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ASTM E1079-05

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Calibration of Transmission Densitometers

Standard Practice for Calibration of Transmission Densitometers

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice provides a means for calibrating transmission densitometers used for the measurement of radiographic film density. A transmission densitometer calibrated in accordance with this practice provides the assurance that accurate density values of radiographs are obtained.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the calibration of transmission densitometers used to perform radiographic film density measurements (see Note 1.)  
1.2  This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note--For further information on the design and use of densitometers, the following literature is suggested as additional background information: Guide E94 and ANSI documents PH2.19 and PH2.36.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Dec-2004
ICS
17.180.30 - Optical measuring instruments
Technical Committee
E07 - Nondestructive Testing
Drafting Committee
E07.01 - Radiology (X and Gamma) Method
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E1079-00 - Standard Practice for Calibration of Transmission Densitometers
Effective Date
01-Jan-2005
Replaced By
ASTM E1079-10 - Standard Practice for Calibration of Transmission Densitometers
Effective Date
01-Jun-2010
Referred By
ASTM E1161-21 - Standard Practice for Radiographic Examination of Semiconductors and Electronic Components
Effective Date
01-Jan-2005
Referred By
ASTM E746-18 - Standard Practice for Determining Relative Image Quality Response of Industrial Radiographic Imaging Systems
Effective Date
01-Jan-2005
Referred By
ASTM E1030/E1030M-21 - Standard Practice for Radiographic Examination of Metallic Castings
Effective Date
01-Jan-2005
Referred By
ASTM E1735-19 - Standard Practice for Determining Relative Image Quality Response of Industrial Radiographic Imaging Systems from 4 to 25 MeV
Effective Date
01-Jan-2005
Referred By
ASTM E94/E94M-22 - Standard Guide for Radiographic Examination Using Industrial Radiographic Film
Effective Date
01-Jan-2005
Referred By
ASTM E545-19 - Standard Test Method for Determining Image Quality in Direct Thermal Neutron Radiographic Examination
Effective Date
01-Jan-2005
Referred By
ASTM E2104-22 - Standard Practice for Radiographic Examination of Advanced Aero and Turbine Materials and Components
Effective Date
01-Jan-2005
Referred By
ASTM E999-20 - Standard Guide for Controlling the Quality of Industrial Radiographic Film Processing
Effective Date
01-Jan-2005
Referred By
ASTM E1742/E1742M-18 - Standard Practice for Radiographic Examination
Effective Date
01-Jan-2005
Referred By
ASTM E1032-19 - Standard Practice for Radiographic Examination of Weldments Using Industrial X-Ray Film
Effective Date
01-Jan-2005

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ASTM E1079-05 - Standard Practice for Calibration of Transmission DensitometersASTM E1079-05 - Standard Practice for Calibration of Transmission Densitometers
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ASTM E1079-05 - Standard Practice for Calibration of Transmission Densitometers
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:E1079–05
Standard Practice for
1
Calibration of Transmission Densitometers
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1079; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 4. Significance and Use
2
1.1 This practice covers the calibration of transmission 4.1 This practice provides a means for calibrating transmis-
densitometers used to perform radiographic film density mea- sion densitometers used for the measurement of radiographic
surements (see Note 1). film density. A transmission densitometer calibrated in accor-
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the dance with this practice provides the assurance that accurate
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the density values of radiographs are obtained.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
5. Apparatus
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
5.1 Apparatus should consist of the following:
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
5.1.1 A calibrated step tablet shall be used. The step tablet
NOTE 1—For further information on the design and use of densitom-
maybeaNISTX-rayStepTablet(StandardReferenceMaterial
eters, the following literature is suggested as additional background
5
SRM 1001) or alternately a step tablet from another supplier
information: ISO 5–2:2001, ISO 5–1:2001, and ISO 14807:2001.
which is traceable to the NIST SRM 1001 X-ray Step Tablet.
2. Referenced Documents
The step tablet shall have at least five step densities ranging
3
from 0.9 through 4.1. The step tablet may have additional step
2.1 ASTM Standards:
densities less than 0.9 and greater than 4.1. A calibration
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
4
certificate shall be provided with the step tablet indicating the
2.2 ISO Standards:
tablet ID and recorded values for each step density. For
ISO 5–2:2001 Photography-Density Measurements—Part
suppliers of step tablets other than NIST, the certificate shall
2: Geometric Conditions for Transmission Density
indicate conformance of traceability to NIST instrumentation
ISO 5–1:2001 Photography-Density Measurements—Part
used in the calibration process, applicable ANSI standards
1: Terms, Symbols, and Notations
used, verification of measurement on a NIST SRM 1001 step
ISO 14807:2001 Photography-Transmission and Reflection
tablet, the ID number of the SRM 1001 step tablet, and
Densitometers—Method for Determining Performance
calibration date of the step tablet. Precautions should be taken
3. Terminology
in the storage, handling, and use of the step tablet. In the event
it becomes scratched, blemished, or exhibits other signs of
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this prac-
deleterious wear, it should be replaced immediately. The SRM
tice, see Terminology E1316.
1001 (or alternate, if used) step tablet shall be replaced four
6
years from the date of first use.
5.1.2 Transmission Densitometers, with either direct-scale
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde-
readout or digital readout displays specifically manufactured
structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.01 on
Radioglogy (X and Gamma) Method. for the purpose of measuring the range of film densities
Current edition approved January 1, 2005. Published January 2005. Originally
described in 5.1.1 may be used.
approved in 1985. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as E1079 - 00. DOI:
5.1.3 Manufacturer’s Operating Instructions for Appropri-
10.1520/E1079-05.
2
ate Transmission Densitometer.
For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications see related Practice
SE-1079 in Section II of that Code.
3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
5
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standard Reference Material 1001 is available from the National Institute of
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD.
6
the ASTM website. Expiration interval of the SRM 1001 or alternate step tablet may be different
4
Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., than the requirements of this practice. Unless otherwise specified, requirements of
4th Floor, New York, NY 10036. this practice shall apply.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E1079–05
6. Calibration 7.2 Analternativecalibrationdocumentationsyst
...

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ASTM E1079-21(Practice)
Standard Practice for Calibration of Transmission Densitometers

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice provides a means for calibrating transmission densitometers used for the measurement of diffuse optical density on radiographic films. A transmission densitometer calibrated in accordance with this practice provides the assurance that accurate optical density values of radiographs are obtained.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice2 covers the calibration of transmission densitometers used to perform measurements of diffuse optical density on radiographic films (see Note 1).  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Turbidity is a measure of scattered light that results from the interaction between a beam of light and particulate material in a liquid sample. Particulate material is typically undesirable in water from a health perspective and its removal is often required when the water is intended for consumption. Thus, turbidity has been used as a key indicator for water quality to assess the health and quality of environmental water sources. Higher turbidity values are typically associated with poorer water quality.  
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5.2.1.1 When used for regulatory compliance reporting, specific turbidity calibration standards may be required. The user of this guide should check with regulatory entities regarding specifics of allowable calibration standard materials.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the best practices for use of various turbidimeter designs for measurement of turbidity in waters including: drinking water, wastewater, industrial waters, and for regulatory and environmental monitoring. This guide covers both continuous and static measurements.  
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Standard Practice for Performing Cryo-Transmission Electron Microscopy of Liposomes

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Cryo-TEM is a technique used to record high resolution images of samples that are frozen and embedded in a thin layer of vitrified, amorphous ice (2-5). Because vitrification occurs so rapidly, the resultant specimen is almost instantly frozen, yielding a very accurate representation of the specimen at the moment of freezing, without the distortions typically associated with air drying delicate wet samples. Once frozen, images of the specimen are recorded at low temperature using a specially designed electron microscope equipped with a cryo-holder capable of operating under low dose conditions in order to prevent beam induced structural damage to the specimen. The cryo-TEM technique is the consensus choice to directly observe, analyze and accurately measure liposomes suspended in aqueous solutions. Fig. 1 illustrates this by comparing an electron micrograph from an air-dried negatively stained liposomal preparation with an electron micrograph of the same solution imaged by cryo-TEM.
FIG. 1 Left—An Electron Micrograph of an Air-Dried Liposomal Preparation that has been Negatively Stained with 2 % Uranyl Acetate for Contrast; Right—An Electron Micrograph of the Same Liposomal Preparation Prepared as a Frozen Vitrified Specimen for Cryo-TEM
Note 1: Both images are shown to the same scale; scale bar is 200 nm.  
5.1.1 Fig. 1 demonstrates that liposomes may become distorted and are difficult to measure and analyze when they are air-dried, while the same liposomal preparation is clearly easier to analyze when the specimen is near-instantly preserved by vitrification.  
5.1.2 Cryo-TEM involves applying a small volume of sample to a specially prepared holey, ultra-thin or continuous carbon grid suspended in a cryo-TEM plunger over a cup of liquid ethane cooled in a container filled with liquid nitrogen (2, 3). These grids can be purchased or prepared in the laboratory using a carbon evaporator with glow discharge capabilities. Once the sample has wet the surface o...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers procedures for vitrifying and recording images of a suspension of liposomes with a cryo-transmission electron microscope (cryo-TEM) for the purpose of evaluating their shape, size distribution and lamellarity for quality assessment. The sample is vitrified in liquid ethane onto specially prepared holey, ultra-thin, or continuous carbon TEM grids, and imaged in a cryo-holder placed in a cryo-TEM.  
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ASTM D3321-19(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Use of the Refractometer for Field Test Determination of the Freezing Point of Aqueous Engine Coolants

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice is commonly used by vehicle service personnel to determine the freezing point, in degrees Celsius or Fahrenheit, of aqueous solutions of commercial ethylene and propylene glycol-based coolant. A durable hand-held refractometer is available that reads the freezing point, directly, in degrees Celsius or Fahrenheit, when a few drops of engine coolant are properly placed on the temperature-compensated prism surface of the refractometer. This refractometer is for glycol and water solutions, and is not suitable for other coolant solutions.  
4.2 The hand-held refractometer should be calibrated before use (see Section 7).  
4.3 Care must be taken to use the correct glycol freezing point scale for the glycol type being measured. Use of the wrong glycol scale can result in freezing point errors of 18 and more degrees Fahrenheit.  
4.4 Ethylene glycol/propylene glycol mixtures will result in inaccurate freezing point measurements using either freezing point scale.
SCOPE
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Note 1: Some instruments have a supplementary freezing protection scale for methoxypropanol coolants. Others carry a supplemental scale calibrated in density or specific gravity readings of sulfuric acid solutions so that the refractometer can be used to determine the charged condition of lead acid storage batteries.  
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This practice describes the photomultiplier properties that are essential to their judicious selection and use of in emission and absorption spectrometry. The properties covered here include structural features, electrical properties, and characteristics involved in precautions and problems. The structural features covered are envelope configurations, window materials, electrical connections, and housing for the external structure, and the photocathode, dynodes and anode, and rigidness of structural components for the internal structure. Electrical properties, on the other hand, incorporate the following: optical-electronic characteristics of the photocathode including spectral response; current amplification including gain per stage, overall gain, gain control (voltage-divider bridge), linearity of response, and anode saturation; signal nature; dark current including cathode size, internal aperture, and refrigeration effects; noise nature including additivity of noise power, signal-to-noise ratio, equivalent noise input; and photomultiplier properties as a component in an electrical circuit including output impedance, response time, and signal gating and integration possibilities. Finally, the characteristics involved in precautions and problems cover fatigue and hysteresis effects, illumination of photocathode, and gas leakage.
SCOPE
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Section  
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4  
General  
4.1  
External Structure  
4.2  
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4.3  
Electrical Properties  
5  
General  
5.1  
Optical-Electronic Characteristics of the Photocathode  
5.2  
Current Amplification  
5.3  
Signal Nature  
5.4  
Dark Current  
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Noise Nature  
5.6  
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5.7  
Precautions and Problems  
6  
General  
6.1  
Fatigue and Hysteresis Effects  
6.2  
Illumination of Photocathode  
6.3  
Gas Leakage  
6.4  
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7  
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Standard Guide for Relative Intensity Correction of Raman Spectrometers

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Generally, Raman spectra measured using grating-based dispersive or Fourier transform Raman spectrometers have not been corrected for the instrumental response (spectral responsivity of the detection system). Raman spectra obtained with different instruments may show significant variations in the measured relative peak intensities of a sample compound. This is mainly as a result of differences in their wavelength-dependent optical transmission and detector efficiencies. These variations can be particularly large when widely different laser excitation wavelengths are used, but can occur when the same laser excitation is used and spectra of the same compound are compared between instruments. This is illustrated in Fig. 1, which shows the uncorrected luminescence spectrum of SRM 2241, acquired upon four different commercially available Raman spectrometers operating with 785 nm laser excitation. Instrumental response variations can also occur on the same instrument after a component change or service work has been performed. Each spectrometer, due to its unique combination of filters, grating, collection optics and detector response, has a very unique spectral response. The spectrometer dependent spectral response will of course also affect the shape of Raman spectra acquired upon these systems. The shape of this response is not to be construed as either “good or bad” but is the result of design considerations by the spectrometer manufacturer. For instance, as shown in Fig. 1, spectral coverage can vary considerably between spectrometer systems. This is typically a deliberate tradeoff in spectrometer design, where spectral coverage is sacrificed for enhanced spectral resolution.
FIG. 1 SRM 2241 Measured on Four Commercial Raman Spectrometers Utilizing 785 nm Excitation  
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SCOPE
1.1 This guide is designed to enable the user to correct a Raman spectrometer for its relative spectral-intensity response function using NIST Standard Reference Materials2 in the 224X series (currently SRMs 2241, 2242, 2243, 2244, 2245, 2246), or a calibrated irradiance source. This relative intensity correction procedure will enable the intercomparison of Raman spectra acquired from differing instruments, excitation wavelengths, and laboratories.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 Because of the significant dangers associated with the use of lasers, ANSI Z136.1 or suitable regional standards should be followed in conjunction with this practice.  
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ABSTRACT
This test method covers the testing of the spectral bandwidth and wavelength accuracy of fluorescence spectrometers that use a monochromator for emission wavelength selection and photomultiplier tube detection. The method can be applied to instruments that use multi-element detectors, such as diode arrays, but results must be interpreted carefully. Atomic lines between 250 nm and 1000 nm are used in the method. The difference between the apparent wavelength and the known wavelength for a series of atomic emission lines is used as a test for wavelength accuracy. The apparent width of some of these lines is used as a test for spectral bandwidth.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the testing of the spectral bandwidth and wavelength accuracy of fluorescence spectrometers that use a monochromator for emission wavelength selection and photomultiplier tube detection. This test method can be applied to instruments that use multi-element detectors, such as diode arrays, but results must be interpreted carefully. This test method uses atomic lines between 250 nm and 1000 nm.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
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Standard Guide for Raman Shift Standards for Spectrometer Calibration

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Wavenumber calibration is an important part of Raman analysis. The calibration of a Raman spectrometer is performed or checked frequently in the course of normal operation and even more often when working at high resolution. To date, the most common source of wavenumber values is either emission lines from low-pressure discharge lamps (for example, mercury, argon, or neon) or from the non-lasing plasma lines of the laser. There are several good compilations of these well-established values (1-8).3 The disadvantages of using emission lines are that it can be difficult to align lamps properly in the sample position and the laser wavelength must be known accurately. With argon, krypton, and other ion lasers commonly used for Raman the latter is not a problem because lasing wavelengths are well known. With the advent of diode lasers and other wavelength-tunable lasers, it is now often the case that the exact laser wavelength is not known and may be difficult or time-consuming to determine. In these situations it is more convenient to use samples of known relative wavenumber shift for calibration. Unfortunately, accurate wavenumber shifts have been established for only a few chemicals. This guide provides the Raman spectroscopist with average shift values determined in seven laboratories for seven pure compounds and one liquid mixture.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers Raman shift values for common liquid and solid chemicals that can be used for wavenumber calibration of Raman spectrometers. The guide does not include procedures for calibrating Raman instruments. Instead, this guide provides reliable Raman shift values that can be used as a complement to low-pressure arc lamp emission lines which have been established with a high degree of accuracy and precision.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 Some of the chemicals specified in this guide may be hazardous. It is the responsibility of the user of this guide to consult material safety data sheets and other pertinent information to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to their use.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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Standard Practice for Describing and Specifying a Wavelength Dispersive X-Ray Spectrometer

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice describes the essential components of a wavelength dispersive X-ray spectrometer. This description is presented so that the user may gain a general understanding of the structure of an X-ray spectrometer system. It also provides a means for comparing and evaluating different systems as well as understanding the capabilities and limitations of each instrument.  
4.2 A laboratory may implement this practice or an X-ray fluorescence method in partnership with a manufacturer of the analytical instrumentation. If a laboratory chooses to consult with an instrument manufacturer, then the following should be considered. The laboratory should know the alloy matrices to be analyzed, elements and mass fraction ranges to be determined, and the expected performance requirements for each of these elements. The laboratory should inform the instrument manufacturer of these requirements so an analytical method may be developed which meets the laboratory’s expectations. Typically, instrument manufacturers customize the instrument configuration to satisfy the end-user’s requirements for elemental coverage, elemental precision, and detection limits. Instrument manufacturer developed analytical methods may include specific parameters for sample excitation, wavelengths, inter-element interference corrections, calibration and regression, equipment configuration/installation, and sample preparation requirements. Laboratories should have a basic understanding of the parameters derived by the manufacturer.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the components of a wavelength dispersive X-ray spectrometer that are basic to its operation and to the quality of its performance. It is not the intent of this practice to specify component tolerances or performance criteria, as these are unique for each instrument. However, the practice does attempt to identify which tolerances are critical and thus which should be specified.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific safety hazard statements are given in Section 7.  
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Standard Practice for Monitoring the Calibration of Ultraviolet-Visible Spectrophotometers whose Spectral Bandwidth does not Exceed 2 nm

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice permits an analyst to compare the performance of an instrument to the manufacturer's supplied performance specifications and to verify its suitability for continued routine use. It also provides generation of calibration monitoring data on a periodic basis, forming a base from which any changes in the performance of the instrument will be evident.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the parameters of spectrophotometric performance that are critical for testing the adequacy of instrumentation for most routine tests and methods2 within the wavelength range of 200 nm to 700 nm and the absorbance range of 0 to 2. The recommended tests provide a measurement of the important parameters controlling results in spectrophotometric methods, but it is specifically not to be inferred that all factors in instrument performance are measured.  
1.2 This practice may be used as a significant test of the performance of instruments for which the spectral bandwidth does not exceed 2 nm and for which the manufacturer's specifications for wavelength and absorbance accuracy do not exceed the performance tolerances employed here. This practice employs an illustrative tolerance of ±1 % relative for the error of the absorbance scale over the range of 0.2 to 2.0, and of ±1.0 nm for the error of the wavelength scale. A suggested maximum stray radiant power ratio of 4 × 10-4 yields E275 to extensively evaluate the performance of an instrument.  
1.3 This practice should be performed on a periodic basis, the frequency of which depends on the physical environment within which the instrumentation is used. Thus, units handled roughly or used under adverse conditions (exposed to dust, chemical vapors, vibrations, or combinations thereof) should be tested more frequently than those not exposed to such conditions. This practice should also be performed after any significant repairs are made on a unit, such as those involving the optics, detector, or radiant energy source.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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