ASTM C666/C666M-03(2008)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Resistance of Concrete to Rapid Freezing and Thawing
Standard Test Method for Resistance of Concrete to Rapid Freezing and Thawing
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
As noted in the scope, the two procedures described in this test method are intended to determine the effects of variations in both properties and conditioning of concrete in the resistance to freezing and thawing cycles specified in the particular procedure. Specific applications include specified use in Specification C 494/C 494M, Test Method C 233, and ranking of coarse aggregates as to their effect on concrete freeze-thaw durability, especially where soundness of the aggregate is questionable.
It is assumed that the procedures will have no significantly damaging effects on frost-resistant concrete which may be defined as (1) any concrete not critically saturated with water (that is, not sufficiently saturated to be damaged by freezing) and (2) concrete made with frost-resistant aggregates and having an adequate air-void system that has achieved appropriate maturity and thus will prevent critical saturation by water under common conditions.
If as a result of performance tests as described in this test method concrete is found to be relatively unaffected, it can be assumed that it was either not critically saturated, or was made with “sound” aggregates, a proper air-void system, and allowed to mature properly.
No relationship has been established between the resistance to cycles of freezing and thawing of specimens cut from hardened concrete and specimens prepared in the laboratory.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resistance of concrete specimens to rapidly repeated cycles of freezing and thawing in the laboratory by two different procedures: Procedure A, Rapid Freezing and Thawing in Water, and Procedure B, Rapid Freezing in Air and Thawing in Water. Both procedures are intended for use in determining the effects of variations in the properties of concrete on the resistance of the concrete to the freezing-and-thawing cycles specified in the particular procedure. Neither procedure is intended to provide a quantitative measure of the length of service that may be expected from a specific type of concrete.
1.2 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units shall be regarded separately as standard. The SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated may not be exact equivalents; therefore each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two units may result in nonconformance.
1.3 All material in this test method not specifically designated as belonging to Procedure A or Procedure B applies to either procedure.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Standards Content (Sample)
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Designation: C666/C666M − 03 (Reapproved2008)
Standard Test Method for
Resistance of Concrete to Rapid Freezing and Thawing
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C666/C666M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope C192/C192M Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test
Specimens in the Laboratory
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resis-
C215 Test Method for Fundamental Transverse,
tance of concrete specimens to rapidly repeated cycles of
Longitudinal, and Torsional Resonant Frequencies of
freezing and thawing in the laboratory by two different
Concrete Specimens
procedures: Procedure A, Rapid Freezing and Thawing in
C233 Test Method for Air-Entraining Admixtures for Con-
Water, and Procedure B, Rapid Freezing inAir andThawing in
crete
Water. Both procedures are intended for use in determining the
C295 Guide for Petrographic Examination ofAggregates for
effects of variations in the properties of concrete on the
Concrete
resistance of the concrete to the freezing-and-thawing cycles
C341/C341M Practice for Length Change of Cast, Drilled,
specified in the particular procedure. Neither procedure is
or Sawed Specimens of Hydraulic-Cement Mortar and
intended to provide a quantitative measure of the length of
Concrete
service that may be expected from a specific type of concrete.
C490 Practice for Use ofApparatus for the Determination of
1.2 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units
Length Change of Hardened Cement Paste, Mortar, and
shall be regarded separately as standard. The SI units are
Concrete
shown in brackets. The values stated may not be exact
C494/C494M Specification for Chemical Admixtures for
equivalents; therefore each system must be used independently
Concrete
of the other. Combining values from the two units may result
C670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statements
in nonconformance.
for Test Methods for Construction Materials
C823 Practice for Examination and Sampling of Hardened
1.3 All material in this test method not specifically desig-
nated as belonging to Procedure A or Procedure B applies to Concrete in Constructions
either procedure.
3. Significance and Use
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.1 As noted in the scope, the two procedures described in
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- this test method are intended to determine the effects of
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
variationsinbothpropertiesandconditioningofconcreteinthe
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. resistance to freezing and thawing cycles specified in the
particular procedure. Specific applications include specified
2. Referenced Documents use in Specification C494/C494M, Test Method C233, and
2 ranking of coarse aggregates as to their effect on concrete
2.1 ASTM Standards:
freeze-thaw durability, especially where soundness of the
C157/C157M Test Method for Length Change of Hardened
aggregate is questionable.
Hydraulic-Cement Mortar and Concrete
3.2 It is assumed that the procedures will have no signifi-
cantly damaging effects on frost-resistant concrete which may
be defined as (1) any concrete not critically saturated with
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C09 on
water (that is, not sufficiently saturated to be damaged by
Concrete and Concrete Aggregatesand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
C09.67 on Resistance to the Environment.
freezing) and (2) concrete made with frost-resistant aggregates
Current edition approved June 1, 2008. Published September 2008. Originally
and having an adequate air-void system that has achieved
approved in 1971. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as C666/C666M – 03.
appropriatematurityandthuswillpreventcriticalsaturationby
DOI: 10.1520/C0666_C0666M-03R08.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or water under common conditions.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3.3 If as a result of performance tests as described in this
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. test method concrete is found to be relatively unaffected, it can
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C666/C666M − 03 (2008)
NOTE 3—The use of relatively open gratings, metal rods, or the edges
be assumed that it was either not critically saturated, or was
of metal angles has been found adequate for supporting specimens,
made with “sound” aggregates, a proper air-void system, and
provided the heat-exchanging medium can circulate in the direction of the
allowed to mature properly.
long axis of the rods or angles.
3.4 No relationship has been established between the resis-
4.2 Temperature-Measuring Equipment, consisting of
tance to cycles of freezing and thawing of specimens cut from
thermometers, resistance thermometers, or thermocouples, ca-
hardened concrete and specimens prepared in the laboratory.
pable of measuring the temperature at various points within the
specimen chamber and at the centers of control specimens to
4. Apparatus
within 2 °F [1 °C].
4.1 Freezing-and-Thawing Apparatus:
4.3 Dynamic Testing Apparatus, conforming to the require-
4.1.1 The freezing-and-thawing apparatus shall consist of a ments of Test Method C215.
suitable chamber or chambers in which the specimens may be
4.4 Optional Length Change Test Length Change
subjected to the specified freezing-and-thawing cycle, together
Comparator, conforming to the requirements of Specification
with the necessary refrigerating and heating equipment and
C490. When specimens longer than the nominal 11 ⁄4 in. [285
controls to produce continuously, and automatically, reproduc-
mm] length provided for in Specification C490 are used for
ible cycles within the specified temperature requirements. In
freeze-thaw tests, use an appropriate length reference bar,
the event that the equipment does not operate automatically,
which otherwise meets the Specification C490 requirements.
provision shall be made for either its continuous manual
Dial gage micrometers for use on these longer length change
operation on a 24-h a day basis or for the storage of all
comparators shall meet the gradation interval and accuracy
specimens in a frozen condition when the equipment is not in
requirements for Specification C490 for either the inch or
operation.
millimetre calibration requirements. Prior to the start of mea-
4.1.2 The apparatus shall be so arranged that, except for
surements on any specimens, fix the comparator at an appro-
necessary supports, each specimen is: (1) for Procedure A,
priate length to accommodate all of the specimens to be
completely surrounded by not less than ⁄32 in. [1 mm] nor
monitored for length change.
more than ⁄8 in. [3 mm] of water at all times while it is being
4.5 Scales, with a capacity approximately 50 % greater than
subjected to freezing-and-thawing cycles, or (2) for Procedure
the mass of the specimens and accurate to at least 0.01 lb [0.5
B, completely surrounded by air during the freezing phase of
g] within the range of 610 % of the specimen mass will be
the cycle and by water during the thawing phase. Rigid
satisfactory.
containers, which have the potential to damage specimens, are
not permitted. Length change specimens in vertical containers 4.6 Tempering Tank, with suitable provisions for maintain-
shall be supported in a manner to avoid damage to the gage
ing the temperature of the test specimens in water, such that
studs. when removed from the tank and tested for fundamental
transverse frequency and length change, the specimens will be
NOTE 1—Experience has indicated that ice or water pressure, during
maintained within -2 °F and +4 °F (-1 °C and +2 °C) of the
freezing tests, particularly in equipment that uses air rather than a liquid
target thaw temperature for specimens in the actual freezing-
as the heat transfer medium, can cause excessive damage to rigid metal
containers, and possibly to the specimens therein. Results of tests during and-thawing cycle and equipment being used. The use of the
which bulging or other distortion of containers occurs should be inter-
specimen chamber in the freezing-and-thawing apparatus by
preted with caution.
stopping the apparatus at the end of the thawing cycle and
4.1.3 The temperature of the heat-exchanging medium shall holding the specimens in it shall be considered as meeting this
be uniform within 6 °F [3 °C] throughout the specimen cabinet requirement, provided the specimens are tested for fundamen-
when measured at any given time, at any point on the surface tal transverse frequency within the above temperature range. It
of any specimen container for ProcedureAor on the surface of is required that the same target specimen thaw temperature be
any specimen for Procedure B, except during the transition used throughout the testing of an individual specimen since a
between freezing and thawing and vice versa.
change in specimen temperature at the time of length measure-
ment can affect the length of the specimen significantly.
4.1.3.1 Support each specimen at the bottom of its container
in such a way that the temperature of the heat-exchanging
medium will not be transmitted directly through the bottom of 5. Freezing-and-Thawing Cycle
the container to the full area of the bottom of the specimen,
5.1 Base conformity with the requirements for the freezing-
thereby subjecting it to conditions substantially different from
and-thawing cycle on temperature measurements of control
the remainder of the specimen.
specimens of similar concrete to the specimens under test in
1 which suitable temperature-measuring devices have been im-
NOTE 2—Aflat spiral of ⁄8-in. [3-mm] wire placed in the bottom of the
container has been found adequate for supporting specimens. bedded. Change the position of these control specimens fre-
quently in such a way as to indicate the extremes of tempera-
4.1.4 For Procedure B, it is not contemplated that the
ture variation at different locations in the specimen cabinet.
specimens will be kept in containers. The supports on which
the specimens rest shall be such that they are not in contact 5.2 The nominal freezing-and-thawing cycle for both pro-
with the full area of the supported side or end of the specimen, cedures of this test method shall consist of alternately lowering
therebysubjectingthisareatoconditionssubstantiallydifferent the temperature of the specimens from 40 to 0 °F [4 to -18 °C]
from those imposed on the remainder of the specimen. and raising it from 0 to 40 °F [-18 to 4 °C] in not less than 2
C666/C666M − 03 (2008)
nor more than 5 h. For Procedure A, not less than 25 % of the to dry to a moisture condition below that of the structure from
time shall be used for thawing, and for Procedure B, not less which taken.This may be accomplished by wrapping in plastic
than20 %ofthetimeshallbeusedforthawing(Note4).Atthe or by other suitable means.The specimens so obtained shall be
end of the cooling period the temperature at the centers of the furnished with gage studs in accordance with Test Method
specimens shall be 0 6 3 °F [-18 6 2 °C], and at the end of the C341/C341M.
heating period the temperature shall be 40 63°F[4 6 2 °C],
7.4 For this test the specimens shall be stored in saturated
with no specimen at any time reaching a temperature lower
lime water from the time of their removal from the molds until
than -3 °F [-19 °C] nor higher than 43 °F [6 °C]. The time
the time freezing-and-thawing tests are started. All specimens
required for the temperature at the center of any single
to be compared with each other initially shall be of the same
specimen to be reduced from 37 to 3 °F [3 to -16 °C] shall be
nominal dimensions.
not less than one half of the length of the cooling period, and
the time required for the temperature at the center of any single
8. Procedure
specimen to be raised from 3 to 37 °F [-16 to 3 °C] shall be not
8.1 Moldedbeamspecimensshallbecuredfor14daysprior
less than one half of the length of the heating period. For
to testing unless otherwise specified. Beam specimens sawed
specimens to be compared with each other, the time required to
changethetemperatureatthecentersofanyspecimensfrom35 from hardened concrete shall be moisture-conditioned by
immersing in saturated lime water at 73.4 6 3 °F [23.0 6 2.0
to 10 °F [2 to -12 °C] shall not differ by more than one sixth of
the length of the cooling period from the time required for any °C] for 48 h prior to testing unless otherwise specified.
specimen and the time required to change the temperature at
8.2 Immediately after the specified curing or conditioning
the centers of any specimens from 10 to 35 °F [-12 to 2 °C]
period, bring the specimen to a temperature within -2 °F
shall not differ by more than one third of the length of the
and +4°F[-1°Cand +2°C]ofthetargetthawtemperaturethat
heating period from the time required for any specimen.
will be used in the freeze-thaw cycle and test for fundamental
transverse frequency, determine the mass and average length
NOTE 4—In most cases, uniform temperature and time conditions can
be controlled most conveniently by maintaining a capacity load of
and cross section dimensions of the concrete specimen within
specimens in the equipment at all times. In the event that a capacity load
the tolerance required in Test Method C215, and determine the
of test specimens is not available, dummy specimens can be used to fill
initial length comparator reading (optional) for the specimen
empty spaces. This procedure also assists greatly in maintaining uniform
with the length change comparator. Protect the specimens
fluid level conditions in the specimen and solution tanks.
The testing of concrete specimens composed of widely varying against loss of moisture between the time of removal from
materials or with widely varying thermal properties, in the same equip-
curing and the start of the freezing-and-thawing cycles.
ment at the same time, may not permit adherence to the time-temperature
requirements for all specimens. It is advisable that such specimens be 8.3 Start freezing-and-thawing tests by placing the speci-
tested at different times and t
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