ASTM D6227-24

Standard Specification for Unleaded Aviation Gasoline Containing a Non-hydrocarbon Component

ABSTRACT
This specification covers Grade 82 unleaded aviation gasoline for use only in engines and associated aircraft that are specifically approved by the engine and aircraft manufacturers, and certified by the National Certifying Agencies to use this fuel. Aviation gasoline shall consist of blends of refined hydrocarbons derived from crude petroleum, natural gasoline or blends thereof, with specific aliphatic ethers, synthetic hydrocarbons, or aromatic hydrocarbons, and when applicable, methyl tertiarybutyl ether (MTBE). They may also contain antioxidants (oxidation inhibitors), metal deactivators, corrosion inhibitors, and fuel system icing inhibitors. The gasoline shall be tested and conform accordingly to the following property requirements: lean mixture knock value and motor method octane number; color; blue and red dye content; distillation temperature at % evaporated, end point, and residue content; distillation recovery; distillation loss; net heat of combustion; freezing point; vapor pressure; lead content; copper strip corrosion; sulfur content; potential gum; and alcohols and ether content (aliphatic ethers, methanol, and ethanol).
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers Grades UL82 and UL87 unleaded aviation gasolines, which are defined by this specification and are only for use in engines and associated aircraft that are specifically approved by the engine and aircraft manufacturers, and certified by the National Certifying Agencies to use these fuels. Components containing hetro-atoms (oxygenates) may be present within the limits specified.  
1.2 A fuel may be certified to meet this specification by a producer as Grade UL82 or UL87 aviation gasoline only if blended from component(s) approved for use in these grades of aviation gasoline by the refiner(s) of such components, because only the refiner(s) can attest to the component source and processing, absence of contamination, and the additives used and their concentrations. Consequently, reclassifying of any other product to Grade UL82 or Grade UL87 aviation gasoline does not meet this specification.  
1.3 Appendix X1 contains an explanation for the rationale of the specification. Appendix X2 details the reasons for the individual specification requirements.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 29-Feb-2024
• ICS: 75.160.20 - Liquid fuels
• Technical Committee: D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
• Drafting Committee: D02.J0.02 - Aviation Piston Engine Fuels

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM D6227-18(2023) - Standard Specification for Unleaded Aviation Gasoline Containing a Non-hydrocarbon Component
• Effective Date: 01-Mar-2024
• Refers: ASTM D2700-24 - Standard Test Method for Motor Octane Number of Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel
• Effective Date: 01-Mar-2024
• Refers: ASTM D2699-24 - Standard Test Method for Research Octane Number of Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel
• Effective Date: 01-Mar-2024
• Refers: ASTM D3231-24 - Standard Test Method for Phosphorus in Gasoline
• Effective Date: 01-Mar-2024
• Refers: ASTM D910-24 - Standard Specification for Leaded Aviation Gasolines
• Effective Date: 01-Mar-2024
• Refers: ASTM D86-23ae1 - Standard Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products and Liquid Fuels at Atmospheric Pressure
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2023
• Refers: ASTM D2700-23b - Standard Test Method for Motor Octane Number of Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2023
• Refers: ASTM D2699-23b - Standard Test Method for Research Octane Number of Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2023
• Refers: ASTM D86-23 - Standard Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products and Liquid Fuels at Atmospheric Pressure
• Effective Date: 01-Mar-2023
• Refers: ASTM D910-21 - Standard Specification for Leaded Aviation Gasolines
• Effective Date: 01-May-2021
• Refers: ASTM D3231-18 - Standard Test Method for Phosphorus in Gasoline
• Effective Date: 01-Apr-2018
• Referred By: ASTM D6469-20 - Standard Guide for Microbial Contamination in Fuels and Fuel Systems
• Effective Date: 01-Mar-2024
• Referred By: ASTM E1259-23 - Standard Practice for Evaluation of Antimicrobials in Liquid Fuels Boiling Below 390 °C
• Effective Date: 01-Mar-2024
• Referred By: ASTM D7960-21 - Standard Specification for Unleaded Aviation Gasoline Test Fuel Containing Non-hydrocarbon Components
• Effective Date: 01-Mar-2024
• Referred By: ASTM D7464-20 - Standard Practice for Manual Sampling of Liquid Fuels, Associated Materials and Fuel System Components for Microbiological Testing
• Effective Date: 01-Mar-2024

Overview

ASTM D6227-24: Standard Specification for Unleaded Aviation Gasoline Containing a Non-hydrocarbon Component provides the requirements for Grades UL82 and UL87 unleaded aviation gasoline. This specification targets fuels used exclusively in engines and aircraft that are explicitly approved and certified by engine and aircraft manufacturers and relevant national certifying agencies. The standard addresses the composition, properties, and permissible additives for unleaded aviation gasoline, ensuring safety, engine compatibility, and reliable performance.

Unleaded aviation gasoline under this specification is produced from blends of refined hydrocarbons originating from crude petroleum, natural gasoline, or blends thereof. These gasolines may also include approved aliphatic ethers, synthetic hydrocarbons, specific aromatic hydrocarbons, and additives such as antioxidants, metal deactivators, corrosion inhibitors, and fuel system icing inhibitors-ensuring optimal fuel performance and storage stability.

Key Topics

• Grades Covered: Grade UL82 (minimum motor octane number 82) and Grade UL87 (minimum motor octane number 87), designed specifically for suitable certified engines and aircraft.
• Oxygenate Use: Allows carefully controlled use of oxygenates (like certain ethers), but strictly limits alcohols such as methanol and ethanol to low concentrations due to potential water solubility and compatibility issues.
• Additives: Specifies approved antioxidants, corrosion inhibitors, metal deactivators, and icing inhibitors, with precise allowable concentrations to prevent engine and fuel system issues.
• Performance Requirements:
  • Octane rating, knock value, and net heat of combustion ensure the fuel’s antiknock properties and energy content.
  • Controls for volatility, distillation temperatures, vapor pressure, freezing point, and residue guarantee engine performance and cold-weather operation.
  • Limits on sulfur, lead, and phosphorus content protect against corrosion and environmental concerns.
• Testing and Quality Control: Refers to multiple ASTM test methods for measuring octane number, vapor pressure, sulfur and lead content, freezing point, distillation, and more.
• Fuel Integrity: Prohibits reclassification of other products as aviation gasoline unless they have been blended from approved components by a refiner, ensuring traceable quality and absence of contamination.

Applications

• Certified Aircraft Engines: Intended exclusively for engines and aircraft models approved by manufacturers and national certifying agencies for the defined unleaded aviation gasoline grades.
• Fuel Producers and Blenders: Establishes criteria for producers to blend aviation gasolines using only approved hydrocarbon sources and additives, ensuring traceability and compliance with safety standards.
• Airport and Airfield Operations: Helps operators select appropriate fuel for specified aircraft, reducing the risk of engine knock, corrosion, fuel system icing, and other operational hazards.
• Maintenance and Storage: Provides guidance on storage stability (potential gum, existing gum), cleanliness, and microbial control, essential for maintaining fuel quality over time.

Related Standards

• ASTM D910 - Specification for Leaded Aviation Gasolines
• ASTM D86, D2699, D2700, D3338, D4809 - Methods for distillation, octane number, and heat of combustion
• ASTM D4171 - Specification for Fuel System Icing Inhibitors
• MIL-PRF-25017F - Military standards for corrosion/lubricity improvers
• ASTM D6469 - Guide for Microbial Contamination in Fuels and Fuel Systems

Practical Value

Adoption of ASTM D6227-24 is crucial for aviation fuel manufacturers, aircraft operators, maintenance teams, and regulatory agencies committed to safe, reliable, and environmentally responsible aviation fuel use. This standard helps ensure unleaded aviation gasoline quality, engine performance, and operational safety, supporting continuing advances in unleaded aviation fuel technology and compliance with international norms.

Keywords: unleaded aviation gasoline, ASTM D6227-24, Grades UL82 and UL87, aviation fuel specification, aviation gasoline additives, antiknock properties, oxygenate content, aviation fuel testing, aircraft engine compatibility.

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D6227 − 24
Standard Specification for
Unleaded Aviation Gasoline Containing a Non-hydrocarbon
Component
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6227; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* 2. Referenced Documents
1.1 This specification covers Grades UL82 and UL87 un- 2.1 ASTM Standards:
D86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products and
leaded aviation gasolines, which are defined by this specifica-
Liquid Fuels at Atmospheric Pressure
tion and are only for use in engines and associated aircraft that
D130 Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper from Petro-
are specifically approved by the engine and aircraft
leum Products by Copper Strip Test
manufacturers, and certified by the National Certifying Agen-
D357 Method of Test for Knock Characteristics of Motor
cies to use these fuels. Components containing hetro-atoms
Fuels Below 100 Octane Number by the Motor Method;
(oxygenates) may be present within the limits specified.
Replaced by D 2700 (Withdrawn 1969)
1.2 A fuel may be certified to meet this specification by a
D381 Test Method for Gum Content in Fuels by Jet Evapo-
producer as Grade UL82 or UL87 aviation gasoline only if
ration
blended from component(s) approved for use in these grades of
D873 Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Aviation Fuels
aviation gasoline by the refiner(s) of such components, because
(Potential Residue Method)
only the refiner(s) can attest to the component source and
D909 Test Method for Supercharge Rating of Spark-Ignition
processing, absence of contamination, and the additives used
Aviation Gasoline
and their concentrations. Consequently, reclassifying of any
D910 Specification for Leaded Aviation Gasolines
other product to Grade UL82 or Grade UL87 aviation gasoline
D1266 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Lamp
does not meet this specification. Method)
D1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, or API
1.3 Appendix X1 contains an explanation for the rationale
Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Prod-
of the specification. Appendix X2 details the reasons for the
ucts by Hydrometer Method
individual specification requirements.
D2386 Test Method for Freezing Point of Aviation Fuels
D2392 Test Method for Color of Dyed Aviation Gasolines
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
D2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by
standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are
Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry
provided for information only and are not considered standard.
D2699 Test Method for Research Octane Number of Spark-
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
Ignition Engine Fuel
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
D2700 Test Method for Motor Octane Number of Spark-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Ignition Engine Fuel
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
D3120 Test Method for Trace Quantities of Sulfur in Light
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Liquid Petroleum Hydrocarbons by Oxidative Microcou-
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
lometry
D3231 Test Method for Phosphorus in Gasoline
D3237 Test Method for Lead in Gasoline by Atomic Absorp-
tion Spectroscopy
1 2
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
Subcommittee D02.J0.02 on Aviation Piston Engine Fuels. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved March 1, 2024. Published March 2024. Originally the ASTM website.
approved in 1998. Last previous edition approved in 2023 as D6227 – 18 (2023). The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
DOI: 10.1520/D6227-24. www.astm.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D6227 − 24
D3338 Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combus- 3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this specification, refer
tion of Aviation Fuels to Terminology D4175.
D4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and API 3.1.2 aviation gasoline, n—gasoline possessing specific
Gravity of Liquids by Digital Density Meter properties suitable for fueling aircraft powered by reciprocat-
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and ing spark ignition engines.
Petroleum Products 3.1.2.1 Discussion—The principal properties of aviation
D4171 Specification for Fuel System Icing Inhibitors gasoline include volatility limits, stability, detonation-free
D4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, Liquid performance in the engine for which it is intended, and
Fuels, and Lubricants suitability for low temperature performance.
D4294 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum and Petroleum
3.1.3 non-hydrocarbon, n—compound or compounds com-
Products by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spec-
posed of carbon, hydrogen and other elements such as O, N, S,
trometry
and P.
D4529 Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combus-
3.1.4 oxygenate, n—an oxygen-containing ashless organic
tion of Aviation Fuels
compound, such as an alcohol or ether, which may be used as
D4809 Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid
fuel or fuel supplement.
Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter (Precision
Method)
4. Grades
D4815 Test Method for Determination of MTBE, ETBE,
4.1 The specification covers two grades of unleaded avia-
TAME, DIPE, tertiary-Amyl Alcohol and C to C Alco-
1 4
tion gasoline designated Grade UL82 and Grade UL87.
hols in Gasoline by Gas Chromatography
D4953 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Gasoline and
5. General
Gasoline-Oxygenate Blends (Dry Method)
5.1 This specification, unless otherwise provided, prescribes
D5059 Test Methods for Lead and Manganese in Gasoline
the required properties of unleaded aviation gasoline at the
by X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy
time and place of delivery.
D5191 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Prod-
ucts and Liquid Fuels (Mini Method)
6. Material
D5453 Test Method for Determination of Total Sulfur in
6.1 Aviation gasoline, except as otherwise specified in this
Light Hydrocarbons, Spark Ignition Engine Fuel, Diesel
specification, shall consist of blends of refined hydrocarbons
Engine Fuel, and Engine Oil by Ultraviolet Fluorescence
derived from crude petroleum, natural gasoline or blends,
D5482 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Prod-
thereof, with specific aliphatic ethers, synthetic hydrocarbons,
ucts and Liquid Fuels (Mini Method—Atmospheric)
or aromatic hydrocarbons. When applicable, methyl tertiary
D5599 Test Method for Determination of Oxygenates in
-butyl ether (MTBE) shall conform to the requirements of
Gasoline by Gas Chromatography and Oxygen Selective
Specification D5983. Types and quantities of trace alcohols
Flame Ionization Detection
shall meet the requirements of Table 1 and 6.2.4.2.
D5845 Test Method for Determination of MTBE, ETBE,
6.2 Only additives approved by this specification are per-
TAME, DIPE, Methanol, Ethanol and tert-Butanol in
mitted. In addition to identification dyes, corrosion inhibitors,
Gasoline by Infrared Spectroscopy
antioxidants, and metal deactivators, fuel system icing inhibitor
D5983 Specification for Methyl Tertiary-Butyl Ether
additives are permitted under 6.2.4. Permitted additives may be
(MTBE) for Blending With Gasolines for Use as Auto-
added to aviation gasoline in the amount and of the composi-
motive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel
tion specified in the following list of approved materials. The
D6469 Guide for Microbial Contamination in Fuels and Fuel
quantities and types shall be declared by the manufacturer.
Systems
Additives added after the point of manufacture shall also be
D7220 Test Method for Sulfur in Automotive, Heating, and
declared.
Jet Fuels by Monochromatic Energy Dispersive X-ray
6.2.1 Antioxidants—The following oxidation inhibitors may
Fluorescence Spectrometry
be added to the gasoline separately or in combination in total
E29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to
concentration not to exceed 12 mg of inhibitor (not including
Determine Conformance with Specifications
weight of solvent) per litre of fuel.
2.2 Military Standard:
6.2.1.1 2,6-ditertiary-butyl-phenol.
MIL-PRF-25017F Performance Specification for Inhibitor,
6.2.1.2 2,6-ditertiary-butyl-4-methyl-phenol.
Corrosion/Lubricity Improver, Fuel Soluble
6.2.1.3 2,4-dimethyl-6-tertiary-butyl-phenol.
QPL-25017 Qualified Products List of Products Qualified
6.2.1.4 2,6-ditertiary-butyl-phenol, 75 % minimum.
Under Performance Specification MIL-PRF-25017F
Tertiary and tritertiary-butyl-phenols, 25 % maximum.
6.2.1.5 2,4-dimethyl-6-tertiary-butyl-phenol, 55 % mini-
3. Terminology
mum; 4-methyl-2,6-ditertiary-butyl phenol 15 % minimum; the
3.1 Definitions:
remainder as a mixture of monomethyl and dimethyl-tertiary-
butyl-phenols.
6.2.1.6 2,4-dimethyl-6-tertiary-butyl-phenol, 72 % mini-
Available from Standardization Document Order Desk, 700 Robbins Ave.,
Bldg. 4D, Philadelphia, PA 19111–5094 Attn: NPODS. mum.
D6227 − 24
A
TABLE 1 Requirements for Grades UL82 and UL87 Aviation Gasoline
B
Grade UL82 Grade UL87 ASTM Test Method
Octane Ratings
Knock value, lean mixture, min 82.0 87.0 D2700
Motor method octane number
Knock value, min . 95.0 D2699
Research method octane number
Color undyed undyed D2392
C
Dye content
D
Blue dye, mg/L max none none
E
Red dye, mg/L max none none
F
Yellow dye, mg/L max none none
Requirements for All Grades
Density at 15 °C, kg/m Report D1298 or D4052
Distillation D86
Fuel Evaporated
10 volume % at °C max 70
50 volume % at °C min 66
max 121
90 volume % at °C max 190
End point, °C max 225
Recovery, volume % min 95.0
Residue, volume % max 2.0
Loss, volume % max 3.0
Vapor pressure 38 °C, kPa min 38 D4953, D5191, D5482
G
max 62
Freezing point, °C max –58 D2386
Sulfur, mass % max 0.07 D1266, D2622, D3120, D4294, D5453, or
D7220
H
Lead content, g/L 0.013 D3237 or D5059
I I I
Net heat of combustion, MJ/kg 40.8 D3338, D4529, or D4809
Corrosion, copper strip (3 h at 50 °C) max No. 1 D130
J
Potential gum (5–h aging) mg/100 mL max 6 D873
K,L
Alcohols and ether content D4815, D5599, or D5845
Total combined methanol and ethanol, 0.3
mass %, max
Combined aliphatic ethers, methanol, 2.7
and ethanol,
as mass % oxygen, max
0.3
A
The requirements stated herein are subject to rounding in accordance with Practice E29 and are not subject to correction for tolerance of the test method.
B
The test methods indicated in this table are referred to in Section 10.
C
The maximum dye concentrations shown do not include solvent in dyes supplied in liquid form.
D
Essentially 1,4-dialkylamino-anthraquinone.
E
Essentially alkyl derivatives of azobenzene-4-azo-2-naphthol.
F
Essentially p-diethylaminoazobenzene or 1,3 benzenediol 2, 4–bis[(alkylphenyl) azo-.
G
Fuel with a vapor pressure greater than 62 kPa (9.0 psi) but not exceeding 93 kPa (13.5 psi) is permissible, if the ambient temperature is not more than 29 °C (85 °F)
at the time and place of delivery and all federal and local regulations are met. The vapor pressure of permissible fuel exceeding 62 kPa (9.0 psi) shall be shown on all
product transfer documents, including the delivery document to the aircraft.
H
See X2.10.1 for maximum limits for lead and phosphorus in unleaded gasoline.
I
Use either Eq 1 or Table 1 in Test Method D4529, or Eq 2 in Test Method D3338. See X2.7.2 for limitations and oxygen corrections required when Test Methods D3338
and D4529 are applied to fuels blended with aliphatic ethers.
J
Test Method D381 existent gum test can provide a means of detecting deteriorated quality or contamination, or both, with heavier products following distribution from
refinery to airport; refer to X2.9.1.
K
No deliberate addition of alcohols is allowed except for isopropyl alcohol, which is allowed as an additive (see 6.2.4.2)
L
For additional information and limitations, see X2.8
Mixture of tertiary-butyl-methyl-phenols and tertiary-butyl- Mixture of di- and tri-tertiary butyl-phenols, 25 % maxi-
dimethyl-phenols, 28 % maximum. mum.
6.2.1.7 2,6-ditertiary-butyl-4-methyl-phenol, 35 % mini-
6.2.1.11 N,N’ di-secondary butyl-para phenylenediamine.
mum.
6.2.1.12 N,N’ di-isopropyl-para-phenylenediamine.
Mixed methyl, ethyl, and dimethyl tertiary-butyl-phenols,
6.2.1.13 N-secondary butyl, N’-phenyl
65 % maximum.
ortho-phenylenediamine.
6.2.1.8 2,4-di-tertiary butyl-phenol, 60 % minimum.
Mixed tertiary-butyl-phenol, 40 % maximum. 6.2.2 Metal Deactivators—A metal deactivator, N,N’-
6.2.1.9 Butylated ethyl-phenols, 55 % minimum. disalicylidene-1,2-propanediamine may be added to the gaso-
Butylated methyl and dimethyl-phenols, 45 % maximum.
line in an amount not to exceed 3.0 mg/L.
6.2.1.10 Mixture of a di- and tri-isopropyl-phenols, 75 %
minimum.
D6227 − 24
6.2.3 Corrosion Inhibitors—Corrosion inhibitors that con- 10. Test Methods
form to MIL-PRF-25017F may be added to the gasoline in
10.1 The requirements enumerated in this specification shall
amounts not exceeding the maximum allowable concentrations
be determined in accordance with the following ASTM test
listed in the latest revision of QPL-25017.
methods:
6.2.4 Fuel System Icing Inhibitor: 10.1.1 Research Octane—Test Method D2699.
10.1.2 Motor Octane—Test Method D2700.
6.2.4.1 Diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, conforming to
10.1.3 Color—Test Method D2392.
the requirements of Specification D4171 (Type III), may be
10.1.4 Distillation—Test Method D86.
used in concentrations of 0.10 % to 0.15 % by volume.
10.1.5 Net Heat of Combustion—Test Method D3338,
6.2.4.2 Isopropyl alcohol conforming to the requirements of
D4529, or D4809.
Specification D4171 (Type II) may be used in concentrations
10.1.6 Freezing Point—Test Method D2386.
recommended by the aircraft manufacturers when required by
10.1.7 Vapor Pressure—Test Method D4953, D5191 or
the aircraft owner operator.
D5482.
10.1.8 Lead Content—Test Method D3237 or D5059 (Test
7. Detailed Requirements
Method C).
10.1.9 Copper Strip Corrosion—Test Method D130 (3 h at
7.1 The aviation gasoline shall conform to the requirements
50 °C (122 °F)).
in Table 1.
10.1.10 Sulfur—Test Method D1266, D2622, D3120,
D4294, D5453, or D7220.
8. Workmanship
10.1.11 Potential Gum—Test Method D873, except that
8.1 The finished fuel shall be visually free of water,
wherever the letter X occurs (referring to oxidation time),
sediment, and suspended matter.
insert the number 5, designating the number of hours pre-
scribed in this specification.
NOTE 1—See Practice D4057 for appropriate sampling procedures.
10.1.12 Alcohols/Ethers Detection—Test Method D4815,
D5599, or D5845.
9. Reports
11. Keywords
9.1 The type and number of reports to ensure conformance
with the requirements of this specification shall be mutually
11.1 aviation gasoline; ether, fuel; gasoline/alcohol blends;
agreed to by the purchaser and the supplier of the aviation gasoline/ether blends; gasoline/oxygenate blends, octane re-
gasoline. quirement; unleaded aviation gasoline
APPENDIXES
(Nonmandatory Information)
X1. REASONS FOR SPECIFICATION
X1.1 Introduction—Aviation gasoline defined by this speci- specifically designed or approved to operate on Grade UL82 or
fication is for use only in engines and associated aircraft Grade UL87 defined by this specification.
X2. SIGNIFICANT FACTORS FOR UNLEADED AVIATION GASOLINE
X2.1 Introduction leaded aviation gasoline (Table 1) must be properly balanced to
give satisfactory engine performance over a wide range of
X2.1.1 This specification was developed to identify broad
conditions.
distillation range refinery products, including refined hydrocar-
bons der
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D6227 − 18 (Reapproved 2023) D6227 − 24
Standard Specification for
Unleaded Aviation Gasoline Containing a Non-hydrocarbon
Component
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6227; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Scope*
1.1 This specification covers Grades UL82 and UL87 unleaded aviation gasolines, which are defined by this specification and are
only for use in engines and associated aircraft that are specifically approved by the engine and aircraft manufacturers, and certified
by the National Certifying Agencies to use these fuels. Components containing hetro-atoms (oxygenates) may be present within
the limits specified.
1.2 A fuel may be certified to meet this specification by a producer as Grade UL82 or UL87 aviation gasoline only if blended from
component(s) approved for use in these grades of aviation gasoline by the refiner(s) of such components, because only the refiner(s)
can attest to the component source and processing, absence of contamination, and the additives used and their concentrations.
Consequently, reclassifying of any other product to Grade UL82 or Grade UL87 aviation gasoline does not meet this specification.
1.3 Appendix X1 contains an explanation for the rationale of the specification. Appendix X2 details the reasons for the individual
specification requirements.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for
information only and are not considered standard.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products and Liquid Fuels at Atmospheric Pressure
D130 Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper from Petroleum Products by Copper Strip Test
D357 Method of Test for Knock Characteristics of Motor Fuels Below 100 Octane Number by the Motor Method; Replaced by
D 2700 (Withdrawn 1969)
D381 Test Method for Gum Content in Fuels by Jet Evaporation
D873 Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Aviation Fuels (Potential Residue Method)
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.J0.02 on Aviation Piston Engine Fuels.
Current edition approved July 1, 2023March 1, 2024. Published July 2023March 2024. Originally approved in 1998. Last previous edition approved in 20182023 as
D6227 – 18.D6227 – 18 (2023). DOI: 10.1520/D6227-18R23.10.1520/D6227-24.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D6227 − 24
D909 Test Method for Supercharge Rating of Spark-Ignition Aviation Gasoline
D910 Specification for Leaded Aviation Gasolines
D1266 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Lamp Method)
D1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Products by
Hydrometer Method
D2386 Test Method for Freezing Point of Aviation Fuels
D2392 Test Method for Color of Dyed Aviation Gasolines
D2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry
D2699 Test Method for Research Octane Number of Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel
D2700 Test Method for Motor Octane Number of Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel
D3120 Test Method for Trace Quantities of Sulfur in Light Liquid Petroleum Hydrocarbons by Oxidative Microcoulometry
D3231 Test Method for Phosphorus in Gasoline
D3237 Test Method for Lead in Gasoline by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy
D3338 Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combustion of Aviation Fuels
D4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and API Gravity of Liquids by Digital Density Meter
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products
D4171 Specification for Fuel System Icing Inhibitors
D4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
D4294 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum and Petroleum Products by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry
D4529 Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combustion of Aviation Fuels
D4809 Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter (Precision Method)
D4815 Test Method for Determination of MTBE, ETBE, TAME, DIPE, tertiary-Amyl Alcohol and C to C Alcohols in
1 4
Gasoline by Gas Chromatography
D4953 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Gasoline and Gasoline-Oxygenate Blends (Dry Method)
D5059 Test Methods for Lead and Manganese in Gasoline by X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy
D5191 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products and Liquid Fuels (Mini Method)
D5453 Test Method for Determination of Total Sulfur in Light Hydrocarbons, Spark Ignition Engine Fuel, Diesel Engine Fuel,
and Engine Oil by Ultraviolet Fluorescence
D5482 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products and Liquid Fuels (Mini Method—Atmospheric)
D5599 Test Method for Determination of Oxygenates in Gasoline by Gas Chromatography and Oxygen Selective Flame
Ionization Detection
D5845 Test Method for Determination of MTBE, ETBE, TAME, DIPE, Methanol, Ethanol and tert-Butanol in Gasoline by
Infrared Spectroscopy
D5983 Specification for Methyl Tertiary-Butyl Ether (MTBE) for Blending With Gasolines for Use as Automotive Spark-
Ignition Engine Fuel
D6469 Guide for Microbial Contamination in Fuels and Fuel Systems
D7220 Test Method for Sulfur in Automotive, Heating, and Jet Fuels by Monochromatic Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence
Spectrometry
E29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to Determine Conformance with Specifications
2.2 Military Standard:
MIL-PRF-25017F Performance Specification for Inhibitor, Corrosion/Lubricity Improver, Fuel Soluble
QPL-25017 Qualified Products List of Products Qualified Under Performance Specification MIL-PRF-25017F
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this specification, refer to Terminology D4175.
3.1.2 aviation gasoline, n—gasoline possessing specific properties suitable for fueling aircraft powered by reciprocating spark
ignition engines.
3.1.2.1 Discussion—
The principal properties of aviation gasoline include volatility limits, stability, detonation-free performance in the engine for which
it is intended, and suitability for low temperature performance.
3.1.3 non-hydrocarbon, n—compound or compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen and other elements such as O, N, S, and P.
Available from Standardization Document Order Desk, 700 Robbins Ave., Bldg. 4D, Philadelphia, PA 19111–5094 Attn: NPODS.
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3.1.4 oxygenate, n—an oxygen-containing ashless organic compound, such as an alcohol or ether, which may be used as fuel or
fuel supplement.
4. Grades
4.1 The specification covers two grades of unleaded aviation gasoline designated Grade UL82 and Grade UL87.
5. General
5.1 This specification, unless otherwise provided, prescribes the required properties of unleaded aviation gasoline at the time and
place of delivery.
6. Material
6.1 Aviation gasoline, except as otherwise specified in this specification, shall consist of blends of refined hydrocarbons derived
from crude petroleum, natural gasoline or blends, thereof, with specific aliphatic ethers, synthetic hydrocarbons, or aromatic
hydrocarbons. When applicable, methyl tertiary -butyl ether (MTBE) shall conform to the requirements of Specification D5983.
Types and quantities of trace alcohols shall meet the requirements of Table 1 and 6.2.4.2.
6.2 Only additives approved by this specification are permitted. In addition to identification dyes, corrosion inhibitors,
antioxidants, and metal deactivators, fuel system icing inhibitor additives are permitted under 6.2.4. Permitted additives may be
added to aviation gasoline in the amount and of the composition specified in the following list of approved materials. The quantities
and types shall be declared by the manufacturer. Additives added after the point of manufacture shall also be declared.
6.2.1 Antioxidants—The following oxidation inhibitors may be added to the gasoline separately or in combination in total
concentration not to exceed 12 mg of inhibitor (not including weight of solvent) per litre of fuel.
6.2.1.1 2,6-ditertiary-butyl-phenol.
6.2.1.2 2,6-ditertiary-butyl-4-methyl-phenol.
6.2.1.3 2,4-dimethyl-6-tertiary-butyl-phenol.
6.2.1.4 2,6-ditertiary-butyl-phenol, 75 % minimum.
Tertiary and tritertiary-butyl-phenols, 25 % maximum.
6.2.1.5 2,4-dimethyl-6-tertiary-butyl-phenol, 55 % minimum; 4-methyl-2,6-ditertiary-butyl phenol 15 % minimum; the remainder
as a mixture of monomethyl and dimethyl-tertiary-butyl-phenols.
6.2.1.6 2,4-dimethyl-6-tertiary-butyl-phenol, 72 % minimum.
Mixture of tertiary-butyl-methyl-phenols and tertiary-butyl-dimethyl-phenols, 28 % maximum.
6.2.1.7 2,6-ditertiary-butyl-4-methyl-phenol, 35 % minimum.
Mixed methyl, ethyl, and dimethyl tertiary-butyl-phenols, 65 % maximum.
6.2.1.8 2,4-di-tertiary butyl-phenol, 60 % minimum.
Mixed tertiary-butyl-phenol, 40 % maximum.
6.2.1.9 Butylated ethyl-phenols, 55 % minimum.
Butylated methyl and dimethyl-phenols, 45 % maximum.
6.2.1.10 Mixture of a di- and tri-isopropyl-phenols, 75 % minimum.
Mixture of di- and tri-tertiary butyl-phenols, 25 % maximum.
6.2.1.11 N,N’ di-secondary butyl-para phenylenediamine.
6.2.1.12 N,N’ di-isopropyl-para-phenylenediamine.
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A
TABLE 1 Requirements for Grades UL82 and UL87 Aviation Gasoline
B
Grade UL82 Grade UL87 ASTM Test Method
Octane Ratings
Knock value, lean mixture, min 82.0 87.0 D2700
Motor method octane number
Knock value, min . 95.0 D2699
Research method octane number
Color undyed undyed D2392
C
Dye content
D
Blue dye, mg/L max none none
E
Red dye, mg/L max none none
F
Yellow dye, mg/L max none none
Requirements for All Grades
Density at 15 °C, kg/m Report D1298 or D4052
Distillation D86
Fuel Evaporated
10 volume % at °C max 70
50 volume % at °C min 66
max 121
90 volume % at °C max 190
End point, °C max 225
Recovery, volume % min 95.0
Residue, volume % max 2.0
Loss, volume % max 3.0
Vapor pressure 38 °C, kPa min 38 D4953, D5191, D5482
G
max 62
Freezing point, °C max –58 D2386
Sulfur, mass % max 0.07 D1266, D2622, D3120, D4294, D5453, or
D7220
H
Lead content, g/L 0.013 D3237 or D5059
I I I
Net heat of combustion, MJ/kg 40.8 D3338, D4529, or D4809
Corrosion, copper strip (3 h at 50 °C) max No. 1 D130
J
Potential gum (5–h aging) mg/100 mL max 6 D873
K,L
Alcohols and ether content D4815, D5599, or D5845
Total combined methanol and ethanol, 0.3
mass %, max
Combined aliphatic ethers, methanol, 2.7
and ethanol,
as mass % oxygen, max
0.3
A
The requirements stated herein are subject to rounding in accordance with Practice E29 and are not subject to correction for tolerance of the test method.
B
The test methods indicated in this table are referred to in Section 10.
C
The maximum dye concentrations shown do not include solvent in dyes supplied in liquid form.
D
Essentially 1,4-dialkylamino-anthraquinone.
E
Essentially alkyl derivatives of azobenzene-4-azo-2-naphthol.
F
Essentially p-diethylaminoazobenzene or 1,3 benzenediol 2, 4–bis[(alkylphenyl) azo-.
G
Fuel with a vapor pressure greater than 62 kPa (9.0 psi) but not exceeding 93 kPa (13.5 psi) is permissible, if the ambient temperature is not more than 29 °C (85 °F)
at the time and place of delivery and all federal and local regulations are met. The vapor pressure of permissible fuel exceeding 62 kPa (9.0 psi) shall be shown on all
product transfer documents, including the delivery document to the aircraft.
H
See X2.10.1 for maximum limits for lead and phosphorus in unleaded gasoline.
I
Use either Eq 1 or Table 1 in Test Method D4529, or Eq 2 in Test Method D3338. See X2.7.2 for limitations and oxygen corrections required when Test Methods D3338
and D4529 are applied to fuels blended with aliphatic ethers.
J
Test Method D381 existent gum test can provide a means of detecting deteriorated quality or contamination, or both, with heavier products following distribution from
refinery to airport; refer to X2.9.1.
K
No deliberate addition of alcohols is allowed except for isopropyl alcohol, which is allowed as an additive (see 6.2.4.2)
L
For additional information and limitations, see X2.8
6.2.1.13 N-secondary butyl, N’-phenyl
ortho-phenylenediamine.
6.2.2 Metal Deactivators—A metal deactivator, N,N’-disalicylidene-1,2-propanediamine may be added to the gasoline in an
amount not to exceed 3.0 mg/L.
6.2.3 Corrosion Inhibitors—Corrosion inhibitors that conform to MIL-PRF-25017F may be added to the gasoline in amounts not
exceeding the maximum allowable concentrations listed in the latest revision of QPL-25017.
6.2.4 Fuel System Icing Inhibitor:
6.2.4.1 Diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, conforming to the requirements of Specification D4171 (Type III), may be used in
concentrations of 0.10 to 0.15 volume %.0.10 % to 0.15 % by volume.
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6.2.4.2 Isopropyl alcohol conforming to the requirements of Specification D4171 (Type II) may be used in concentrations
recommended by the aircraft manufacturers when required by the aircraft owner operator.
7. Detailed Requirements
7.1 The aviation gasoline shall conform to the requirements in Table 1.
8. Workmanship
8.1 The finished fuel shall be visually free of water, sediment, and suspended matter.
NOTE 1—See Practice D4057 for appropriate sampling procedures.
9. Reports
9.1 The type and number of reports to ensure conformance with the requirements of this specification shall be mutually agreed
to by the purchaser and the supplier of the aviation gasoline.
10. Test Methods
10.1 The requirements enumerated in this specification shall be determined in accordance with the following ASTM test methods:
10.1.1 Research Octane—Test Method D2699.
10.1.2 Motor Octane—Test Method D2700.
10.1.3 Color—Test Method D2392.
10.1.4 Distillation—Test Method D86.
10.1.5 Net Heat of Combustion—Test Method D3338, D4529, or D4809.
10.1.6 Freezing Point—Test Method D2386.
10.1.7 Vapor Pressure—Test Method D4953, D5191 or D5482.
10.1.8 Lead Content—Test Method D3237 or D5059 (Test Method C).
10.1.9 Copper Strip Corrosion—Test Method D130 (3 h at 50 °C (122 °F)).
10.1.10 Sulfur—Test Method D1266, D2622, D3120, D4294, D5453, or D7220.
10.1.11 Potential Gum—Test Method D873, except that wherever the letter X occurs (referring to oxidation time), insert the
number 5, designating the number of hours prescribed in this specification.
10.1.12 Alcohols/Ethers Detection—Test Method D4815, D5599, or D5845.
11. Keywords
11.1 aviation gasoline; ether, fuel; gasoline/alcohol blends; gasoline/ether blends; gasoline/oxygenate blends, octane requirement;
unleaded aviation gasoline
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APPENDIXES
(Nonmandatory Information)
X1. REASONS FOR SPECIFICATION
X1.1 Introduction—Aviation gasoline defined by this specification is for use only in engines and associated aircraft specifically
designed or approved to operate on Grade UL82 or Grade UL87 defined by this specification.
X2. SIGNIFICANT FACTORS FOR UNLEADED AVIATION GASOLINE
X2.1 Introduction
X2.1.1 This specification was developed to identify broad distillation range refinery products, including refined hydrocarbons
derived from crude petroleum, or blends there
...