as E1732 – 18a. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/E1732-18B. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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E1732 − 18b
E1187 Terminology R
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E1732 − 18a E1732 − 18b
Standard Terminology
1
Relating to Forensic Science
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1732; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This terminology standard includes definitions of terms used in the forensic sciences.
1.2 This is a compilation of terms and corresponding definitions used in the forensic sciences. Legal or scientific terms Legal
and scientific and terms in common use that are generally understood or defined adequately in other readily available sources may
not be included.included, except when dictionaries show multiple definitions and it seems desirable to indicate the definitions
recommended for forensic science use.
1.3 Section A defines terms that are common to multiple areas of forensic science, whereas, the subsequent sections define terms
pertaining to specific forensic science areas, as follows:
Section A: General (Common) Forensic Science Terms
The terms defined in Section A are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.92, Terminology.
Section B: Criminalistics
The terms defined in Section B are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.01, Criminalistics.
Section B1: Terms for Seized Drug Analysis
Section B2: Terms for Gunshot Residue (GSR) Analysis and Smokeless Powder Analysis
Section B3: Terms for Paint Analysis
Section B4: Terms for Textile, Fiber, Cord, and Tape Examination
Section B5: Terms for Glass Examination
Section C: Digital and Multimedia Evidence
The terms defined in Section C are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.12, Digital and Multimedia Evidence.
Section C1: Terms for Computer Forensics
Section C2: Terms for Digital Image Processing and Multimedia Evidence Examination
Section C3: Terms for Magnetic Card Reader Examination
Section C4: Terms for Facial Image Examination
Section D: Interdisciplinary
The terms defined in Section D are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.11, Interdisciplinary Forensic Science Standards.
Section E: Questioned Documents
The terms defined in Section E were formerly the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.02, Questioned Documents, and are currently the direct
responsibility of Subcommittee E30.90, Executive Committee.
1.4 Entries listed in Sections B–E reflect only those existing in Committee E30 standards current with the date of a once yearly
review of Committee E30 standards. Changes to standards or entries following this date will appear in Sections B–E after the
following year’s review date.
1.5 A definition is a single sentence with additional information included in aAn alphabetical list of the terms defined in this
Discussion.standard It is reviewed everygiven in Appendix X1five years, and the year of last review or revision is appended.,
which also identifies the section(s) in which each term is defined.
1.6 Definitions identical to those published by another standardsstandards-developing organization or ASTM committee are
identified with the abbreviation of the name of the organization or the identifying document and ASTM committee; for example,
ASME is the American Society of Mechanical Engineering.Engineers.
1.7 Definitions of terms specific to a particular field are identified with an abbreviation.In some cases different usage of a term
in different fields has been noted.
1
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E30 on Forensic Sciences and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.92 on Terminology.
Current edition approved June 1, 2018Nov. 1, 2018. Published June 2018March 2019. Originally approved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2018 as
E1732 – 18.E1732 – 18a. DOI: 10.1520/E1732-18A.10.1520/E1732-18B.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
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E1732 − 18b
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C162 Terminology of Glass and Glass Products
D123 Terminology Relating
...
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