ASTM C1055-03(2009)
(Guide)Standard Guide for Heated System Surface Conditions That Produce Contact Burn Injuries
Standard Guide for Heated System Surface Conditions That Produce Contact Burn Injuries
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Most heated apparatus in industrial, commercial, and residential service are insulated, unless thermal insulation would interfere with their function; for example, it is inappropriate to insulate the bottom surface of a flatiron. However, surface temperatures of insulated equipment and appliances may still be high enough to cause burns from contact exposure under certain conditions.
This guide has been developed to standardize the determination of acceptable surface operating conditions for heated systems. Current practice for this determination is widely varied. The intent of this guide is to tie together the existing practices into a consensus standard based upon scientific understanding of the thermal physics involved. Flexibility is retained within this guide for the designer, regulator, or consumer to establish specific burn hazard criteria. Most generally, the regulated criterion will be the length of time of contact exposure.
It is beyond the scope of this guide to establish appropriate contact times and acceptable levels of injury for particular situations, or determine what surface temperature is “safe.” Clearly, quite different criteria may be justified for cases as diverse as those involving infants and domestic appliances, and experienced adults and industrial equipment. In the first case, no more than first degree burns in 60 s might be desirable. In the second case, second degree burns in 5 s might be acceptable.
Note 2—An overview of the medical research leading to the development of this guide was presented at the ASTM Conference on Thermal Insulation, Materials and Systems on Dec. 7, 1984 (14).
This guide is meant to serve only as an estimation of the exposure to which an average individual might be subjected. Unusual conditions of exposure, physical health variations, or nonstandard ambients all serve to modify the results.
This guide is limited to contact exposure to heated surfaces only. It should be noted that conditions of personal ...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers a process for the determination of acceptable surface operating conditions for heated systems. The human burn hazard is defined, and methods are presented for use in the design or evaluation of heated systems to prevent serious injury from contact with the exposed surfaces.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 The maximum acceptable temperature for a particular surface is derived from an estimate of the possible or probable contact time, the surface system configuration, and the level of injury deemed acceptable for a particular situation.
1.4 For design purposes, the probable contact time for industrial situations has been established at 5 s. For consumer products, a longer (60-s) contact time has been proposed by Wu (1) and others to reflect the slower reaction times for children, the elderly, or the infirm.
1.5 The maximum level of injury recommended here is that causing first degree burns on the average subject. This type of injury is reversible and causes no permanent tissue damage. For cases where more severe conditions are mandated (by space, economic, exposure probability, or other outside considerations), this guide may be used to establish a second, less desirable injury level (second degree burns), where some permanent tissue damage can be permitted. At no time, however, are conditions that produce third degree burns recommended.
1.6 This guide addresses the skin contact temperature determination for passive heated surfaces only. The guidelines contained herein are not applicable to chemical, electrical, or other similar hazards that provide a heat generation source at the location of contact.
1.7 A bibliography of human burn evaluation studies and surface hazard measurement is provided in the list of references at the end of this guide (1-16).
1.8 This standard does not purport to ...
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Designation: C1055 − 03(Reapproved 2009)
Standard Guide for
Heated System Surface Conditions that Produce Contact
1
Burn Injuries
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1055; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.7 A bibliography of human burn evaluation studies and
surface hazard measurement is provided in the list of refer-
1.1 This guide covers a process for the determination of
ences at the end of this guide (1-16).
acceptable surface operating conditions for heated systems.
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all the safety
The human burn hazard is defined, and methods are presented
concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
for use in the design or evaluation of heated systems to prevent
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and
serious injury from contact with the exposed surfaces.
health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
limitations prior to its use.
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
standard.
2. Referenced Documents
1.3 The maximum acceptable temperature for a particular
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
surface is derived from an estimate of the possible or probable
C680 Practice for Estimate of the Heat Gain or Loss and the
contact time, the surface system configuration, and the level of
Surface Temperatures of Insulated Flat, Cylindrical, and
injury deemed acceptable for a particular situation.
Spherical Systems by Use of Computer Programs
1.4 For design purposes, the probable contact time for
C1057 Practice for Determination of Skin Contact Tempera-
industrial situations has been established at 5 s. For consumer
ture from Heated Surfaces Using a Mathematical Model
products, a longer (60-s) contact time has been proposed by
and Thermesthesiometer
2
Wu (1) and others to reflect the slower reaction times for
children, the elderly, or the infirm. 3. Terminology
1.5 The maximum level of injury recommended here is that 3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
causing first degree burns on the average subject. This type of 3.1.1 skin:
injury is reversible and causes no permanent tissue damage.
3.1.2 epidermis—the outermost layer of skin cells. This
For cases where more severe conditions are mandated (by layer contains no vascular or nerve cells and acts to protect the
space, economic, exposure probability, or other outside skin layers. The thickness of this layer averages 0.08 mm.
considerations), this guide may be used to establish a second,
3.1.3 dermis—the second layer of skin tissue. This layer
less desirable injury level (second degree burns), where some
contains the blood vessels and nerve endings. The thickness of
permanent tissue damage can be permitted. At no time,
this layer averages 2 mm.
however, are conditions that produce third degree burns rec-
3.1.4 necrosis—localized death of living cells. A clinical
ommended.
term that defines when permanent damage to a skin layer has
1.6 This guide addresses the skin contact temperature de-
occurred.
termination for passive heated surfaces only. The guidelines
3.1.5 burns:
contained herein are not applicable to chemical, electrical, or
3.1.6 first degree burn—the reaction to an exposure where
other similar hazards that provide a heat generation source at
the intensity or duration is insufficient to cause complete
the location of contact.
necrosis of the epidermis. The normal response to this level of
exposure is dilation of the superficial blood vessels (reddening
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C16 on Thermal
of the skin).
Insulation and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C16.30 on Thermal
Measurement.
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2009. Published September 2009. Originally
3
approved in 1986. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as C1055–03. DOI: For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
10.1520/C1055-03R09. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
2
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
this guide. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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C1055 − 03 (2009)
3.1.7 second degree burn—the reaction to an exposure 4.2.2 Secondly, the user determines the maximum operating
where the inten
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:C1055–99 Designation:C1055–03 (Reapproved 2009)
Standard Guide for
Heated System Surface Conditions That that Produce
1
Contact Burn Injuries
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 1055; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This guide establishescovers a process for the determination of acceptable surface operating conditions for heated systems.
The human burn hazard is defined, and methods are presented for use in the design or evaluation of heated systems to prevent
serious injury from contact with the exposed surfaces.
1.2 VThe values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 Themaximumacceptabletemperatureforaparticularsurfaceisderivedfromanestimateofthepossibleorprobablecontact
time, the surface system configuration, and the level of injury deemed acceptable for a particular situation.
1.4 For design purposes, the probable contact time for industrial situations has been established at 5 s. For consumer products,
2
a longer (60-s) contact time has been proposed by Wu (1) and others to reflect the slower reaction times for children, the elderly,
or the infirm.
1.5 Themaximumlevelofinjuryrecommendedhereisthatcausingfirstdegreeburnsonthe averagesubject.Thistypeofinjury
is reversible and causes no permanent tissue damage. For cases where more severe conditions are mandated (by space, economic,
exposure probability, or other outside considerations), this guide may be used to establish a second, less desirable injury level
(second degree burns), where some permanent tissue damage can be permitted.At no time, however, are conditions that produce
third degree burns recommended.
1.6Abibliography of human burn evaluation studies and surface hazard measurement is provided in the list of references at the
end of this guide
1.6 This guide addresses the skin contact temperature determination for passive heated surfaces only. The guidelines contained
herein are not applicable to chemical, electrical, or other similar hazards that provide a heat generation source at the location of
contact.
1.7 A bibliography of human burn evaluation studies and surface hazard measurement is provided in the list of references at
the end of this guide (1-16).
1.7
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of
the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to its use.
2. Referenced Documents
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C 680 Practice for DeterminationEstimate of the Heat Gain or Loss and the Surface Temperatures of Insulated Pipe Flat,
Cylindrical, and EquipmentSpherical Systems by Use of a Computer ProgramPrograms
C 1057 Practice for Determination of Skin Contact Temperature from Heated Surfaces Using a Mathematical Model and the
Thermesthesiometer
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: Descriptions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.1.1 skin:
1
ThisguideisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeC-16onThermalInsulationandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeC16.24onHealthandSafetyHazard
Potentials.
Current edition approved March 10, 1999. Published May 1999. Originally published as C1055–86. Last previous edition C1055–92.C16 on Thermal Insulation and is
the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C16.30 on Thermal Measurement.
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2009. Published September 2009. Originally approved in 1986. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as C 1055–03.
2
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of this guide.
3
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
, Vol 04.06.volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
C1055–03 (2009)
3.1.2 epidermis—the outermost layer of skin cells. This layer contains no vascular or nerve cells and acts to protect the skin
layers. The t
...
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