ASTM D4439-01
(Terminology)Standard Terminology for Geosynthetics
Standard Terminology for Geosynthetics
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Designation: D 4439 – 01
Standard Terminology for
1
Geosynthetics
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4439; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
absorption, n—the process by which a liquid is drawn into and have either lodged in the geotextile openings or have built up
tends to fill permeable pores in a porous solid body, also, the a restrictive layer on the surface of the geotextile. D 5101
increase in mass of a porous solid body resulting from compressed thickness (t, (L), mm), n—thickness under a
penetration of a liquid into its permeable pores. C 125 specified stress applied normal to the material. D 4439
aerobic, n—a condition in which a measurable volume of air constant-rate-of-load tensile testing machine (CRL), n—a
is present in the incubation chamber or system. D 1987 testing machine in which the rate of increase of the load
anaerobic, n—a condition in which no measurable volume of being applied to the specimen is uniform with time after the
air is present in the incubation chamber or system. D 1987 first 3 s. D 4439
apparent opening size (AOS), O , n—for a geotextile, a corresponding force, n—synonym for force at specified
95
property which indicates the approximate largest particle elongation. D 4885
that would effectively pass through the geotextile. D 4751 coupon, n—a portion of a material or laboratory sample from
atmosphere for testing geosynthetics, n—air maintained at a which multiple specimens can be taken for testing. D 5747
relative humidity between 50 to 70 % and a temperature of creep, n—the time-dependent increase in accumulative strain
21 6 2°C (70° 6 4°F). D 4439, D 4751, D 5494 in a material resulting from an applied constant force.
back flushing, n—a process by which liquid is forced in the D 5262
reverse direction to the flow direction. D 1987 critical height (ch), n—the maximum exposed height of a
basis weight—deprecated term (do not use in the sense of cone or pyramid that will not cause a puncture failure of a
mass per unit area). D 4439 geosynthetic at a specified hydrostatic pressure for a given
bend, vt—in mechanics, to force an object from its natural or period of time. D 5514
manufactured shape into a curve or into increased curvature. cross-machine direction, n—the direction in the plane of the
D 4439 fabric perpendicular to the direction of manufacture.
blinding, n—for geotextiles, the condition where soil particles D 4632
−3 3
block the surface openings of the fabric, thereby reducing density (r, (ML ), kg/m ), n—mass per unit volume.
the hydraulic conductivity of the system. D 4439 D 4439
biocide, n—a chemical used to kill bacteria and other micro- design load—the load at which the geosynthetic is required to
organisms. D 1987 operate in order to perform its intended function. D 5262
breaking force, (F), J, n—the force at failure. D 4885 elastic limit, n—in mechanics, the stress intensity at which
breaking load, n—the maximum force applied to a specimen stress and deformation of a material subjected to an increas-
in a tensile test carried to rupture. D 4632 ing force cease to be proportional; the limit of stress within
−1 −2
breaking toughness, T, (FL ), Jm , n—for geotextiles, the which a material will return to its original size and shape
actual work-to-break per unit surface area of material. when the force is removed, and hence, not a permanent set.
D 4595, D 4885 D 4885
chemical resistance, n—the ability to resist chemical attack. elongation at break, n—the elongation corresponding to the
D 5322 breaking load, that is, the maximum load. D 4632
clogging, n—for geotextiles, the condition where soil particles failure, n—an arbitrary point beyond which a material ceases
move into and are retained in the openings of the fabric, to be functionally capable of its intended use. D 4885,
thereby reducing the hydraulic conductivity. D 4439 D 5262
clogging potential, n—in geotextiles, the tendency for a given failure, n—in testing geosynthetics, water or air pressure in the
geotextile to decrease permeability due to soil particles that test vessel at failure of the geosynthetic. D 5514
flexible polypropylene, n—a material having a 2 % secant
modulus of less than 300 MPa (40,000 psi) as determined by
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Test Method D 5323 produced by polymerization of propy-
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of D35 on Geosynthetics and is the
direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.93 on Editorial and Terminology. lene with or without other alpha olefin monomers.
Current edition approved September 10, 2001. Published November 2001.
field testing, n—
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