ASTM D4486-91(2001)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Volatile and Reactive Liquids
Standard Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Volatile and Reactive Liquids
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of kinematic viscosity of transparent, Newtonian liquids which because of their reactivity, instability, or volatility cannot be used in conventional capillary kinematic viscometers. This test method is applicable up to 2 10-5 N/m2 /sup> (2 atm) pressure and temperature range from -53 to + 135oC (-65 to + 275oF).
1.1.1 For the measurement of the kinematic viscosity of other liquids, see Test Method D445.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements, see 7.2 , 7.3 , and 7.4.
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An American National Standard
Designation:D4486 – 91(Reapproved 2001)
Standard Test Method for
Kinematic Viscosity of Volatile and Reactive Liquids
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4486; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3.1.2.1 Discussion—The cgs unit of density (r) has the
dimensions of grams per cubic centimetre. The SI unit of
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of kinematic
density has the dimensions of kilograms per cubic metre.
viscosity of transparent, Newtonian liquids which because of
3.1.3 kinematic viscosity—The ratio of the viscosity to the
their reactivity, instability, or volatility cannot be used in
density of the liquid.
conventionalcapillarykinematicviscometers.Thistestmethod
−5 2
3.1.3.1 Discussion—For gravity flow under a given hydro-
is applicable up to 2 310 N/m (2 atm) pressure and
static head, the pressure head of a liquid is proportional to its
temperature range from−53 to+135°C (−65 to+275° F).
density r. For any particular viscometer, the time of flow of a
1.1.1 For the measurement of the kinematic viscosity of
fixedvolumeofliquidisdirectlyproportionalto h/r.Thisratio
other liquids, see Test Method D445.
is the kinematic viscosity coefficient (n). The cgs unit of
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
kinematic viscosity is the stoke and has the dimensions of
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
centimetre squared per second: the centistoke (0.01 St) is
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
frequently used. The SI unit of kinematic viscosity has the
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
2 4
dimensions of metre /second, and is equivalent to 10 St.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific
3.1.4 vulnerable liquid—a liquid which by reason of its
precautionary statements, see 7.2, 7.3, and 7.4.
volatility, instability or reactivity in the presence of air or any
2. Referenced Documents
other specific gaseous medium may undergo physical or
chemical changes that may affect its viscosity.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent
4. Summary of Test Method
and Opaque Liquids
4.1 The time is measured, in seconds, for a fixed volume of
D2162 Test Method for Basic Calibration of Master Vis-
2 liquid to flow under gravity through the capillary of the
cometers and Viscosity Oil Standards
viscometer under a reproducible driving head and at a closely
E1 Specification for ASTM Thermometers
controlled temperature. The kinematic viscosity is calculated
3. Terminology
fromthemeasuredflowtimeandthecalibrationconstantofthe
viscometer.
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.1.1 viscosity—the ratio between the applied shear stress
5. Significance and Use
and rate of shear.
5.1 Kinematic viscosity is a physical property which is of
3.1.1.1 Discussion—This ratio is called the coefficient of
importance in the design of systems in which flowing liquids
viscosity. The coefficient of viscosity (h) is thus a measure of
are used or handled.
theresistancetoflowoftheliquid.Thisiscommonlycalledthe
viscosity of the liquid.The cgs unit of viscosity is the poise. P,
6. Apparatus
which has the dimensions of dyne-seconds per square centi-
6.1 Viscometer Thermostat—Any transparent liquid or va-
metre: the centipoise (0.01 poise) is frequently used. The SI
por bath of sufficient depth such that at no time during the
unit of viscosity has the dimensions of newton second/metre ,
measurement will any portion of the sample in the viscometer
and is equivalent to 10 P.
be less than 20 mm below the surface of the bath liquid or less
3.1.2 density—the mass per unit volume of the liquid.
than 20 mm above the bottom of the bath may be used. The
temperature control must be such that for the range from 15 to
This test method is under the jurisdiction of Committee D02 on Petroleum 100°C (60 to 212°F) the temperature of the bath medium does
Products and Lubricantsand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D02.11on
not vary by more than 0.02°F (0.01°C) over the length of the
Engineering Science of High Performance Fluids and Solids.
viscometers, or between the position of each viscometer, or at
Current edition approved Oct. 15, 1991. Published December 1991.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.01.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.03.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D4486
the location of the thermometer. For temperatures outside this 7.2.1 Other suitable cleaning solutions are available. In
range, the variation must not exceed 0.05°F (0.03°C). referee testing situations, glassware shall be cleaned with a
cleaning solution agreed upon by the parties involved.
6.2 Temperature-Measuring Device—Suitable liquid-in-
7.3 Acetone—(Warning—Extremely flammable. Vapors
glass Kinematic Viscosity Test Thermometers, covering the
may cause flash fire. See Annex A1.3.)
range of test temperatures indicated in Table 1, as listed in
7.4 Hydrochloric Acid (Concentrated)—(Warning—
Specification E1, make certain that they have been standard-
Poison. Corrosive. May be fatal if swallowed. Liquid and
ized before use (see 8.2). Any other thermometric device is
vapor cause severe burns. Harmful if inhaled. See Annex
permissible provided that the same accuracy can be obtained.
A1.4.)
6.3 Timing Device—Any timing device may be used pro-
vided that the readings can be taken with a discrimination of
8. Standardization
0.2 s or better, and that it has an accuracy within 60.07%
8.1 Viscometers—Only calibrated viscometers standardized
when tested over intervals of 15 min.
as described in Annex A2 shall be used.
6.3.1 Electrical timing devices may be used if the current
8.2 Thermometers—Liquid-in-glass thermometers shall be
frequency is controlled to an accuracy of 0.05% or better.
checked to the nearest 0.01°C (0.02°F) by direct comparison
Alternating currents, as provided by some public power sys-
with a suitable standardized thermometer. KinematicViscosity
tems, are intermittently rather than continuously controlled.
Test Thermometers shall be standardized at “total immersion”
When used to actuate electrical timing devices, such control
whichmeansimmersiontothetopofthemercurycolumn,with
can cause large errors in viscosity flow measurements.
theremainderofthestemandtheexpansionchamberatthetop
of the thermometer exposed to room temperature; do not
7. Reagents and Materials
submerge the expansion bulb at the top of the thermometer. It
7.1 Viscosity Oil Standards, conforming toASTM viscosity
is essential that the ice point of standardized thermometers be
oil standards having the approximate kinematic viscosity
determinedperiodicallyandtheofficialcorrectionsbeadjusted
shown in Table 2. Certified kinematic viscosity values are
to conform to the change in ice point.
compared by annual cooperative tests by a number of labora-
8.3 Timers—Standard time signals available in some na-
tories and are supplied with each portion.
tions may be used in checking the accuracy of timing devices.
7.2 Chromic Acid (Cleaning Solution)—(Warning—
In the United States ofAmerica, time signals, as broadcast by
Causessevereburns.Arecognizedcarcinogen.Strongoxidizer,
the National Bureau of Standards, Station WWV, Washington,
contactwithorganicmaterialmaycausefire.Hygroscopic.See
D. C. 20234, at 2.5, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35 MHz are a
A1.2.)
convenient and primary standard reference for calibrating
timing devices; the signals are broadcast 24 h daily. Station
CHU from Ottawa, Canada, at 3.330, 7.335, and 14.670 MHz
A
TABLE 1 Kinematic Viscosity Test Thermometers
or Station MSF at Rugby, United Kingdom, at 2.5, 5, and 10
Thermometer
B B MHz may be received better in some locations.
Test Temperature Scale Error
Number
8.4 Viscosity standards may also be used to check the
C D
°F °C ASTM IP
over-all kinematic viscosity procedure in a laboratory. If the
−65 −53.9 74F 69F, C
measured kinematic viscosity does not agree within 60.35%
−60 to − 35 −51 to − 35 43F 65F, C
of the certified value, each step in the procedure should be
−40 −40 73F, C 68F, C
rechecked, including thermometer and viscometer calibration
0 −17.8 72F 67F, C
32 0 33F, C
to locate source of error.
68 and 70 20 and 21.1 44F, C 29F, C
77 25 45F, C 30F, C
9. Cleaning of Viscometer
86 30 118F, C
100 37.8 28F 31F, C
9.1 Between successive determinations, clean the viscom-
40 120C
eter thoroughly by several rinsings with an appropriate solvent
122 50 46F, C 66F, C
completelymisciblewiththesample,followedbyacompletely
130 54.4 29F 34F, C
140 60 47F, C 35F, C
volatile solvent. Dry the viscometer with vacuum attached to
180 82.2 48F 90F, C
Tube A or by placing viscometer in a vacuum oven.
200 93.3 36F, C
210 and 212 98.9 and 100 30F 32F, C 9.2 Periodically clean the instrument with chromic acid
100 121C
(Warning—Causes severe burns. A recognized carcinogen.
275 135 110F, C
Strong oxidizer, contact with organic material may cause fire.
−20 99C
80 100C Hygroscopic. See Annex A1.2) to remove organic deposits,
40 120C 92C
rinsethoroughlywithdistilledwaterandacetone,(Warning—
A
The smallest graduation of the Fahrenheit thermometers is 0.1°F and for the
Extremely flammable. Vapors may cause flash fire. SeeAnnex
Celsius thermometers is 0.05°C except for ASTM 43F and IP 65F for which it is
A1.3) and dry with clean dry air. Inorganic deposits may be
0.2°F.
B
removed by hydrochloric acid (Warning—Poison. Corrosive.
Scale error for the Fahrenheit thermometers is not to exceed 60.2°F (except
for ASTM 110F which is 60.3°F); for the Celsius thermometers it is 60.1°C. These
scale errors are required to apply only at the given test temperature.
C
Complete construction detail is given in Specification E 1.
D
Other suitable chromium free, sulfuric acid-based cleaning solutions are
Complete construction detail is given in Part 1 of IP Standards for Petroleum
and its Products. available.
D4486
TABLE 2 Approximate Values of the ASTM Viscosity Standards
Viscosity Approximate Kinematic Viscosity, cSt
Standard
B B
At At At
Conforming
At − 40°C At 20°C At 25°C At 40°C At 50°C At 100°C
−53.89°C 37.78°C 98.89°C
to ASTM
(−40°F) (68°F) (77°F) (104°F) (122°F) (212°F)
A
(−65°F) (100°F) (210°F)
Standards
S-3 300 80 4.6 4.0 3.0 2.9 . 1.2
...
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