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ASTM D7275-07(2018)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Bituminous Geomembranes (BGMs)

Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Bituminous Geomembranes (BGMs)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This method is used to evaluate the tensile properties of BGMs. It can be used for manufacturing quality control or acceptance testing.  
4.2 This test method uses a dumbbell specimen. The shape and dimensions of the specimen are defined in this standard. No other shape or dimensions are allowed. Other mechanical properties of BGMs may be measured using different test methods. Refer to Guide D6455.  
4.3 The reported properties are the maximum strength and elongation at maximum strength.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is used to measure the tensile properties of bituminous geomembranes (BGMs) using a dumbbell-shaped specimen.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
31-Jan-2018
ICS
59.080.70 - Geotextiles
Technical Committee
D35 - Geosynthetics
Drafting Committee
D35.10 - Geomembranes
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D7275-07(2012) - Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Bituminous Geomembranes (BGM)
Effective Date
01-Feb-2018
Refers
ASTM D4439-24 - Standard Terminology for Geosynthetics
Effective Date
01-Feb-2024
Refers
ASTM D4354-12(2020) - Standard Practice for Sampling of Geosynthetics and Rolled Erosion Control Products (RECPs) for Testing
Effective Date
01-May-2020
Refers
ASTM D4439-18 - Standard Terminology for Geosynthetics
Effective Date
15-Apr-2018
Refers
ASTM D6455-11(2018) - Standard Guide for the Selection of Test Methods for Prefabricated Bituminous Geomembranes (PBGMs)
Effective Date
01-Feb-2018
Refers
ASTM D4439-17 - Standard Terminology for Geosynthetics
Effective Date
01-Aug-2017
Refers
ASTM D4439-15a - Standard Terminology for Geosynthetics
Effective Date
01-Sep-2015
Refers
ASTM D4439-15 - Standard Terminology for Geosynthetics
Effective Date
01-Jul-2015
Refers
ASTM D4439-14 - Standard Terminology for Geosynthetics
Effective Date
01-Mar-2014
Refers
ASTM D4354-12 - Standard Practice for Sampling of Geosynthetics and Rolled Erosion Control Products(RECPs) for Testing
Effective Date
01-Jul-2012
Refers
ASTM D4439-11 - Standard Terminology for Geosynthetics
Effective Date
01-Oct-2011
Refers
ASTM D6455-11 - Standard Guide for the Selection of Test Methods for Prefabricated Bituminous Geomembranes (PBGM)
Effective Date
01-Feb-2011
Refers
ASTM D638-10 - Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics
Effective Date
15-May-2010
Refers
ASTM D4354-99(2009) - Standard Practice for Sampling of Geosynthetics for Testing
Effective Date
15-Jan-2009
Refers
ASTM D6455-05 - Standard Guide for the Selection of Test Methods for Prefabricated Bituminous Geomembranes (PBGM)
Effective Date
01-Jun-2005

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ASTM D7275-07(2018) - Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Bituminous Geomembranes (BGMs)ASTM D7275-07(2018) - Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Bituminous Geomembranes (BGMs)
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ASTM D7275-07(2018) - Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Bituminous Geomembranes (BGMs)
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D7275 − 07 (Reapproved 2018)
Standard Test Method for
Tensile Properties of Bituminous Geomembranes (BGMs)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7275; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3.2 For definitions of other terms used in this test method,
refer to Terminology D4439.
1.1 This test method is used to measure the tensile proper-
ties of bituminous geomembranes (BGMs) using a dumbbell-
4. Significance and Use
shaped specimen.
4.1 This method is used to evaluate the tensile properties of
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
BGMs. It can be used for manufacturing quality control or
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
acceptance testing.
only.
4.2 This test method uses a dumbbell specimen. The shape
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
and dimensions of the specimen are defined in this standard.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
No other shape or dimensions are allowed. Other mechanical
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
properties of BGMs may be measured using different test
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
methods. Refer to Guide D6455.
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
4.3 The reported properties are the maximum strength and
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
elongation at maximum strength.
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
5. Apparatus
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
5.1 Tensile instrumentation shall meet the requirements
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
outlined in Test Method D638.
2. Referenced Documents
5.2 Grips—One of the grips must be self-aligning to com-
pensate for uneven distribution of force across the specimen.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
The clamping force and the clamp surfaces shall hold the
D638 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics
specimen firmly without causing damage.
D4354 Practice for Sampling of Geosynthetics and Rolled
Erosion Control Products (RECPs) for Testing
5.3 Grip Faces—Grip faces shall be a minimum of 50 mm
D4439 Terminology for Geosynthetics
(2 in.) wide and a minimum of 50 mm (2 in.) in length. Smooth
D6455 Guide for the Selection of Test Methods for Prefab-
rubber, fine serrated, or coarse serrated grip faces have all been
ricated Bituminous Geomembranes (PBGMs)
found to be suitable for testing BGMs. If needed, the use of a
silicone-coated paper to help holding the specimen ends into
3. Terminology
the grips is recommended. The silicone-coated side is to be
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
used in contact with the specimen.
3.1.1 prefabricated bituminous geomembrane (BGM), n—a
material fabricated in a plant and consisting principally of
6. Sampling and Test Specimens
nonwoven geotextile, impregnated by a blend of oxidized or
6.1 Sampling shall be conducted according to Practice
polymer-modified bitumen incorporating filler.
D4354.
6.2 Take a sample that will exclude material from the outer
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 on
wrap of the roll or the inner wrap around the core. In the case
Geosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.10 on Geomem-
branes.
where the sample is taken at the production site, material from
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2018. Published February 2018. Originally
the outer wrap may be used if it is undamaged.
approved in 2006. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as D7275 – 07 (2012).
DOI: 10.1520/D7275-07R18.
6.3 Test Specimens—Prepare five specimens with the length
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
ofthespecimenparalleltothemachinedirection(MD)andfive
contact ASTM Customer S
...

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5.1 Since tear resistance may be affected to a large degree by mechanical fibering of the membrane under stress, as well as by stress distribution, strain rate, and size of specimen, the results obtained in a tear resistance test can only be regarded as a measure of the resistance under the conditions of that particular test and not necessarily as having any direct relation to service value. This test method measures the force required to tear a reinforced geomembrane along a reasonably defined course such as that the tear propagates across the width of the specimen. The values may vary between types of reinforcement used within a geomembrane.  
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SCOPE
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5.1 Installed geomembranes are subjected to forces from more than one direction, including forces perpendicular to the surfaces of the geomembrane. Out-of-plane deformation of a geomembrane may be useful in evaluating materials for caps where subsidence of the subsoil may be problematic.  
5.2 Failure mechanisms on this test may be different compared to other relatively small-scale index tests and may be beneficial for design purposes.  
5.3 In applications where local subsidence is expected, this test can be considered a performance test.  
5.4 For applications where geomembranes cannot be deformed in the fashion this test method prescribes, this test method should be considered an index test.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the out-of-plane response of a geomembrane to a force that is applied perpendicular to the initial plane of the sample.  
1.2 When the geomembrane deforms to a prescribed geometric shape (arc of a sphere or ellipsoid), formulations are provided to convert the test data to biaxial tensile stress-strain values. These formulations cannot be used for other geometric shapes. With other geometric shapes, comparative data on deformation versus pressure is obtained.  
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4.1 The use of reinforced geomembranes as barrier materials has created a need for a standard test method to evaluate the quality of seams produced by thermo-fusion methods. This test method is used for quality control purposes and is intended to provide quality control and quality assurance personnel with data to evaluate seam quality.  
4.2 This standard arose from the need for a destructive test method for evaluating seams of reinforced geomembranes. Standards written for destructive testing of nonreinforced geomembranes do not include all break codes (Fig. 1) applicable to reinforced geomembranes.
FIG. 1 Break Codes for Dual Hot Wedge and Hot Air Seams of Reinforced Geomembranes Tested for Seam Strength in Shear and Peel Modes  
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4.4 The shear test outlined in this method correlates to strength of parent material measured according to Test Method D7003/D7003M only if reinforcement is parallel to TD. For other materials, seam strength and parent material strength can be compared through Test Methods D7749 and D7004/D7004M. Values obtained with the strip methods shall not be compared to values obtained with grab methods.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes destructive quality control tests used to determine the integrity of thermo-fusion seams made with reinforced geomembranes. Test procedures are described for seam tests for peel and shear properties using strip specimens.  
1.2 The types of thermal field and factory seaming techniques used to construct geomembrane seams include the following:  
1.2.1 Hot Air—This technique introduces high-temperature air between two geomembrane surfaces to facilitate melting. Pressure is applied to the top or bottom geomembrane, forcing together the two surfaces to form a continuous bond.  
1.2.2 Hot Wedge—This technique melts the two geomembrane surfaces to be seamed by running a hot metal wedge between them. Pressure is applied to the top and bottom geomembrane to form a continuous bond. Some seams of this kind are made with dual tracks separated by a non-bonded gap. These seams are sometimes referred to as dual hot wedge seams or double-track seams.  
1.2.3 Extrusion—This technique encompasses extruding molten resin between two geomembranes or at the edge of two overlapped geomembranes to effect a continuous bond.  
1.2.4 Radio Frequency (RF) or Dielectric—High-frequency dielectric equipment is used to generate heat and pressure to form an overlap seam in factory fabrication.  
1.2.5 Impulse—Clamping bars heated by wires or a ribbon melt the sheets clamped between them. A cooling period while still clamped allows the polymer to solidify before being released.  
1.3 The types of materials covered by this test method include, but are not limited to, reinforced geomembranes made from the following polymers:  
1.3.1 Very low-density polyethylene (VLDPE).  
1.3.2 Linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE).  
1.3.3 Flexible polypropylene (fPP).  
1.3.4 Polyvinyl chloride (PVC).  
1.3.5 Chlorosulfonated polyethylene (CSPE).  
1.3.6 Ethylene interpolymer alloy (EIA).  
1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish ap...

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ASTM
ASTM D5101-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Measuring the Filtration Compatibility of Soil-Geotextile Systems

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is recommended for the evaluation of the performance of water-saturated soil-geotextile systems under unidirectional flow conditions. The results obtained may be used as an indication of the compatibility of the soil-geotextile system with respect to both particle retention and flow capacity.  
5.2 This test method is intended to evaluate the performance of specific on-site soils and geotextiles at the design stage of a project, or to provide qualitative data that may help identify causes of failure (for example, clogging, particle loss). It is not appropriate for acceptance testing of geotextiles. It is also improper to utilize the results from this test for job specifications or manufacturers' certifications.  
5.3 This test method is intended for site-specific investigation therefore is not an index property of the geotextile, and thus is not intended to be requested of the manufacturer or supplier of the geotextile.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers performance tests applicable for determining the compatibility of geotextiles with various types of water-saturated soils under unidirectional flow conditions.  
1.2 Two evaluation methods may be used to investigate soil-geotextile filtration behavior, depending on the soil type:  
1.2.1 For soils with a plasticity index lower than 5, the systems compatibility shall be evaluated per this standard.  
1.2.2 For soils with a plasticity index of 5 or more, it is recommended to use Test Method D5567 (‘HCR,’ Hydraulic Conductivity Ratio) instead of this test method.  
1.2.3 If the plasticity index of the soil is close to 5, the involved parties shall agree on the selection of the appropriate method prior to conducting the test. This task may require comparison of the permeability of the soil-geotextile system to the detection limits of the HCR and Gradient Ratio Test (GRT) test apparatus being used.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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