ASTM D2261-11
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Tearing Strength of Fabrics by the Tongue (Single Rip) Procedure (Constant-Rate-of-Extension Tensile Testing Machine)
Standard Test Method for Tearing Strength of Fabrics by the Tongue (Single Rip) Procedure (Constant-Rate-of-Extension Tensile Testing Machine)
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments since current estimates of between-laboratory precision are acceptable, and the test method is used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing.
In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using this test method for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of fabric of the type in question. Test specimens then should be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using the appropriate statistical analysis and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results with consideration to the known bias.
The force registered in a tear test is irregular, and as a consequence, empirical methods have had to be developed to obtain usable values related to tear strength. In spite of the empirical nature of the reported values, the values are considered to reflect comparative performance of similar fabrics tested and measured in the same way. No known procedure is available that can be used with all fabrics to determine the minimum tearing strength.
Depending on the nature of the specimen, the data recording devices will show the tearing force in the form of a peak or peaks. The highest peaks appear to reflect the strength of the yarn components, fiber bonds, or fiber interlocks, individually or in combination, needed to stop a tear in a fabric of the...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the tearing strength of textile fabrics by the tongue (single rip) procedure using a recording constant-rate-of-extension-type (CRE) tensile testing machine.
1.1.1 The CRE-type tensile testing machine has become the preferred test apparatus for determining tongue tearing strength. It is recognized that some constant-rate-of-traverse-type (CRT) tensile testing machines continue to be used. As a consequence, these test instruments may be used when agreed upon between the purchaser and the supplier. The conditions for use of the CRT-type tensile tester are included in Appendix X1.
1.2 This test method applies to most fabrics including woven fabrics, air bag fabrics, blankets, napped fabrics, knit fabrics, layered fabrics, pile fabrics and non-wovens. The fabrics may be untreated, heavily sized, coated, resin-treated, or otherwise treated. Instructions are provided for testing specimens with or without wetting.
1.3 Tear strength, as measured in this test method, requires that the tear be initiated before testing. The reported value obtained is not directly related to the force required to initiate or start a tear.
1.4 Two calculations for tongue tearing strength are provided: the single-peak force and the average of five highest peak forces.
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound units may be approximate.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: D2261 − 11
StandardTest Method for
Tearing Strength of Fabrics by the Tongue (Single Rip)
Procedure (Constant-Rate-of-Extension Tensile Testing
1
Machine)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2261; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the tearing
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
strength of textile fabrics by the tongue (single rip) procedure
using a recording constant-rate-of-extension-type (CRE) ten-
2. Referenced Documents
sile testing machine.
2
1.1.1 The CRE-type tensile testing machine has become the
2.1 ASTM Standards:
preferred test apparatus for determining tongue tearing
D76 Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for Textiles
strength. It is recognized that some constant-rate-of-traverse-
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
type (CRT) tensile testing machines continue to be used. As a
D629 Test Methods for Quantitative Analysis of Textiles
consequence, these test instruments may be used when agreed
D1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
upon between the purchaser and the supplier. The conditions
D2904 Practice for Interlaboratory Testing of a Textile Test
for use of the CRT-type tensile tester are included in Appendix
Method that Produces Normally Distributed Data (With-
3
X1.
drawn 2008)
D2906 Practice for Statements on Precision and Bias for
1.2 This test method applies to most fabrics including
3
Textiles (Withdrawn 2008)
woven fabrics, air bag fabrics, blankets, napped fabrics, knit
D4848 Terminology Related to Force, Deformation and
fabrics, layered fabrics, pile fabrics and non-wovens. The
Related Properties of Textiles
fabrics may be untreated, heavily sized, coated, resin-treated,
D4850 Terminology Relating to Fabrics and Fabric Test
or otherwise treated. Instructions are provided for testing
Methods
specimens with or without wetting.
1.3 Tear strength, as measured in this test method, requires
3. Terminology
that the tear be initiated before testing. The reported value
3.1 For all terminology relating to D13.60, Fabric Test
obtained is not directly related to the force required to initiate
Methods, Specific, refer to Terminology D4850.
or start a tear.
1.4 Two calculations for tongue tearing strength are pro- 3.2 For all terminology related to Force, Deformation and
vided: the single-peak force and the average of five highest Related Properties of Textiles, refer to Terminology D4848.
peak forces.
3.2.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard:
cross-machine direction, CD, fabric, machine direction, MD,
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
peak force, in tear testing of fabrics, tearing force, in fabric,
are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound units may
tearing strength, in fabric.
be approximate.
3.3 For all other terminology related to textiles, refer to
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Terminology D123.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1 2
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 on Textiles For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.60 on Fabric Test Methods, contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Specific. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved July 1, 2011. Published August 2011. Originally the ASTM website.
3
approved in 1964. Discontinued November 1995 and reinstated as D2261–95. Last The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
ε1
previous edition approved in 2007 as D2261–07a . DOI: 10.1520/D2261-11. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D2261 − 11
4. Summary of Test Method strength. It is recognized that some constant-rate-of-traverse-
type (CRT) tensile testing machines continue to be used.
4.1 Arectangular specimen, cut in the center of a short edge
Consequently, these test instruments may be used when agreed
toformatwo-tongued(trousershaped)specimen,inwhichone
upon between the purchaser and the supplier. The conditions
tongue of the specimen is gripped in the upper jaw
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´1
Designation:D2261–07a Designation: D2261 – 11
Standard Test Method for
Tearing Strength of Fabrics by the Tongue (Single Rip)
Procedure (Constant-Rate-of-Extension Tensile Testing
1
Machine)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2261; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1
´ NOTE—Added research report information to Section 13 editorially in September 2010.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the tearing strength of textile fabrics by the tongue (single rip) procedure using
a recording constant-rate-of-extension-type (CRE) tensile testing machine.
1.1.1 The CRE-type tensile testing machine has become the preferred test apparatus for determining tongue tearing strength. It
is recognized that some constant-rate-of-traverse-type (CRT) tensile testing machines continue to be used.As a consequence, these
test instruments may be used when agreed upon between the purchaser and the supplier. The conditions for use of the CRT-type
tensile tester are included in Appendix X1.
1.2 This test method applies to most fabrics including woven fabrics, air bag fabrics, blankets, napped fabrics, knit fabrics,
layered fabrics, pile fabrics and non-wovens. The fabrics may be untreated, heavily sized, coated, resin-treated, or otherwise
treated. Instructions are provided for testing specimens with or without wetting.
1.3 Tear strength, as measured in this test method, requires that the tear be initiated before testing. The reported value obtained
is not directly related to the force required to initiate or start a tear.
1.4 Two calculations for tongue tearing strength are provided: the single-peak force and the average of five highest peak forces.
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound units may be
approximate.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D76 Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for Textiles
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
D629 Test Methods for Quantitative Analysis of Textiles
D1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
D2904 Practice for Interlaboratory Testing of a Textile Test Method that Produces Normally Distributed Data
D2906 Practice for Statements on Precision and Bias for Textiles
D4848 Terminology Related to Force, Deformation and Related Properties of Textiles
D4850 Terminology Relating to Fabrics and Fabric Test Methods
3. Terminology
3.1 For all terminology relating to D13.60, Fabric Test Methods, Specific, refer to Terminology D4850.
3.2 For all terminology related to Force, Deformation and Related Properties of Textiles, refer to Terminology D4848.
3.2.1 Thefollowingtermsarerelevanttothisstandard:cross-machinedirection,CD,fabric,machinedirection,MD,peakforce,
in tear testing of fabrics, tearing force, in fabric, tearing strength, in fabric.
1
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD13onTextilesandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeD13.60onFabricTestMethods,Specific.
Current edition approved Dec.July 1, 2007.2011. Published January 2008.August 2011. Originally approved in 1964. Discontinued November 1995 and reinstated as
´1
D2261–95. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D2261–07a . DOI: 10.1520/D2261-07AE01.10.1520/D2261-11.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D2261 – 11
3.3 For all other terminology related to textiles, refer to Terminology D123.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 A rectangular specimen, cut in the center of a short edge to form a two-tongued (trouser shaped) specimen, in which one
tongue of the specimen is g
...
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