ASTM D562-10(2014)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Consistency of Paints Measuring Krebs Unit (KU) Viscosity Using a Stormer-Type Viscometer
Standard Test Method for Consistency of Paints Measuring Krebs Unit (KU) Viscosity Using a Stormer-Type Viscometer
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides values that are useful in specifying and controlling the consistency of paints, such as consumer or trade sales products.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of Krebs Unit (KU) viscosity to evaluate the consistency of paints and related coatings using the Stormer-type viscometer.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: D562 − 10 (Reapproved 2014)
Standard Test Method for
Consistency of Paints Measuring Krebs Unit (KU) Viscosity
Using a Stormer-Type Viscometer
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D562; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope 5. Significance and Use
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of Krebs Unit 5.1 This test method provides values that are useful in
(KU) viscosity to evaluate the consistency of paints and related specifying and controlling the consistency of paints, such as
coatings using the Stormer-type viscometer. consumer or trade sales products.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
METHOD A
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
only. 6. Apparatus
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
6.1 Viscometer, Stormer, with the paddle-type rotor as illus-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
trated in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2. The stroboscopic timer attachment
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
inFig.1canberemovedandtheinstrumentusedwithoutitbut
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
with a sacrifice of speed and accuracy. The stroboscopic timer
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
gives the 200 r/min reading directly.
6.2 Container, 500-mL (1-pt), 85 mm (3 ⁄8 in.) in diameter.
2. Referenced Documents
6.3 Thermometer—An ASTM Stormer Viscosity thermom-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
eter having a range from 20 to 70°C and conforming to the
E1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
requirements for Thermometer 49C, as prescribed in Specifi-
3. Terminology
cation E1. In addition, temperature measuring devices such as
non-mercury liquid-in-glass thermometers, thermocouples, or
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
platinum resistance thermometers that provide equivalent or
3.1.1 consistency, n—load in grams to produce a rotational
better accuracy and precision, that cover the temperature range
frequency of 200 r/min (Stormer Viscometer).
for thermometer 49C, may be used.
3.1.2 Krebs units (KU), n—valuesofascalecommonlyused
6.4 Stopwatch, or suitable timer measuring to 0.2 s.
to express the consistency of paints generally applied by brush
or roller.
6.5 Weights, a set covering the range from 5 to 1000 g.
3.1.2.1 Discussion—This scale is a function of the “load to
7. Materials
produce 200-r/min” scale.
7.1 Two standard oils, calibrated in absolute viscosity
4. Summary of Test Method
(poise), that are within the viscosity range of the coatings to be
4.1 The load required to produce a rotational frequency of
measured. These oils should differ in viscosity by at least 5 P.
200 r/min for an offset paddle rotor immersed in a paint is
NOTE 1—The normal range of the Stormer is covered by oils having
determined.
viscosities of 4 P (70 KU), 10 P (85 KU), and 14 P (95 KU).
7.1.1 Suitable standards are silicone, hydrocarbon, linseed,
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint
and castor oils. Silicone and hydrocarbon oils calibrated in
and Related Coatings, Materials, andApplications and is the direct responsibility of
poises are commercially available. Uncalibrated linseed and
Subcommittee D01.24 on Physical Properties of Liquid Paints and Paint Materials.
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2014. Published December 2014. Originally
castor oils may be calibrated with any apparatus that provides
approved in 1947. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as D562 – 10. DOI:
measurements of absolute viscosity.
10.1520/D0562-10R14.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D562 − 10 (2014)
L 5 610O1906.6 D /30
~ !
where:
O = viscosity of oil in poises and
D = density of oil.
8. Calibration
8.1 Remove the rotor and weight carrier from the viscom-
eter. Make sure the string is wound evenly on the drum and
does not overlap itself.
8.2 Attach a 5-g weight onto the string and then release the
brake. If the viscometer starts to run from this dead start and
continuestorunthroughseveralrevolutionsofthestringdrum,
it is satisfactory for use. If it does not start unaided when the
5-g weight is applied, the instrument should be reconditioned.
8.3 Check the dimensions of the paddle-type rotor. They
shouldbewithin0.1mm(60.004in.)ofthedimensionsshown
in Fig. 2.
8.4 Select two standard oils having assigned values of load
to produce 200 r/min within the range of the values expected
for the coatings to be measured (see 7.1).
FIG. 1 Stormer Viscometer with Paddle-Type Rotor and Strobo-
8.5 Adjust the temperature of the standard oils to 25 6
scopic Timer
0.2°C. The temperature of the Stormer apparatus should be the
same. If the specified temperature cannot be obtained, record
the temperature of the oil at the beginning and end of test to
0.2°C.
8.6 Determine the load in grams to produce 200 r/min with
each of the two oils, using either Procedure A described in
Section 9 or Procedure B described in Section 10.
8.6.1 Iftheoiltemperaturewasnotat25 60.2°Cduringthe
test, correct the measured load in grams for the deviation from
that temperature.
NOTE 2—Load corrections for deviations of oil temperature from the
specified temperature can be made by means of a previously established
plot of load versus oil temperature (see Appendix X1).
8.7 If the measured load (corrected for any temperature
deviation from standard) is within 615 % of the assigned load
values for the oils, the Stormer apparatus can be considered to
be in satisfactory calibration.
9. Procedure A (Without Stroboscopic Attachment)
9.1 Thoroughly mix the sample and strain it into a 500-mL
(1-pt) container to within 20 mm ( ⁄4 in.) of the top.
9.2 Bring the temperature of the specimen to 25 6 0.2°C
and maintain it at that temperature during the test. The
temperature of the Stormer apparatus should be the same.
NOTE 1—1 in. = 25.4 mm.
9.2.1 If the specified temperature cannot be obtained, record
FIG. 2 Paddle-Type Rotor for Use With Stormer Viscometer
the temperature of the specimen at the beginning and end of
test to 0.2°C.
9.3 When the temperature of the specimen has reached
7.1.2 Assignavalueofloadtoproduce200r/mintoeachoil
equilibrium, stir it vigorously, being careful to avoid entrap-
by converting its viscosity value in poises to load in grams by
3 ping air, and place the container immediately on the platform
the following equation:
3 4
Geddes, J. A., and Dawson, D. H., “Calculation of Viscosity From Stormer Jackson, C. F., and Madson,W. H., “AMethod for the Standardization of Krebs
Viscosity Data,” Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Vol 34, 1942, p. 163. Modified Stormer Viscometers,” ASTM Bulletin, No. 161, 1949.
D562 − 10 (2014)
of the viscometer so that the paddle-type rotor is immersed in
the material to the mark on the shaft of the rotor.
9.4 Place weights on the hanger of the viscometer and
determine a load that will produce 100 revolutions in the range
of 25 to 35 s.
FIG. 4 Stroboscopic Lines Appearing as Multiples that May be
Observed Before 200-r/min Reached
9.5 Using the information gained in 9.4, select two loads
that will provide two different readings (time to give 100
NOTE 4—Table 1 has been constructed so that it is not necessary to
revolutions) within the range of 27 to 33 s. Make these
interpolate between loads to obtain the KU corresponding to the load to
measurements from a running start, that is, permit the rotor to
produce 100 revolutions in 30 s. The table provides KU values computed
make at least 10 revolutions before starting the timing for 100
for a range of 27 to 33 s for 100 revolutions.
revolutions.
11.2 Procedure B:
9.6 Repeat the measurements outlined in 9.5 until two
11.2.1 If desired, determine from Table 2 the KU value
readings for each load are obtained that agree within 0.5 s.
corresponding to the load to produce 200 r/min.
10. Procedure B (With Stroboscopic Timer)
12. Report
10.1 Follow Procedure A (9.1 – 9.3) for the preparation of
12.1 Report the following information:
the specimen.
12.1.1 The load in grams to produce 200 r/min (100
revolutions in 30 s),
10.2 Connect the lamp circuit of the stroboscopic attach-
12.1.2 The calculated KU,
ment to an electrical power source.
12.1.3 The temperature of the specimen during the test and
10.3 Place weights on the hanger of the viscometer and
whether a correction was applied for any deviation from 25°C,
determine a load that will produce 100 revolutions in the range
and
from 25 to 35 s.
12.1.4 Whether Procedure A or Procedure B was used.
10.4 Using the information gained in 10.3, select a weight
13. Precision and Bias
(tothenearest5g)thatwillproducethe200-r/minpattern(Fig.
3) on the stroboscopic timer, that is, where the lines appear to
13.1 Precision—On the basis of a study in which determi-
be stationary.
nations were made on five paints by two operators at each of
10.4.1 Lines moving in the direction of paddle rotation
five laboratories on each of two different days; the within-
indicate a speed greater than 200 r/min and therefore, weight
laboratory coefficient of variation was found to be 3 % in load
should be removed from the hanger. Conversely, lines moving
grams or 1.5 % in KU, and the between-laboratory coefficient
opposite to direction of paddle rotation indicate a speed less
of variation was found to be 10 % in load grams or 4 % in KU.
than 200 r/min and weight should be added.
13.1.1 The following criteria should be used for judging the
acceptability of results at the 95 % confidence level.
NOTE 3—There are other patterns that appear at speeds other than 200
13.1.1.1 Repeatability—Two results each the mean of two
r/min (See Fig. 4). The pattern for 200 r/min should be determined before
running any tests.
measurements, obtained on th
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D562 − 10 D562 − 10 (Reapproved 2014)
Standard Test Method for
Consistency of Paints Measuring Krebs Unit (KU) Viscosity
Using a Stormer-Type Viscometer
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D562; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of Krebs Unit (KU) viscosity to evaluate the consistency of paints and related
coatings using the Stormer-type viscometer.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.1.1 consistency, n—load in grams to produce a rotational frequency of 200 r/min (Stormer Viscometer).
3.1.2 Krebs units (KU), n—values of a scale commonly used to express the consistency of paints generally applied by brush or
roller.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and is the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee D01.24 on Physical Properties of Liquid Paints &and Paint Materials.
Current edition approved July 1, 2010Dec. 1, 2014. Published July 2010December 2014. Originally approved in 1947. Last previous edition approved in 20052010 as
D562 – 01 (2005).D562 – 10. DOI: 10.1520/D0562-10.10.1520/D0562-10R14.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’sstandard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3.1.2.1 Discussion—
This scale is a function of the “load to produce 200-r/min” scale.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 The load required to produce a rotational frequency of 200 r/min for an offset paddle rotor immersed in a paint is
determined.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 This test method provides values that are useful in specifying and controlling the consistency of paints, such as consumer
or trade sales products.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D562 − 10 (2014)
METHOD A
6. Apparatus
6.1 Viscometer, Stormer, with the paddle-type rotor as illustrated in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2. The stroboscopic timer attachment in Fig.
1 can be removed and the instrument used without it but with a sacrifice of speed and accuracy. The stroboscopic timer gives the
200 r/min reading directly.
6.2 Container, 500-mL (1-pt), 85 mm (3 ⁄8 in.) in diameter.
6.3 Thermometer—An ASTM Stormer Viscosity thermometer having a range from 20 to 70°C and conforming to the
requirements for Thermometer 49C, as prescribed in Specification E1. In addition, temperature measuring devices such as
non-mercury liquid-in-glass thermometers, thermocouples, or platinum resistance thermometers that provide equivalent or better
accuracy and precision, that cover the temperature range for thermometer 49C, may be used.
6.4 Stopwatch, or suitable timer measuring to 0.2 s.
6.5 Weights, a set covering the range from 5 to 1000 g.
7. Materials
7.1 Two standard oils, calibrated in absolute viscosity (poise), that are within the viscosity range of the coatings to be measured.
These oils should differ in viscosity by at least 5 P.
NOTE 1—The normal range of the Stormer is covered by oils having viscosities of 4 P (70 KU), 10 P (85 KU), and 14 P (95 KU).
7.1.1 Suitable standards are silicone, hydrocarbon, linseed, and castor oils. Silicone and hydrocarbon oils calibrated in poises
are commercially available. Uncalibrated linseed and castor oils may be calibrated with any apparatus that provides measurements
of absolute viscosity.
FIG. 1 Stormer Viscometer with Paddle-Type Rotor and Stroboscopic Timer
D562 − 10 (2014)
NOTE 1—1 in. = 25.4 mm.
FIG. 2 Paddle-Type Rotor for Use With Stormer Viscometer
7.1.2 Assign a value of load to produce 200 r/min to each oil by converting its viscosity value in poises to load in grams by
the following equation:
L 5 ~610O1906.6 D!/30
where:
O = viscosity of oil in poises and
D = density of oil.
where:
O = viscosity of oil in poises and
D = density of oil.
8. Calibration
8.1 Remove the rotor and weight carrier from the viscometer. Make sure the string is wound evenly on the drum and does not
overlap itself.
8.2 Attach a 5-g weight onto the string and then release the brake. If the viscometer starts to run from this dead start and
continues to run through several revolutions of the string drum, it is satisfactory for use. If it does not start unaided when the 5-g
weight is applied, the instrument should be reconditioned.
8.3 Check the dimensions of the paddle-type rotor. They should be within 0.1 mm (60.004 in.) of the dimensions shown in Fig.
2.
8.4 Select two standard oils having assigned values of load to produce 200 r/min within the range of the values expected for
the coatings to be measured (see 7.1).
8.5 Adjust the temperature of the standard oils to 25 6 0.2°C. The temperature of the Stormer apparatus should be the same.
If the specified temperature cannot be obtained, record the temperature of the oil at the beginning and end of test to 0.2°C.
8.6 Determine the load in grams to produce 200 r/min with each of the two oils, using either Procedure A described in Section
9 or Procedure B described in Section 10.
Geddes, J. A., and Dawson, D. H., “Calculation of Viscosity From Stormer Viscosity Data,” Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Vol 34, 1942, p. 163.
Jackson, C. F., and Madson, W. H., “A Method for the Standardization of Krebs Modified Stormer Viscometers,” ASTM Bulletin, No. 161, 1949.
D562 − 10 (2014)
8.6.1 If the oil temperature was not at 25 6 0.2°C during the test, correct the measured load in grams for the deviation from
that temperature.
NOTE 2—Load corrections for deviations of oil temperature from the specified temperature can be made by means of a previously established plot of
load versus oil temperature (see Appendix X1).
8.7 If the measured load (corrected for any temperature deviation from standard) is within 615 % of the assigned load values
for the oils, the Stormer apparatus can be considered to be in satisfactory calibration.
9. Procedure A (Without Stroboscopic Attachment)
9.1 Thoroughly mix the sample and strain it into a 500-mL (1-pt) container to within 20 mm ( ⁄4 in.) of the top.
9.2 Bring the temperature of the specimen to 25 6 0.2°C and maintain it at that temperature during the test. The temperature
of the Stormer apparatus should be the same.
9.2.1 If the specified temperature cannot be obtained, record the temperature of the specimen at the beginning and end of test
to 0.2°C.
9.3 When the temperature of the specimen has reached equilibrium, stir it vigorously, being careful to avoid entrapping air, and
place the container immediately on the platform of the viscometer so that the paddle-type rotor is immersed in the material to the
mark on the shaft of the rotor.
9.4 Place weights on the hanger of the viscometer and determine a load that will produce 100 revolutions in the range of 25
to 35 s.
9.5 Using the information gained in 9.4, select two loads that will provide two different readings (time to give 100 revolutions)
within the range of 27 to 33 s. Make these measurements from a running start, that is, permit the rotor to make at least 10
revolutions before starting the timing for 100 revolutions.
9.6 Repeat the measurements outlined in 9.5 until two readings for each load are obtained that agree within 0.5 s.
10. Procedure B (With Stroboscopic Timer)
10.1 Follow Procedure A (9.1 – 9.3) for the preparation of the specimen.
10.2 Connect the lamp circuit of the stroboscopic attachment to an electrical power source.
10.3 Place weights on the hanger of the viscometer and determine a load that will produce 100 revolutions in the range from
25 to 35 s.
10.4 Using the information gained in 10.3, select a weight (to the nearest 5 g) that will produce the 200-r/min pattern (Fig. 3)
on the stroboscopic timer, that is, where the lines appear to be stationary.
10.4.1 Lines moving in the direction of paddle rotation indicate a speed greater than 200 r/min and therefore, weight should be
removed from the hanger. Conversely, lines moving opposite to direction of paddle rotation indicate a speed less than 200 r/min
and weight should be added.
NOTE 3—There are other patterns that appear at speeds other than 200 r/min (See Fig. 4). The pattern for 200 r/min should be determined before running
any tests.
10.5 Repeat the determination in 10.4 until a consistent value of load is obtained (that is, to within 5 g).
11. Calculation
11.1 Procedure A:
11.1.1 Calculate the load to within 5 g, to produce 100 revolutions in 30 s by interpolating between the load weights recorded
for the readings made between 27 and 33 s for 100 revolutions.
11.1.2 Correct the load determined for any deviation of the specimen temperature from the specified temperature (see Appendix
X1).
11.1.3 If desired, determine from Table 1 the KU corresponding to the load to produce 100 revolutions in 30 s.
NOTE 4—Table 1 has been constructed so that it is not necessary to interpolate between loads to obtain the KU corresponding to the load to produce
100 revolutions in 30 s. The table provides KU values computed for a range of 27 to 33 s for 100 revolutions.
11.2 Procedure B:
FIG. 3 Stroboscopic Lines Opening When Timer is Adjusted to Exactly 200 r/min
D562 − 10 (2014)
FIG. 4 Stroboscopic Lines Appearing as Multiples that May be Observed Before 200-r/min Reached
11.2.1 If desired, determine from Table 2 the KU value corresponding to the load to produce 2
...
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