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ASTM E313-05

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Calculating Yellowness and Whiteness Indices from Instrumentally Measured Color Coordinates

Standard Practice for Calculating Yellowness and Whiteness Indices from Instrumentally Measured Color Coordinates

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice should be used only to compare specimens of the same material and same general appearance. For example, a series of specimens to be compared should have generally similar gloss, texture, and (if not opaque) thickness, and translucency.
For yellowness measurement, this practice is limited to specimens having dominant wavelength in the range 570 to 580 nm, or Munsell hue approximately 2.5GY to 2.5 Y. For whiteness measurement, this practice is limited to specimens having Munsell value greater than 8.3 (CIE Y greater than 65) and Munsell chroma no greater than 0.5 for B hues, 0.8 for Y hues, and 0.3 for all other hues (see 3.3.1).
The combination of measurement and calculation leading to indices of yellowness or whiteness is a psychophysical process, that is, the procedures specified are designed to provide numbers correlating with visual estimates made under specified typical observing conditions. Because visual observing conditions can vary widely, users should compare calculated indices with visual estimates to ensure applicability. Some standards addressing the visual estimation of color and color difference are Practices D 1535, D 1729, E 1360, and E 1541, and Guide E 1499.
This practice does not cover the preparation of specimens, a procedure that may affect significantly the quantities measured. In general, specimens should be prepared and presented for measurement in the manner that is standard for the test being performed. Select enough specimens or specimen areas to provide an average result that is representative of each sample to be tested. See Practice E 1345.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides numbers that correlate with visual ratings of yellowness or whiteness of white and near-white or colorless object-color specimens, viewed in daylight by an observer with normal color vision. White textiles, paints, and plastics are a few of the materials that can be described by the indices of yellowness or whiteness calculated by this practice.
1.2 For a complete analysis of object colors, by a specified observer and under a specified illuminant, use of three parameters is required. For near-white specimens, however, it is often useful to calculate single-number scales of yellowness or whiteness. This practice provides recommended equations for such scales and discusses their derivations and uses, and limits to their applicability (see also Ref ()).
1.3 &solely-SI-units;
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Sep-2005
ICS
17.180.20 - Colours and measurement of light
Technical Committee
E12 - Color and Appearance
Drafting Committee
E12.04 - Color and Appearance Analysis
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E313-00 - Standard Practice for Calculating Yellowness and Whiteness Indices from Instrumentally Measured Color Coordinates
Effective Date
01-Oct-2005
Replaced By
ASTM E313-10 - Standard Practice for Calculating Yellowness and Whiteness Indices from Instrumentally Measured Color Coordinates
Effective Date
01-Jul-2010
Referred By
ASTM D6290-19 - Standard Test Method for Color Determination of Plastic Pellets
Effective Date
01-Oct-2005
Referred By
ASTM C1900-20 - Standard Practice for Weathering and Evaluation of Laminated Glass
Effective Date
01-Oct-2005
Referred By
ASTM D5386-16 - Standard Test Method for Color of Liquids Using Tristimulus Colorimetry
Effective Date
01-Oct-2005
Referred By
ASTM D7133-21 - Standard Test Method for Polyurethane Raw Materials: Instrumental Measurement of Tristimulus CIELAB Color and Yellowness Index of Liquids
Effective Date
01-Oct-2005
Referred By
ASTM E284-22 - Standard Terminology of Appearance
Effective Date
01-Oct-2005
Referred By
ASTM D4960-20 - Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Color for Thermoplastic Pavement Marking Materials
Effective Date
01-Oct-2005
Referred By
ASTM D4008-19 - Standard Guide for Measuring Anti-Soil Deposition Properties of Laundry Detergents
Effective Date
01-Oct-2005
Referred By
ASTM E805-22 - Standard Practice for Identification of Instrumental Methods of Color or Color-Difference Measurement of Materials
Effective Date
01-Oct-2005
Referred By
ASTM G178-16(2023) - Standard Practice for Determining the Activation Spectrum of a Material (Wavelength Sensitivity to an Exposure Source) Using the Sharp Cut-On Filter or Spectrographic Technique
Effective Date
01-Oct-2005
Referred By
ASTM D4101-17e1 - Standard Classification System and Basis for Specification for Polypropylene Injection and Extrusion Materials
Effective Date
01-Oct-2005
Referred By
ASTM D4020-18 - Standard Specification for Ultra-High-Molecular-Weight Polyethylene Molding and Extrusion Materials
Effective Date
01-Oct-2005
Referred By
ASTM D6763-16(2022) - Standard Guide for Testing Exterior Wood Stains and Clear Water Repellents
Effective Date
01-Oct-2005
Referred By
ASTM D5237-14(2019) - Standard Guide for Evaluating Fabric Softeners
Effective Date
01-Oct-2005

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ASTM E313-05 - Standard Practice for Calculating Yellowness and Whiteness Indices from Instrumentally Measured Color CoordinatesASTM E313-05 - Standard Practice for Calculating Yellowness and Whiteness Indices from Instrumentally Measured Color Coordinates
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ASTM E313-05 - Standard Practice for Calculating Yellowness and Whiteness Indices from Instrumentally Measured Color Coordinates
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:E313–05
Standard Practice for
Calculating Yellowness and Whiteness Indices from
1
Instrumentally Measured Color Coordinates
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E313; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
4
1. Scope D1925 Test Method for Yellowness Index of Plastics
E284 Terminology of Appearance
1.1 This practice provides numbers that correlate with
E308 Practice for Computing the Colors of Objects by
visual ratings of yellowness or whiteness of white and near-
Using the CIE System
white or colorless object-color specimens, viewed in daylight
E805 Practice for Identification of Instrumental Methods of
byanobserverwithnormalcolorvision.Whitetextiles,paints,
Color or Color-Difference Measurement of Materials
and plastics are a few of the materials that can be described by
E991 PracticeforColorMeasurementofFluorescentSpeci-
the indices of yellowness or whiteness calculated by this
mens Using the One-Monochromator Method
practice.
E1164 Practice for Obtaining Spectrometric Data for
1.2 For a complete analysis of object colors, by a specified
Object-Color Evaluation
observer and under a specified illuminant, use of three param-
E1247 Practice for Detecting Fluorescence in Object-Color
etersisrequired.Fornear-whitespecimens,however,itisoften
Specimens by Spectrophotometry
useful to calculate single-number scales of yellowness or
E1331 Test Method for Reflectance Factor and Color by
whiteness. This practice provides recommended equations for
Spectrophotometry Using Hemispherical Geometry
such scales and discusses their derivations and uses, and limits
2
E1345 Practice for Reducing the Effect of Variability of
to their applicability (see also Ref (1) ).
Color Measurement by Use of Multiple Measurements
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
E1347 Test Method for Color and Color-Difference Mea-
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
surement by Tristimulus Colorimetry
standard.
E1348 Test Method for Transmittance and Color by Spec-
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
trophotometry Using Hemispherical Geometry
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
E1349 Test Method for Reflectance Factor and Color by
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Spectrophotometry Using Bidirectional (45°:0° or 0°:45°)
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
Geometry
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
E1360 Practice for Specifying Color by Using the Optical
2. Referenced Documents Society of America Uniform Color Scales System
3
E1499 Guide for Selection, Evaluation, and Training of
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Observers
D1535 PracticeforSpecifyingColorbytheMunsellSystem
E1541 Practice for Specifying and Matching Color Using
D1729 Practice for Visual Appraisal of Colors and Color
4
the Colorcurve System
Differences of Diffusely-Illuminated Opaque Materials
3. Terminology
3.1 Terms and definitions in Terminology E284 are appli-
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E12 on Color and
cable to this practice.
Appearance and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E12.04 on Color and
3.2 Definitions:
Appearance Analysis.
3.2.1 perfect reflecting diffuser, n—ideal reflecting surface
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2005. Published October 2005. Originally
that neither absorbs nor transmits light, but reflects diffusely,
approved in 1967. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as E313–00. DOI:
10.1520/E0313-05.
withtheradianceofthereflectingsurfacebeingthesameforall
2
Theboldfacenumbersinparenthesesrefertothelistofreferencesattheendof
reflecting angles, regardless of the angular distribution of the
this practice.
3
incident light.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
4
the ASTM website. Withdrawn.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E313–05
3.2.2 whiteness, n—the attribute of color perception by provide numbers correlating with visual estimates made under
which an object color is judged to approach the preferred specified typical observing conditions. Because visual observ-
white. ing conditions can vary widely, users should compare calcu-
3.2.3 whiteness inde
...

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4.1 Several standards, including Practices E991, E1164, and Test Methods E1331, E1348 and E1349, require either the presence or absence of fluorescence exhibited by the specimen for correct application. This practice provides spectrophotometric procedures for identifying the presence of fluorescence in materials.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
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SCOPE
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Standard Test Method for Luminous Reflectance Factor of Acoustical Materials by Use of Integrating-Sphere Reflectometers

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5.1 Acoustical materials are often used as the entire ceiling of rooms and are therefore an important component of the lighting system. The luminous reflectance of all important components must be known in order to predict the level of illumination that will be obtained.  
5.2 The reflecting properties of a surface are measured relative to those of a standard reflector, the perfect reflecting diffuser, to provide a reflectance factor. The luminous reflectance factor is calculated for a standard illuminant, and a standard observer, for the standard hemispherical (integrating-sphere) geometry of illumination and viewing, in which all reflected radiation from an area of the surface is collected. In this way the reflecting properties of an acoustical material can be represented by a single number measured and calculated under standard conditions.  
5.3 Acoustical materials generally have a non-glossy white or near-white finish. The types of surface cover a wide range from smooth to deeply fissured. Measurement with integrating-sphere reflectometers has been satisfactory although multiple measurements may be required to sample the surface adequately. Instruments with other types of optical measuring systems may be used if it can be demonstrated that they provide equivalent results.  
5.4 The use of this test method for determining the luminous reflectance factor is required by Classification E1264.
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1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM E1349-06(2022)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Reflectance Factor and Color by Spectrophotometry Using Bidirectional (45°:0° or 0°:45°) Geometry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The most direct and accessible methods for obtaining the color coordinates of object colors are by instrumental measurement using spectrophotometers or spectrocolorimeters with either hemispherical or bidirectional optical measuring systems. This test method provides procedures for such measurement by spectrophotometry using a bidirectional (0:45 or 45:0) optical measuring system. The method for color and color difference measurement using filter colorimeters is contained in Test Method E1347.  
5.2 This test method is especially suitable for measurement of the following types of specimens for the indicated uses (see also Guide E179 and Practice E805):  
5.2.1 Object-color specimens of any gloss level for color assessment.  
5.2.2 Object-color specimens with physically flat, smooth surfaces from which to obtain data for use in computer colorant formulation.  
5.2.3 Retroreflective specimens.
Note 1: To ensure inter-instrument agreement in the measurement of specimens with intermediate gloss, for formulation, or of retroreflective specimens, significantly tighter tolerances than those given in Practice E1164, Influx and Efflux Conditions, 45°:Normal (45:0) and Normal:45° (0:45) Reflectance Factor section, may be required for the instrument angles of illumination and viewing. Information on the required tolerances is being developed.  
5.3 This test method is not recommended for measurement of specimens with bare metal surfaces for color assessment, for which the use of hemispherical measurement geometry, as with an integrating-sphere type instrument, is preferable (see Guide E179).
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the instrumental measurement of the reflection properties and color of object-color specimens by use of a spectrophotometer or spectrocolorimeter with a bidirectional optical measuring system, such as annular, circumferential, or uniplanar 45:0 or 0:45 geometry.  
1.2 This test method is generally suitable for any non-fluorescent, flat object-color specimen. It is especially recommended for measuring retroreflective specimens and specimens of intermediate gloss.  
1.3 Procedures required for the measurement of fluorescent object color are given in Practice E991 and Practice E2153.  
1.4 Procedures required for the measurement of color using filter colorimeters are contained in Test Method E1347 and this standard does not address those instruments.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method provides procedures for obtaining tristimulus values, luminance factors and chromaticity coordinates of fluorescent-retroreflective materials by bispectral colorimetry using a 45:0 or 0:45 optical measuring system.  
5.2 The CIE 1931 (2°) standard observer is used to calculate the colorimetric properties of fluorescent-retroreflective sheeting and markings used in daytime high visibility traffic control and personal safety applications because in practice these materials are primarily viewed from a distance where they subtend less than 4° of the visual field.  
5.3 This test method is applicable to object-color specimens of any gloss level.  
5.4 Due to the retroreflective properties of these materials the colorimetric data may not be suitable for use in computer colorant formulation.  
5.5 This test method is suitable for quality control testing of fluorescent-retroreflective sheeting and marking materials.
Note 1: Separation of the fluorescence and reflectance components from the total colorimetric properties provides useful and meaningful information to evaluate independently the luminescent and diffuse reflective efficiency and consistency of these materials.  
5.6 This test method is the referee method for determining the conformance of fluorescent-retroreflective sheeting and marking materials to standard daytime colorimetric specifications.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the instrumental measurement of the colorimetric properties (CIE tristimulus values, luminance factors, and chromaticity coordinates) of fluorescent-retroreflective sheeting and marking materials when illuminated by daylight.  
1.2 This test method is generally applicable to any sheeting or marking material having combined fluorescent and retroreflective properties used for daytime high visibility traffic control and personal safety applications.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    6 pages
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ASTM
ASTM E179-17(2022)(Guide)
Standard Guide for Selection of Geometric Conditions for Measurement of Reflection and Transmission Properties of Materials

SCOPE
1.1 This guide is intended for use in selecting terminology, measurement scales, and instrumentation for describing or evaluating such appearance characteristics as glossiness, opacity, lightness, transparency, and haziness in terms of reflected or transmitted light. This guide does not consider the spectral variations responsible for color, but the geometric variables described herein can importantly affect instrumentally measured values of color. This guide is general in scope rather than specific as to instrument or material.  
1.2 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Guide
    8 pages
    English language
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