ASTM D3171-09
(Test Method)Standard Test Methods for Constituent Content of Composite Materials
Standard Test Methods for Constituent Content of Composite Materials
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
A constituent content of a composite material must be known in order to analytically model the material properties (mechanical, physical, thermal, or electrical) of the composite which are affected by the reinforcement or matrix. Also, knowledge of the constituent content is required for evaluation of the quality of a fabricated material and the processes used during fabrication.
The void volume of a composite material may significantly affect some of its mechanical properties. Higher void volumes usually mean lower fatigue resistance, greater susceptibility to moisture penetration and weathering, and increased variation or scatter in strength properties. Knowledge of the void volume of a composite material is desirable as an indication of the quality of a composite.
Reinforcement content may be used to normalize mechanical properties affected by amount of reinforcement in the coupon.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods determine the constituent content of composite materials by one of two approaches. Method I physically removes the matrix by digestion or ignition by one of seven procedures, leaving the reinforcement essentially unaffected and thus allowing calculation of reinforcement or matrix content (by weight or volume) as well as percent void volume. Method II, applicable only to laminate materials of known fiber areal weight, calculates reinforcement or matrix content (by weight or volume), and the cured ply thickness, based on the measured thickness of the laminate. Method II is not applicable to the measurement of void volume.
1.1.1 These test methods are primarily intended for two-part composite material systems. However, special provisions can be made to extend these test methods to filled material systems with more than two constituents, though not all test results can be determined in every case.
1.1.2 The procedures contained within have been designed to be particularly effective for certain classes of polymer or metal matrices. The suggested applications are discussed in Section 4, as well as at the start of each procedure.
1.1.3 Method I assumes that the reinforcement is essentially unaffected by the digestion or ignition medium. A procedure for correction of the results for minor changes in the reinforcement is included. Procedures A through F are based on chemical removal of the matrix while Procedure G removes the matrix by igniting the matrix in a furnace.
1.1.4 Method II assumes that the fiber areal weight of the reinforcement material form is known or controlled to an acceptable tolerance. The presence of voids is not measured. Eq 9 and 10 assume zero void content to perform the calculation.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Section 9 for additional information.
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Designation:D3171–09
Standard Test Methods for
1
Constituent Content of Composite Materials
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3171; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
1.1 These test methods determine the constituent content of
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Section 9 for
composite materials by one of two approaches. Method I
additional information.
physically removes the matrix by digestion or ignition by one
of seven procedures, leaving the reinforcement essentially
2. Referenced Documents
unaffected and thus allowing calculation of reinforcement or
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
matrix content (by weight or volume) as well as percent void
D792 Test Methods for Density and Specific Gravity (Rela-
volume. Method II, applicable only to laminate materials of
tive Density) of Plastics by Displacement
known fiber areal weight, calculates reinforcement or matrix
D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
content (by weight or volume), and the cured ply thickness,
D1505 Test Method for Density of Plastics by the Density-
based on the measured thickness of the laminate. Method II is
Gradient Technique
not applicable to the measurement of void volume.
D3878 Terminology for Composite Materials
1.1.1 Thesetestmethodsareprimarilyintendedfortwo-part
D5229/D5229M Test Method for Moisture Absorption
composite material systems. However, special provisions can
Properties and Equilibrium Conditioning of Polymer Ma-
be made to extend these test methods to filled material systems
trix Composite Materials
with more than two constituents, though not all test results can
E12 Terminology Relating to Density and Specific Gravity
be determined in every case.
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of Solids, Liquids, and Gases
1.1.2 The procedures contained within have been designed
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
to be particularly effective for certain classes of polymer or
ASTM Test Methods
metal matrices. The suggested applications are discussed in
E1309 Guide for Identification of Fiber-Reinforced
Section 4, as well as at the start of each procedure.
Polymer-Matrix Composite Materials in Databases
1.1.3 Method I assumes that the reinforcement is essentially
unaffected by the digestion or ignition medium. A procedure
3. Terminology
for correction of the results for minor changes in the reinforce-
3.1 Definitions—Terminology D3878 defines terms relating
ment is included. Procedures A through F are based on
to composite materials. Terminology D883 defines terms
chemicalremovalofthematrixwhileProcedureGremovesthe
relating to plastics. Terminology E12 defines terms relating to
matrix by igniting the matrix in a furnace.
specific gravity. Practice E177 defines terms relating to statis-
1.1.4 Method II assumes that the fiber areal weight of the
tics. In the event of a conflict between terms, Terminology
reinforcement material form is known or controlled to an
D3878 shall have precedence over other documents.
acceptable tolerance. The presence of voids is not measured.
3.1.1 fiber content, n—the amount of fiber present in a
Eq 9 and 10 assume zero void content to perform the
composite or prepreg expressed either as percent by weight or
calculation.
percent by volume.This is sometimes stated as a fraction. If no
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
fillers exist, this is equivalent to reinforcement content.
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
D3878
standard.
3.1.2 matrix content, n—the amount of matrix present in a
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
composite or prepreg expressed either as percent by weight or
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
percentbyvolume.Forpolymermatrixcompositesthisisresin
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These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D30 on
2
Composite Materials and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D30.04 on For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Lamina and Laminate Test Methods. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Current edition approved April 1, 2009. Published May 2009. Originally Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
approved in 1973. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as D3171 – 06. DOI: the ASTM website.
3
10.1520/D3171-09. Withdrawn.
Copyright © ASTM I
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D3171–06 Designation:D3171–09
Standard Test Methods for
1
Constituent Content of Composite Materials
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3171; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope
1.1 These test methods determine the constituent content of composite materials by one of two approaches. Method I physically
removes the matrix by digestion or ignition by one of seven procedures, leaving the reinforcement essentially unaffected and thus
allowing calculation of reinforcement or matrix content (by weight or volume) as well as percent void volume. Method II,
applicable only to laminate materials of known fiber areal weight, calculates reinforcement or matrix content (by weight or
volume), and the cured ply thickness, based on the measured thickness of the laminate. Method II is not applicable to the
measurement of void volume.
1.1.1 These test methods are primarily intended for two-part composite material systems. However, special provisions can be
made to extend these test methods to filled material systems with more than two constituents, though not all test results can be
determined in every case.
1.1.2 The procedures contained within have been designed to be particularly effective for certain classes of polymer or metal
matrices. The suggested applications are discussed in Section 4, as well as at the start of each procedure.
1.1.3 Method I assumes that the reinforcement is essentially unaffected by the digestion or ignition medium. A procedure for
correctionoftheresultsforminorchangesinthereinforcementisincluded.ProceduresAthroughFarebasedonchemicalremoval
of the matrix while Procedure G removes the matrix by igniting the matrix in a furnace.
1.1.4 Method II assumes that the fiber areal weight of the reinforcement material form is known or controlled to an acceptable
tolerance. The presence of voids is not measured. Eq 9 and 10 assume zero void content to perform the calculation.
1.2The SI units shown are considered standard.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use. See Section 9 for additional information.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D 792 Test Methods for Density and Specific Gravity (Relative Density) of Plastics by Displacement
D 883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
D 1505 Test Method for Density of Plastics by the Density-Gradient Technique
D 3878 Terminology for Composite Materials
D 5229/D 5229M TestMethodforMoistureAbsorptionPropertiesandEquilibriumConditioningofPolymerMatrixComposite
Materials
3
E12 Terminology Relating to Density and Specific Gravity of Solids, Liquids, and Gases
E 177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test Methods
E 1309 Guide for Identification of Fiber-Reinforced Polymer-Matrix Composite Materials in Databases
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—Terminology D 3878 defines terms relating to composite materials. Terminology D 883 defines terms relating
to plastics. Terminology E 12 defines terms relating to specific gravity. Practice E 177 defines terms relating to statistics. In the
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D30 on Composite Materials and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D30.04 on Lamina
and Laminate Test Methods.
Current edition approved April 1, 2006.2009. Published April 2006.May 2009. Originally approved in 1973. Last previous edition approved in 20042006 as D3171–99
(2004).D 3171 – 06.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Withdrawn.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
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D3171–09
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