ASTM D5819-22

Standard Guide for Selecting Test Methods for Experimental Evaluation of Geosynthetic Durability

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Designers/specifiers of geosynthetics should evaluate geosynthetic durability as an integral part of the geosynthetic specification/selection process. This guide is intended to guide a designer/specifier through a systematic determination of degradation concerns based on the intended geosynthetic function or performance characteristic. This guide then provides a guide to select available test methods for experimentally evaluating geosynthetic durability and to identify areas where no suitable test exists.  
5.2 This guide does not address the evaluation of degradation resulting from manufacturing, handling, transporting, or installing the geosynthetic.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers a designer/specifier through a systematic determination of those factors of the appropriate application environment that may affect the post-construction service life of a geosynthetic. Subsequently, test methods are recommended to facilitate an experimental evaluation of the durability of geosynthetics in a specified environment so that the durability can be considered in the design process.  
1.2 This guide is not intended to address durability issues associated with the manufacturing, handling, transportation, or installation environments.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 30-Apr-2022
• ICS: 19.020 - Test conditions and procedures in general
• ICS: 59.080.70 - Geotextiles
• Technical Committee: D35 - Geosynthetics
• Drafting Committee: D35.02 - Endurance Properties

Relations

• Refers: ASTM D4439-24 - Standard Terminology for Geosynthetics
• Effective Date: 01-Feb-2024
• Refers: ASTM D5101-23 - Standard Test Method for Measuring the Filtration Compatibility of Soil-Geotextile Systems
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2023
• Refers: ASTM D4886-23 - Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Geotextiles (Sandpaper/Sliding Block Method)
• Effective Date: 01-Sep-2023
• Refers: ASTM D5322-23 - Standard Practice for Laboratory Immersion Procedures for Evaluating the Chemical Resistance of Geosynthetics to Liquids
• Effective Date: 01-Sep-2023
• Refers: ASTM D5397-20 - Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Stress Crack Resistance of Polyolefin Geomembranes Using Notched Constant Tensile Load Test
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2020
• Refers: ASTM D4833/D4833M-07(2020) - Standard Test Method for Index Puncture Resistance of Geomembranes and Related Products
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2020
• Refers: ASTM D1204-14(2020) - Standard Test Method for Linear Dimensional Changes of Nonrigid Thermoplastic Sheeting or Film at Elevated Temperature
• Effective Date: 01-Apr-2020
• Refers: ASTM D7406-20 - Standard Test Method for Time-Dependent Compressive Deformation Under Constant Pressure for Geosynthetic Drainage Products
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2020
• Refers: ASTM D5397-19a - Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Stress Crack Resistance of Polyolefin Geomembranes Using Notched Constant Tensile Load Test
• Effective Date: 15-Oct-2019
• Refers: ASTM G160-12(2019) - Standard Practice for Evaluating Microbial Susceptibility of Nonmetallic Materials By Laboratory Soil Burial
• Effective Date: 15-Mar-2019
• Refers: ASTM D5397-19 - Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Stress Crack Resistance of Polyolefin Geomembranes Using Notched Constant Tensile Load Test
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2019
• Refers: ASTM D5567-94(2018) - Standard Test Method for Hydraulic Conductivity Ratio (HCR) Testing of Soil/Geotextile Systems
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2018
• Refers: ASTM D4439-18 - Standard Terminology for Geosynthetics
• Effective Date: 15-Apr-2018
• Refers: ASTM D4886-18 - Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Geotextiles (Sandpaper/Sliding Block Method)
• Effective Date: 01-Feb-2018
• Refers: ASTM D4439-17 - Standard Terminology for Geosynthetics
• Effective Date: 01-Aug-2017

Overview

ASTM D5819-22: Standard Guide for Selecting Test Methods for Experimental Evaluation of Geosynthetic Durability provides a comprehensive approach for engineers, designers, and specifiers to assess the long-term performance and durability of geosynthetic materials in various applications. Developed by ASTM International, this guide systematically identifies key environmental factors that may affect geosynthetic service life post-construction and recommends experimental methods for evaluating durability concerns. ASTM D5819-22 ensures that proper consideration of geosynthetic degradation is integrated into the design process, supporting safe and reliable infrastructure development.

Key Topics

• Systematic Evaluation: The guide outlines a structured procedure for identifying potential degradation processes based on the geosynthetic's intended function and application environment.
  • Identification of primary function(s) such as filtration, containment, separation, and reinforcement
  • Analysis of environmental factors (chemical, biological, mechanical, thermal, and ultraviolet exposure)
• Selection of Test Methods: ASTM D5819-22 provides clear guidance on selecting appropriate ASTM standardized test methods to evaluate:
  • Biological, chemical, and mechanical degradation
  • Clogging and piping resistance
  • Tensile and compressive creep
  • Stress cracking, abrasion, and puncture resistance
  • Photo-oxidation and thermal stability
• Exclusions: The scope of the standard does not extend to assessing damage or degradation occurring during manufacturing, handling, transport, or installation, focusing strictly on post-construction environments.

Applications

ASTM D5819-22 is applicable across a broad spectrum of civil, geotechnical, environmental, and coastal engineering projects where geosynthetics play a critical role. Practical uses include:

• Landfills and Waste Management: Evaluating the durability of geotextiles and geomembranes that provide fluid barriers, reinforcement, and filtration in landfill liners, closure caps, and leachate drains.
• Transportation Infrastructure: Selecting test methods for geosynthetics used in roadbeds, railway subgrades, and embankments, ensuring long-term performance against environmental stressors.
• Water Resources and Hydraulic Structures: Assessing geosynthetic filters, drainage layers, and protective liners applied in earth dams, reservoirs, tunnels, and canals.
• Slope and Soil Stabilization: Reviewing durability concerns for products used in erosion control, vegetative reinforcement, and surface stabilization on slopes and shorelines.
• Coastal and Erosion Control Projects: Verifying the resilience of geosynthetics in marine environments subjected to variable chemical and mechanical conditions.

By utilizing ASTM D5819-22, specifiers can select materials and test protocols that best suit project-specific durability requirements, ultimately optimizing lifecycle performance and safety.

Related Standards

ASTM D5819-22 references a wide range of critical ASTM test methods and terminology documents, including:

• ASTM D4439 - Terminology for geosynthetics
• ASTM D4355/D4355M - Test for deterioration by exposure to light, moisture, and heat
• ASTM D4716/D4716M - Test for in-plane flow rate and hydraulic transmissivity
• ASTM D4886 - Test for abrasion resistance
• ASTM D5101 - Test for soil-geotextile filtration compatibility
• ASTM D5262, D2990, D6992, D7361, D7406 - Series of tests for creep and long-term deformation
• ASTM D5322, D5496 - Chemical resistance testing
• ASTM D1987 - Biological clogging
• ASTM D1204, D4594/D4594M, D5721 - Thermal stability and aging tests
• ASTM G160 - Microbial susceptibility assessment

Keywords: geosynthetic durability, ASTM D5819, geosynthetics testing, degradation, long-term performance, test method selection, geotechnical engineering, environmental engineering, filtration, containment, reinforcement, civil infrastructure

ASTM D5819-22 serves as a foundational resource to ensure geosynthetic materials selected for infrastructure projects are evaluated comprehensively for durability, promoting sustainable and resilient designs.

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D5819 − 22
Standard Guide for
Selecting Test Methods for Experimental Evaluation of
Geosynthetic Durability
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5819; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D4716/D4716M Test Method for Determining the (In-plane)
Flow Rate per Unit Width and Hydraulic Transmissivity
1.1 This guide covers a designer/specifier through a system-
of a Geosynthetic Using a Constant Head
atic determination of those factors of the appropriate applica-
D4833/D4833M Test Method for Index Puncture Resistance
tion environment that may affect the post-construction service
of Geomembranes and Related Products
life of a geosynthetic. Subsequently, test methods are recom-
D4886 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Geotextiles
mended to facilitate an experimental evaluation of the durabil-
(Sandpaper/Sliding Block Method)
ity of geosynthetics in a specified environment so that the
durability can be considered in the design process.
D5101 Test Method for Measuring the Filtration Compat-
ibility of Soil-Geotextile Systems
1.2 This guide is not intended to address durability issues
D5262 Test Method for Determining the Unconfined Ten-
associated with the manufacturing, handling, transportation, or
sion Creep and Creep Rupture Behavior of Planar Geo-
installation environments.
synthetics Used for Reinforcement Purposes
1.3 This international standard was developed in accor-
D5322 Practice for Laboratory Immersion Procedures for
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
Evaluating the Chemical Resistance of Geosynthetics to
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Liquids
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
D5397 Test Method for Evaluation of Stress Crack Resis-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
tance of Polyolefin Geomembranes Using Notched Con-
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
stant Tensile Load Test
2. Referenced Documents
D5496 Practice for In-Field Immersion Testing of Geosyn-
thetics
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D5567 Test Method for Hydraulic Conductivity Ratio
D1204 Test Method for Linear Dimensional Changes of
Nonrigid Thermoplastic Sheeting or Film at Elevated (HCR) Testing of Soil/Geotextile Systems
Temperature
D5721 Practice forAir-OvenAging of Polyolefin Geomem-
D1987 TestMethodforBiologicalCloggingofGeotextileor
branes
Soil/Geotextile Filters
D5970/D5970M Test Method for Deterioration of Geotex-
D2990 Test Methods for Tensile, Compressive, and Flexural
tiles from Outdoor Exposure
Creep and Creep-Rupture of Plastics
D6992 Test Method for Accelerated Tensile Creep and
D4355/D4355M Test Method for Deterioration of Geotex-
Creep-Rupture of Geosynthetic Materials Based on Time-
tiles by Exposure to Light, Moisture, and Heat in a Xenon
Temperature Superposition Using the Stepped Isothermal
Arc-Type Apparatus
Method
D4439 Terminology for Geosynthetics
D7238 Test Method for Effect of Exposure of Unreinforced
D4594/D4594M Test Method for Effects of Temperature on
Polyolefin Geomembrane Using Fluorescent UV Conden-
Stability of Geotextiles
sation Apparatus
D7361 Test Method for Accelerated Compressive Creep of
This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D35 on Geosynthetics Geosynthetic Materials Based on Time-Temperature Su-
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.02 on Endurance Properties.
perposition Using the Stepped Isothermal Method
Current edition approved May 1, 2022. Published May 2022. Originally
D7406 Test Method for Time-Dependent Compressive De-
approved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2021 as D5819 – 21. DOI:
10.1520/D5819-22. formation Under Constant Pressure for Geosynthetic
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Drainage Products
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
G160 Practice for Evaluating Microbial Susceptibility of
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. Nonmetallic Materials By Laboratory Soil Burial
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D5819 − 22
3. Terminology 6. Suggested Procedure
3.1 Definitions:
6.1 To utilize a structured procedure for selecting appropri-
3.1.1 For definitions relating to geosynthetics used in this
ate test methods, the geosynthetic designer/specifier must have
standard, refer to Terminology D4439.
knowledge of:
6.1.1 The intended geosynthetic application,
4. Summary of Guide
6.1.2 The end use of the geosynthetic via its primary
4.1 The effects of a given application environment on the
function(s) or performance characteristic(s), or both,
durability of a geosynthetic must be determined through
appropriate testing. Selection of appropriate tests requires a 6.1.3 The specific environment to which the geosynthetic
systematic determination of the primary function(s) to be
will be exposed,
performedandtheassociateddegradationprocessesthatshould
6.1.4 The types of geosynthetics that may or will be used,
be considered. This guide provides a suitable systematic
and
approach.
6.1.5 The duration or time of use (that is, service life).
4.2 Primary functions of geosynthetics are listed and de-
6.2 With this knowledge, the designer/specifier follows the
fined in Table 1. With knowledge of the specific geosynthetic
following procedure:
application area and end use, the corresponding primary
function(s) is (are) identified. Table 2 gives degradation con-
6.2.1 Identify the primary function(s) or performance
cerns as they relate to geosynthetic functions. Table 3 gives the
characteristic(s), or both, to be performed by the geosynthetic
environmental elements that relate to the various degradation
in the specific application and end use intended. Functions and
processes and the currently available ASTM Committee D35
performance characteristics are defined in Table 1. (Tables for
test method for the experimental evaluation of specific types of
guidance in identifying primary function(s) and performance
geosynthetic degradation. The following appendixes are in-
characteristics are given in Appendix X1.)
cluded to provide background information:
6.2.2 Using Table 2, identify the potential degradation
X1. Application / End Use / Primary Function Tables
process(es) that will almost always (denoted as “A”) or
X2. Example of Test Method Selection Procedure
sometimes (denoted as “S”) be of concern when a geosynthetic
5. Significance and Use
performs the primary function(s) or provides the performance
characteristic(s), or both, which were identified in 6.2.1.
5.1 Designers/specifiers of geosynthetics should evaluate
geosynthetic durability as an integral part of the geosynthetic
6.2.3 Using Table 3, select the test method(s) that applies to
specification/selection process. This guide is intended to guide
the potential degradation process(es) identified in 6.2.2 as a
a designer/specifier through a systematic determination of
concern(s) in the specific application environment expected.
degradation concerns based on the intended geosynthetic
NOTE 1—Guidance is given in Table 3 to identify the most important
function or performance characteristic. This guide then pro-
elements or variables relating to each degradation process.
vides a guide to select available test methods for experimen-
tally evaluating geosynthetic durability and to identify areas
7. Keywords
where no suitable test exists.
7.1 aging; degradation; durability; environment; exposure;
5.2 This guide does not address the evaluation of degrada-
geosynthetic; long-term performance
tion resulting from manufacturing, handling, transporting, or
installing the geosynthetic.
A B
TABLE 1 Functions and Other Performance Characteristics
B C
Containment (C)—A geosynthetic provides containment when it encapsulates or surrounds materials such as sand, rocks, and fresh concrete.
A
Filtration (F)—A geosynthetic performs the filtration function when the equilibrium geotextile-to-soil system allows for adequate liquid flow with limited soil loss
across the plane of the geotextile over a service lifetime compatible with the application under consideration.
A
Fluid Barrier (FB)—A geosynthetic performs the fluid barrier function when it essentially eliminates the migration of fluids through it.
A
Fluid Transmission (a.k.a. drainage)—A geosynthetic performs the fluid transmission function when the equilibrium geotextile-to-soil system allows for
adequate flow with limited soil loss within the plane of the geotextile over a service lifetime compatible with the application under consideration.
B
Insulation (I)—A geosynthetic provides insulation when it reduces the passage of heat, electricity, or sound.
A
Protection (P)—A geosynthetic, placed between two materials, performs the protection function when it alleviates or distributes stresses and strains
transmitted to the material to be protected.
A
Reinforcement (R)—A geosynthetic performs the reinforcement function when it provides often synergistic improvement of a total system’s strength created
by the introduction of a tensile force into a soil (good in compression but poor in tension) or other disjointed and separated material.
B
Screening (Scr)—A geosynthetic, placed across the path of a flowing fluid (ground water, surface water, wind) carrying particles in suspension, provides
screening when it retains some or all soil fine particles while allowing the fluid to pass through. After some period of time, particles accumulate against the
screen which requires that the screen be able to withstand pressures generated by the accumulated particles and the increasing fluid pressure.
A
Separation (S)—A geosynthetic placed between dissimilar materials so that the integrity and functioning of both materials can remain intact or be improved
performs the separation function.
B
Surface Stabilization (SS)—A geosynthetic, placed on a soil surface, provides surface stabilization when it restricts movement and prevents dispersion of
surface soil particles subjected to erosion actions (rain, wind), often while allowing or promoting vegetative growth.
B
Vegetative Reinforcement (VR)—A geosynthetic provides vegetative reinforcement when it extends the erosion control limits and performance of vegetation.
A
Functions are used in the context of this guide as terms that can be quantitatively described by standard tests or design techniques, or both.
B
Other performance characteristics are qualitative descriptions that are not yet supported by standard tests or generally accepted design techniques.
Note—during the placement of fresh concrete in a geotextile flexible form, the geosynthetic functions temporarily as a filter to allow excess water to escape.
D5819 − 22
TABLE 2 Geosynthetic Function/Durability Assessment
NOTE 1—Refer to Appendix X1 for terminology relating to Table 2.
A
Potential Degradation Process
Environ-
Explanations of
Bio- Chem- Chem- Temper-
mental Mechan- Photo- Stress Thermal-
Function Primary Long-Term
Abbrevi- logical ical ical Clogging/ Hydrol- Plastici- ature
Creep Stress ical Degra- Relax- Degra-
Concerns
ation Degra- Degra- Dissol- Piping ysis zation Insta-
Crack- Damage dation ation dation
dation dation ution bility
ing
B,C D D E F G H I F J
Containment C P S S S S NS S S NS NS Remain intact and
maintain filtration
performance
B,C D D K L G H I L J
Filtration F P S S A S NS S S NS NS Maintain design filtra-
tion and resist defor-
mation and intrusion
B D D F M,N G H I F O J
Fluid Barrier FB S S S NS A S S S NS S S Maintain intended
(geomembrane) GM level of essential
impermeability
P,Q R S T U
Fluid Barrier FB NA NA NN N S NNN S S Maintain intended
(GCL) GCL level of essential
impermeability
P,Q,V S T U
Fluid Barrier FB NS NN N N N S NNN S S Maintain intended
(multicomponent MGCL level of essential
GCL) impermeability
B,C D D W X N G H I X J
Fluid Transmission FT P S S A A A S S S NA NS Maintain flow under
compressive loads
B,C D D
Insulation I P S S N N N N N N N N N N Minimize temperature
losses and gains
across geosyn
B,C D D Y G I Y J
Protection P P S S NS NS NS NS NS Maintain protective
performance
B,C D D Z AA N G Z I AB AA AA J
Reinforcement R P S S ,P NA P S P S P S S S Provide necessary
strength, stiffness
and soil interaction
B,C D D AC G H I J
Screening Scr P S S S NN S S S NN N S Maintain filtration per-
formance and resist
deformation
B,C D D G AD I J
Separation S P S S NN N S P S NN N S Remain intact
B,C D D G AE AE J
Surface SS P S S NN N S A A NN N S Remain intact to resist
Stabilization erosive forces until
vegetation is estab-
lished
B,C D D G AE AE J
Vegetative VR P S S NN N S A A NN N S Remain intact through-
Reinforcement out vegetation
A
N = Not a generally recognized concern; S = Sometimes a concern; A = Almost always a concern; P = Potential concern being researched.
B
Microorganisms have been known to attack and digest additives (plasticizers, lubricants, emulsifiers) used to plasticize some base polymers. This attack will change
physical and mechanical properties. Study is needed to determine relevance to polymers incorporated into geosynthetic products. Embrittlement of geosynthetic surfaces
may influence interaction properties.
C
Microbial enzymes have been known to initiate and propagate reactions deteriorative to some base polymers. Study is needed to determine relevance to polymers used
in geosynthetic products.
D
Chemical degradation or dissolution, or both, including the leaching of plasticizers or additives from the polymer structure, may be a concern for some geosynthetics
exposed to liquids containing unusually high concentrations of metals, salts, or chemicals, especially at elevated temperatures.
E
If select fill is not available, then a clogging resistance test should be performed with the job-specific soil.
F
Geosynthetics in containment structures which require long-term strength characteristics should be designed using appro
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D5819 − 21 D5819 − 22
Standard Guide for
Selecting Test Methods for Experimental Evaluation of
Geosynthetic Durability
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5819; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This guide covers a designer/specifier through a systematic determination of those factors of the appropriate application
environment that may affect the post-construction service life of a geosynthetic. Subsequently, test methods are recommended to
facilitate an experimental evaluation of the durability of geosynthetics in a specified environment so that the durability can be
considered in the design process.
1.2 This guide is not intended to address durability issues associated with the manufacturing, handling, transportation, or
installation environments.
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D1204 Test Method for Linear Dimensional Changes of Nonrigid Thermoplastic Sheeting or Film at Elevated Temperature
D1987 Test Method for Biological Clogging of Geotextile or Soil/Geotextile Filters
D2990 Test Methods for Tensile, Compressive, and Flexural Creep and Creep-Rupture of Plastics
D4355/D4355M Test Method for Deterioration of Geotextiles by Exposure to Light, Moisture, and Heat in a Xenon Arc-Type
Apparatus
D4439 Terminology for Geosynthetics
D4594/D4594M Test Method for Effects of Temperature on Stability of Geotextiles
D4716/D4716M Test Method for Determining the (In-plane) Flow Rate per Unit Width and Hydraulic Transmissivity of a
Geosynthetic Using a Constant Head
D4833/D4833M Test Method for Index Puncture Resistance of Geomembranes and Related Products
D4886 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Geotextiles (Sandpaper/Sliding Block Method)
D5101 Test Method for Measuring the Filtration Compatibility of Soil-Geotextile Systems
D5262 Test Method for Determining the Unconfined Tension Creep and Creep Rupture Behavior of Planar Geosynthetics Used
for Reinforcement Purposes
D5322 Practice for Laboratory Immersion Procedures for Evaluating the Chemical Resistance of Geosynthetics to Liquids
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 on Geosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.02 on Endurance Properties.
Current edition approved March 1, 2021May 1, 2022. Published March 2021May 2022. Originally approved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 20182021 as
D5819 – 18.D5819 – 21. DOI: 10.1520/D5819-21.10.1520/D5819-22.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D5819 − 22
D5397 Test Method for Evaluation of Stress Crack Resistance of Polyolefin Geomembranes Using Notched Constant Tensile
Load Test
D5496 Practice for In-Field Immersion Testing of Geosynthetics
D5567 Test Method for Hydraulic Conductivity Ratio (HCR) Testing of Soil/Geotextile Systems
D5721 Practice for Air-Oven Aging of Polyolefin Geomembranes
D5970/D5970M Test Method for Deterioration of Geotextiles from Outdoor Exposure
D6992 Test Method for Accelerated Tensile Creep and Creep-Rupture of Geosynthetic Materials Based on Time-Temperature
Superposition Using the Stepped Isothermal Method
D7238 Test Method for Effect of Exposure of Unreinforced Polyolefin Geomembrane Using Fluorescent UV Condensation
Apparatus
D7361 Test Method for Accelerated Compressive Creep of Geosynthetic Materials Based on Time-Temperature Superposition
Using the Stepped Isothermal Method
D7406 Test Method for Time-Dependent Compressive Deformation Under Constant Pressure for Geosynthetic Drainage
Products
G160 Practice for Evaluating Microbial Susceptibility of Nonmetallic Materials By Laboratory Soil Burial
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 For definitions relating to geosynthetics used in this standard, refer to Terminology D4439.
4. Summary of Guide
4.1 The effects of a given application environment on the durability of a geosynthetic must be determined through appropriate
testing. Selection of appropriate tests requires a systematic determination of the primary function(s) to be performed and the
associated degradation processes that should be considered. This guide provides a suitable systematic approach.
4.2 Primary functions of geosynthetics are listed and defined in Table 1. With knowledge of the specific geosynthetic application
area and end use, the corresponding primary function(s) is (are) identified. Table 2 gives degradation concerns as they relate to
geosynthetic functions. Table 3 gives the environmental elements that relate to the various degradation processes and the currently
available ASTM Committee D35 test method for the experimental evaluation of specific types of geosynthetic degradation. The
following appendixes are included to provide background information:
X1. Application / End Use / Primary Function Tables
X2. Example of Test Method Selection Procedure
5. Significance and Use
5.1 Designers/specifiers of geosynthetics should evaluate geosynthetic durability as an integral part of the geosynthetic
A B
TABLE 1 Functions and Other Performance Characteristics
B C
Containment (C)—A geosynthetic provides containment when it encapsulates or surrounds materials such as sand, rocks, and fresh concrete.
A
Filtration (F)—A geosynthetic performs the filtration function when the equilibrium geotextile-to-soil system allows for adequate liquid flow with limited soil loss
across the plane of the geotextile over a service lifetime compatible with the application under consideration.
A
Fluid Barrier (FB)—A geosynthetic performs the fluid barrier function when it essentially eliminates the migration of fluids through it.
A
Fluid Transmission (a.k.a. drainage)—A geosynthetic performs the fluid transmission function when the equilibrium geotextile-to-soil system allows for
adequate flow with limited soil loss within the plane of the geotextile over a service lifetime compatible with the application under consideration.
B
Insulation (I)—A geosynthetic provides insulation when it reduces the passage of heat, electricity, or sound.
A
Protection (P)—A geosynthetic, placed between two materials, performs the protection function when it alleviates or distributes stresses and strains
transmitted to the material to be protected.
A
Reinforcement (R)—A geosynthetic performs the reinforcement function when it provides often synergistic improvement of a total system’s strength created by
the introduction of a tensile force into a soil (good in compression but poor in tension) or other disjointed and separated material.
B
Screening (Scr)—A geosynthetic, placed across the path of a flowing fluid (ground water, surface water, wind) carrying particles in suspension, provides
screening when it retains some or all soil fine particles while allowing the fluid to pass through. After some period of time, particles accumulate against the
screen which requires that the screen be able to withstand pressures generated by the accumulated particles and the increasing fluid pressure.
A
Separation (S)—A geosynthetic placed between dissimilar materials so that the integrity and functioning of both materials can remain intact or be improved
performs the separation function.
B
Surface Stabilization (SS)—A geosynthetic, placed on a soil surface, provides surface stabilization when it restricts movement and prevents dispersion of
surface soil particles subjected to erosion actions (rain, wind), often while allowing or promoting vegetative growth.
B
Vegetative Reinforcement (VR)—A geosynthetic provides vegetative reinforcement when it extends the erosion control limits and performance of vegetation.
A
Functions are used in the context of this guide as terms that can be quantitatively described by standard tests or design techniques, or both.
B
Other performance characteristics are qualitative descriptions that are not yet supported by standard tests or generally accepted design techniques.
Note—during the placement of fresh concrete in a geotextile flexible form, the geosynthetic functions temporarily as a filter to allow excess water to escape.
D5819 − 22
TABLE 2 Geosynthetic Function/Durability Assessment
NOTE 1—Refer to Appendix X1 for terminology relating to Table 2.
A
Potential Degradation Process
Environ-
Explanations of
Bio- Chem- Chem- Temper-
mental Mechan- Photo- Stress Thermal-
Function Primary Long-Term
Abbrevi- logical ical ical Clogging/ Hydrol- Plastici- ature
Creep Stress ical Degra- Relax- Degra-
Concerns
ation Degra- Degra- Dissol- Piping ysis zation Insta-
Crack- Damage dation ation dation
dation dation ution bility
ing
B,C D D E F G H I F J
Containment C P S S S S N S S S N S N S Remain intact and
maintain filtration
performance
B,C D D K L G H I L J
Filtration F P S S A S N S S S N S N S Maintain design filtra-
tion and resist defor-
mation and intrusion
B D D F M,N G H I F O J
Fluid Barrier FB S S S N S A S S S N S S S Maintain intended
(geomembrane) GM level of essential
impermeability
P,Q R S T U
Fluid Barrier FB N A N A N N N S N N N S S Maintain intended
(GCL) GCL level of essential
impermeability
P,Q,V S T U
Fluid Barrier FB N S N N N N N S N N N S S Maintain intended
(multicomponent MGCL level of essential
GCL) impermeability
B,C D D P Q N G H I Q J
Fluid Transmission FT P S S A A A S S S N A N S Maintain flow under
compressive loads
B,C D D W X N G H I X J
Fluid Transmission FT P S S A A A S S S N A N S Maintain flow under
compressive loads
B,C D D
Insulation I P S S N N N N N N N N N N Minimize temperature
losses and gains
across geosyn
B,C D D R G I R J
Protection P P S S N S N S N S N S N S Maintain protective
performance
B,C D D Y G I Y J
Protection P P S S N S N S N S N S N S Maintain protective
performance
B,C D D S T N G S I U T T J
Reinforcement R P S S , P N A P S P S P S S S Provide necessary
strength, stiffness
and soil interaction
B,C D D Z AA N G Z I AB AA AA J
Reinforcement R P S S , P N A P S P S P S S S Provide necessary
strength, stiffness
and soil interaction
B,C D D V G H I J
Screening Scr P S S S N N S S S N N N S Maintain filtration per-
formance and resist
deformation
B,C D D AC G H I J
Screening Scr P S S S N N S S S N N N S Maintain filtration per-
formance and resist
deformation
B,C D D G W I J
Separation S P S S N N N S P S N N N S Remain intact
B,C D D G AD I J
Separation S P S S N N N S P S N N N S Remain intact
B,C D D G X X J
Surface SS P S S N N N S A A N N N S Remain intact to resist
Stabilization erosive forces until
vegetation is estab-
lished
B,C D D G AE AE J
Surface SS P S S N N N S A A N N N S Remain intact to resist
Stabilization erosive forces until
vegetation is estab-
lished
B,C D D G X X J
Vegetative VR P S S N N N S A A N N N S Remain intact through-
Reinforcement out vegetation
B,C D D G AE AE J
Vegetative VR P S S N N N S A A N N N S Remain intact through-
Reinforcement out vegetation
A
N = Not a generally recognized concern; S = Sometimes a concern; A = Almost always a concern; P = Potential concern being researched.
B
Microorganisms have been known to attack and digest additives (plasticizers, lubricants, emulsifiers) used to plasticize some base polymers. This attack will change
physical and mechanical properties. Study is needed to determine relevance to polymers incorporated into geosynthetic products. Embrittlement of geosynthetic surfaces
may influence interaction properties.
D5819 − 22
C
Microbial enzymes have been known to initiate and propagate reactions deteriorative to some base polymers. Study is needed to determine relevance to polymers used
in geosynthetic products.
D
Chemical degradation or dissolution, or both, including the leaching of plasticizers or additives from the polymer structure, may be a concern for some geosynthetics
exposed to liquids containing unusually high concentrations of metals, salts, or chemicals, especially at elevated temperatures.
E
If select fill is not available, then a clogging resistance test should be performed with the job-specific soil.
F
Geosynthetics in containment structures which require long-term strength characteristics should be designed using appropriate creep and stress relaxation criteria.
G
Hydrolysis may be a concern for polyester (PET) and polyamide (PA) geosynthetics exposed to extreme pH conditions, especially at elevated temperatures.
H
When subject to rocking (abrasion), puncture (floating or airborne debris), or cutting (equipment or vandalism).
I
When permanently exposed or in extended construction phases (>2 to 4 weeks) and in “wrap-around” construction, photo degradation may be a concern for the exposed
geosynthetic.
J
Geosynthetics in applications such as dam facings and floating covers which results in exposure to temperatures at or above ambient must be stabilized to resist thermal
oxidation.
K
Clogging resistance of geotextiles can only be assessed by testing with site-specific soil and (sometimes) liquid.
L
If a filter geotextile is used with a geonet, it is important to assess short-term extrusion and long-term intrusion into the net.
M
Residual stresses and surface damage may produce synergistic effects with other degradation processes.
N
Polyethylene geosynthetics may experience slow crack growth under long-term loading conditions in certain environmental conditions.
O
Excessive expansion and contraction resulting from temperature changes may be a concern for geosynthetics without fabric reinforcement.
P
Water containing significant amounts of leachable calcium, magnesium, or other polyvalent cations can reduce the swelling capacity, and potentially increase the
hydraulic conductivity of bentonite.
Q
Chemical degradation or dissolution, or both, including the leaching or additives from the bentonite (if used), may be a concern for some products exposed to liquids
containing unusually high concentrations of metals, salts, or chemical
...