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ASTM D396-02a

(Specification)

Standard Specification for Fuel Oils

Standard Specification for Fuel Oils

SCOPE
1.1 This specification (Note 1) covers grades of fuel oil intended for use in various types of fuel-oil-burning equipment under various climatic and operating conditions. These grades are described as follows:
1.1.1 Grades 1, 1 Low Sulfur, 2, and 2 Low Sulfur are middle distillate fuels for use in domestic and small industrial burners. Grades 1 and 1 Low Sulfur are particularly adapted to vaporizing type burners or where storage conditions require low pour point fuel.
1.1.2 Grades 4 (Light) and 4 are heavy distillate fuels or distillate/residual fuel blends used in commercial/industrial burners equipped for this viscosity range.
1.1.3 Grades 5 (Light), 5 (Heavy), and 6 are residual fuels of increasing viscosity and boiling range, used in industrial burners. Preheating is usually required for handling and proper atomization.
Note 1—For information on the significance of the terminology and test methods used in this specification, see Appendix X1.
Note 2—A more detailed description of the grades of fuel oils is given in X1.3.
1.2 This specification is for the use of purchasing agencies in formulating specifications to be included in contracts for purchases of fuel oils and for the guidance of consumers of fuel oils in the selection of the grades most suitable for their needs.
1.3 Nothing in this specification shall preclude observance of federal, state, or local regulations which can be more restrictive.
1.4 All values are stated in SI units and are regarded as standard.
Note 3—The generation and dissipation of static electricity can create problems in the handling of distillate burner fuel oils. For more information on the subject, see Guide D 4865.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Nov-2002
ICS
75.160.20 - Liquid fuels
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.E0.01 - Burner Fuels
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D396-02 - Standard Specification for Fuel Oils
Effective Date
10-Nov-2002
Replaced By
ASTM D396-04 - Standard Specification for Fuel Oils
Effective Date
01-Nov-2004
Referred By
ASTM D2709-22 - Standard Test Method for Water and Sediment in Middle Distillate Fuels by Centrifuge
Effective Date
10-Nov-2002
Referred By
ASTM D7827-19 - Standard Test Method for Measuring n-Heptane Induced Phase Separation of Asphaltene from Heavy Fuel Oils as Separability Number by an Optical Device
Effective Date
10-Nov-2002
Referred By
ASTM D7157-23 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Intrinsic Stability of Asphaltene-Containing Residues, Heavy Fuel Oils, and Crude Oils (<emph type="ital">n</emph >-Heptane Phase Separation; Optical Detection)
Effective Date
10-Nov-2002
Referred By
ASTM D7544-23 - Standard Specification for Pyrolysis Liquid Biofuel
Effective Date
10-Nov-2002
Referred By
ASTM D6756-17 - Standard Test Method for Determination of the Red Dye Concentration and Estimation of the ASTM Color of Diesel Fuel and Heating Oil Using a Portable Visible Spectrophotometer
Effective Date
10-Nov-2002
Referred By
ASTM D7060-20 - Standard Test Method for Determination of the Maximum Flocculation Ratio and Peptizing Power in Residual and Heavy Fuel Oils (Optical Detection Method)
Effective Date
10-Nov-2002
Referred By
ASTM D7095-17 - Standard Test Method for Rapid Determination of Corrosiveness to Copper from Petroleum Products Using a Disposable Copper Foil Strip
Effective Date
10-Nov-2002
Referred By
ASTM D8181-19 - Standard Specification for Microemulsion Blendstock for Preparing Microemulsion Test Fuel Oils
Effective Date
10-Nov-2002
Referred By
ASTM D445-21e2 - Standard Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)
Effective Date
10-Nov-2002
Referred By
ASTM D6217-21 - Standard Test Method for Particulate Contamination in Middle Distillate Fuels by Laboratory Filtration<rangeref></rangeref >
Effective Date
10-Nov-2002
Referred By
ASTM D7548-22 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Accelerated Iron Corrosion in Petroleum Products
Effective Date
10-Nov-2002
Referred By
ASTM D7619-22 - Standard Test Method for Sizing and Counting Particles in Light and Middle Distillate Fuels, by Automatic Particle Counter
Effective Date
10-Nov-2002
Referred By
ASTM D6426-22 - Standard Test Method for Determining Filterability of Middle Distillate Fuel Oils
Effective Date
10-Nov-2002

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ASTM D396-02a - Standard Specification for Fuel Oils
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
An American National Standard
Designation: D 396 – 02a
Standard Specification for
1
Fuel Oils
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 396; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
1.1 This specification (Note 1) covers grades of fuel oil 2.1 ASTM Standards:
2
intended for use in various types of fuel-oil-burning equipment D 56 Test Method for Flash Point by Tag Closed Tester
under various climatic and operating conditions. These grades D 86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products at
2
are described as follows: Atmospheric Pressure
1.1.1 Grades 1, 1 Low Sulfur, 2, and 2 Low Sulfur are D 93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens
2
middle distillate fuels for use in domestic and small industrial Closed Cup Tester
burners. Grades 1 and 1 Low Sulfur are particularly adapted to D 95 Test Method for Water in Petroleum Products and
2
vaporizing type burners or where storage conditions require Bituminous Materials by Distillation
2
low pour point fuel. D 97 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products
1.1.2 Grades 4 (Light) and 4 are heavy distillate fuels or D 129 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Gen-
2
distillate/residual fuel blends used in commercial/industrial eral Bomb Method)
burners equipped for this viscosity range. D 130 Test Method for Detection of Copper Corrosion from
2
1.1.3 Grades 5 (Light), 5 (Heavy), and 6 are residual fuels of Petroleum Products by the Copper Strip Tarnish Test
increasing viscosity and boiling range, used in industrial D 445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent
2
burners. Preheating is usually required for handling and proper and Opaque Liquids
atomization. D 473 Test Method for Sediment in Crude Oils and Fuel
2
Oils by the Extraction Method
NOTE 1—For information on the significance of the terminology and
2
D 482 Test Method for Ash from Petroleum Products
test methods used in this specification, see Appendix X1.
D 524 Test Method for Ramsbottom Carbon Residue of
NOTE 2—A more detailed description of the grades of fuel oils is given
2
Petroleum Products
in X1.3.
2
D 975 Specification for Diesel Fuel Oils
1.2 This specification is for the use of purchasing agencies
D 1266 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products
in formulating specifications to be included in contracts for
2
(Lamp Method)
purchases of fuel oils and for the guidance of consumers of fuel
D 1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density (Specific
oils in the selection of the grades most suitable for their needs.
Gravity), or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid
1.3 Nothing in this specification shall preclude observance
2
Petroleum Products by Hydrometer Method
of federal, state, or local regulations which can be more
D 1552 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products
restrictive.
2
(High-Temperature Method)
1.4 All values are stated in SI units and are regarded as
D 2500 Test Method for Cloud Point of Petroleum Prod-
standard.
2
ucts
NOTE 3—The generation and dissipation of static electricity can create
D 2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by
problems in the handling of distillate burner fuel oils. For more informa-
Wavelength Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrom-
tion on the subject, see Guide D 4865.
2
etry
D 2709 Test Method for Water and Sediment in Middle
2
Distillate Fuels by Centrifuge
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.E0.01 on Burner Fuels.
Current edition approved Nov. 10, 2002. Published November 2002. Originally
2
published as D 396–34T. Last previous edition D 396–02. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.01.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D 396 – 02a
D 3245 Test Method for Pumpability of Industrial Fuel 5. Test Methods
3
Oils
5.1 The requirements enumerated in this specification shall
D 3828 Test Methods for Flash Point by Small Scale Closed be determined in accordance with the following ASTM test
3 7
Tester methods, except as may be required under 5.1.1.
5.1.1 Flash Point—Test Method D 93 (Procedure A) for
D 4052 Test Method for Density and Relative Density of
3
Grades No. 1, No. 1 Low Sulfur, No. 2, No. 2 Low Sulfur, and
Liquids by Digital Density Meter
No. 4 (Light), and Test Method D 93 (Procedure B) for Grades
D 4057 Practice
...

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5.1 Some acids can be present in aviation turbine fuels due either to the acid treatment during the refining process or to naturally occurring organic acids. Significant acid contamination is not likely to be present because of the many check tests made during the various stages of refining. However, trace amounts of acid can be present and are undesirable because of the consequent tendencies of the fuel to corrode metals that it contacts or to impair the water separation characteristics of the aviation turbine fuel.  
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5.1 Wear due to excessive friction resulting in shortened life of engine components such as fuel pumps and fuel controls has sometimes been ascribed to lack of lubricity in an aviation fuel.  
5.2 The relationship of test results to aviation fuel system component distress due to wear has been demonstrated for some fuel/hardware combinations where boundary lubrication is a factor in the operation of the component.  
5.3 The wear scar generated in the ball-on-cylinder lubricity evaluator (BOCLE) test is sensitive to contamination of the fluids and test materials, the presence of oxygen and water in the atmosphere, and the temperature of the test. Lubricity measurements are also sensitive to trace materials acquired during sampling and storage. Containers specified in Practice D4306 shall be used.  
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1.1 This test method covers assessment of the wear aspects of the boundary lubrication properties of aviation turbine fuels on rubbing steel surfaces.  
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1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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ASTM D7398-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Boiling Range Distribution of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) in the Boiling Range from 100 °C to 615 °C by Gas Chromatography

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5.1 The boiling range distribution of FAMES provides an insight into the composition of product related to the transesterification process. This gas chromatographic determination of boiling range can be used to replace conventional distillation methods for product specification testing with the mutual agreement of interested parties.  
5.2 Biodiesel (FAMES) exhibits a boiling point rather than a distillation curve. The fatty acid chains in the raw oils and fats from which biodiesel is produced are mainly comprised of straight chain hydrocarbons with 16 to 18 carbons that have similar boiling temperatures. The atmospheric boiling point of biodiesel generally ranges from 330 °C to 357 °C. The Specification D6751 value of 360 °C max at 90 % off by Test Method D1160 was incorporated as a precaution to ensure the fuel has not been adulterated with high boiling contaminants.
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the boiling range distribution of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). This test method is applicable to FAMES (biodiesel, B100) having an initial boiling point greater than 100 °C and a final boiling point less than 615 °C at atmospheric pressure as measured by this test method.  
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1.5 This test method uses the principles of simulated distillation methodology. See Test Methods D2887, D6352, and D7213.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D7484-23a(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Automotive Engine Oils for Valve-Train Wear Performance in Cummins ISB Medium-Duty Diesel Engine

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method was developed to assess the performance of a heavy-duty engine oil in controlling engine wear under operating conditions selected to accelerate soot production and valve-train wear in a turbocharged and aftercooled four-cycle diesel engine with sliding tappet followers equipped with exhaust gas recirculation hardware.  
5.2 The design of the engine used in this test method is representative of many, but not all, modern diesel engines. This factor, along with the accelerated operating conditions, shall be considered when extrapolating test results.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method, commonly referred to as the Cummins ISB Test, covers the utilization of a modern, 5.9 L, diesel engine equipped with exhaust gas recirculation and is used to evaluate oil performance with regard to valve-train wear.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.2.1 Exceptions—SI units are provided for all parameters except where there is no direct equivalent such as the units for screw threads, National Pipe Threads/diameters, tubing size, or where there is a sole source of supply equipment specification.  
1.2.2 See also A7.1 for clarification; it does not supersede 1.2 and 1.2.1.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Annex A1 for general safety precautions.  
1.4 Table of Contents:    
Section  
Scope  
1  
Referenced Documents  
2  
Terminology  
3  
Summary of Test Method  
4  
Significance and Use  
5  
Apparatus  
6  
Engine Fluids and Cleaning Solvents  
7  
Preparation of Apparatus  
8  
Engine/Stand Calibration and Non-Reference Oil Tests  
9  
Test Procedure  
10  
Calculations, Ratings, and Test Validity  
11  
Report  
12  
Precision and Bias  
13  
Annexes  
Safety Precautions  
Annex A1  
Intake Air Aftercooler  
Annex A2  
The Cummins ISB Engine Build Parts Kit  
Annex A3  
Sensor Locations and Special Hardware  
Annex A4  
External Oil System  
Annex A5  
Cummins Service Publications  
Annex A6  
Specified Units and Formats  
Annex A7  
Oil Analyses  
Annex A8  
Alternate Fuel Approval Process  
Annex A9  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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