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ASTM D7948-20

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Measurement of Respirable Crystalline Silica in Workplace Air by Infrared Spectrometry

Standard Test Method for Measurement of Respirable Crystalline Silica in Workplace Air by Infrared Spectrometry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Respirable crystalline silica is a hazard to the health of workers in many industries who are at risk through exposure by inhalation. Industrial hygienists and other public health professionals need to determine the effectiveness of measures taken to control workers’ exposure, and this is generally achieved by taking workplace air measurements. This standard has been published in order to make available a method for making valid exposure measurements for crystalline silica exposures in industry. It will be of benefit to: agencies concerned with health and safety at work; industrial hygienists and other public health professionals; analytical laboratories; industrial users of silica-containing products and their workers, etc.  
5.2 This standard specifies a generic sampling and analytical method for measurement of the mass concentration of respirable crystalline silica in workplace air using infrared (IR) spectrometric methods. Several different types of sampling apparatus are used to collect respirable dust, according to the occupational hygiene sampling convention. This standard is designed to accommodate a variety of appropriate samplers and sampling materials that are commercially available.
SCOPE
1.1 This standard specifies a test method for collection and analysis of samples of airborne particulate matter for measurement of respirable crystalline silica by infrared (IR) spectrometry.  
1.2 This test method is applicable to the analysis of crystalline silica (the polymorphs quartz, cristobalite and tridymite) over a working range of 0.025 to 0.4 mg/m3 for a 400 L air sample or 0.02 to 0.25 mg/m3 for a 1000 L air sample, depending on the analytical method.  
1.3 The methodology is applicable to personal sampling of the respirable fraction of airborne particles and to static (area) sampling.  
1.4 This test method describes three different procedures for sample preparation and infrared analysis of airborne crystalline silica samples, which are delineated in Annex A1 – Annex A3, respectively: (1) a potassium bromide (KBr) disc IR measurement method, (2) indirect IR analysis after redeposition onto a filter used for measurement, and (3) direct on-filter IR analysis.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
29-Feb-2020
ICS
13.040.30 - Workplace atmospheres
Technical Committee
D22 - Air Quality
Drafting Committee
D22.04 - Workplace Air Quality
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Refers
ASTM D1356-20a - Standard Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheres
Effective Date
01-Sep-2020
Refers
ASTM D1356-20 - Standard Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheres
Effective Date
15-Mar-2020
Referred By
ASTM D8358-21 - Standard Guide for Assessment and Inclusion of Wall Deposits in the Analysis of Single-Stage Samplers for Airborne Particulate Matter
Effective Date
01-Mar-2020

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ASTM D7948-20 - Standard Test Method for Measurement of Respirable Crystalline Silica in Workplace Air by Infrared SpectrometryASTM D7948-20 - Standard Test Method for Measurement of Respirable Crystalline Silica in Workplace Air by Infrared Spectrometry
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ASTM D7948-20 - Standard Test Method for Measurement of Respirable Crystalline Silica in Workplace Air by Infrared Spectrometry
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Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D7948 − 20
Standard Test Method for
Measurement of Respirable Crystalline Silica in Workplace
1
Air by Infrared Spectrometry
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7948; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2
1.1 This standard specifies a test method for collection and
2.1 ASTM Standards:
analysis of samples of airborne particulate matter for measure-
D1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of
ment of respirable crystalline silica by infrared (IR) spectrom-
Atmospheres
etry.
D4532 Test Method for Respirable Dust in Workplace At-
mospheres Using Cyclone Samplers
1.2 This test method is applicable to the analysis of crystal-
D5337 Practice for Flow RateAdjustment of Personal Sam-
line silica (the polymorphs quartz, cristobalite and tridymite)
3
pling Pumps
over a working range of 0.025 to 0.4 mg/m for a 400 L air
3
D4840 Guide for Sample Chain-of-Custody Procedures
sample or 0.02 to 0.25 mg/m for a 1000 L air sample,
D6061 Practice for Evaluating the Performance of Respi-
depending on the analytical method.
rable Aerosol Samplers
1.3 The methodology is applicable to personal sampling of
E1370 Guide for Air Sampling Strategies for Worker and
the respirable fraction of airborne particles and to static (area)
Workplace Protection
sampling.
3
2.2 ISO Standards:
1.4 This test method describes three different procedures for
ISO 7708 Air quality — Particle size fraction definitions for
samplepreparationandinfraredanalysisofairbornecrystalline
health-related sampling
silica samples, which are delineated in AnnexA1 – AnnexA3,
ISO 3534-1 Statistics — Vocabulary and symbols — Part 1:
respectively: (1) a potassium bromide (KBr) disc IR measure-
Probability and general statistical terms in metrology
ment method, (2) indirect IR analysis after redeposition onto a
ISO 13137 Workplace air — Pumps for personal sampling
filterusedformeasurement,and(3)directon-filterIRanalysis.
of chemical and biological agents — Requirements and
test methods
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
ISO 15767 Workplace atmospheres – Controlling and char-
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
acterizing errors in weighing collected aerosols
standard.
ISO/IEC 17025 General requirements for the competence of
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
testing and calibration laboratories
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
ISO 18158 Workplace air – Terminology
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
ISO 24095 Workplace air — Guidance for the measurement
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
of respirable crystalline silica
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-
3. Terminology
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
3.1 Definitions:
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this test method, refer
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical to Terminology D1356.
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. 3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
1 2
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22 on Air For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Quality and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.04 on Workplace Air contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Quality. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved March 1, 2020. Published May 2020. Originally the ASTM website.
ɛ1 3
approved in 2014. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as D7948 – 14 . DOI: Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
10.1520/D7948-20. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D7948 − 20
3.2.1 limit of quantification (LOQ), n—lowest reliable mass 5.2 This standard specifies a generic sampling and analyti-
ofcrystallinesilicathatisquantifiabletakingintoconsideration cal method for measurement of the mass concentration of
the matr
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´1
Designation: D7948 − 14 D7948 − 20
Standard Test Method for
Measurement of Respirable Crystalline Silica in Workplace
1
Air by Infrared Spectrometry
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7948; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1
ε NOTE—Editorial corrections made throughout in July 2016.
1. Scope
1.1 This standard specifies a test method for collection and analysis of samples of airborne particulate matter for measurement
of respirable crystalline silica by infrared (IR) spectrometry.
1.2 This test method is applicable to the analysis of crystalline silica (the polymorphs quartz, cristobalite and tridymite) over
3 3
a working range of 0.025 to 0.4 mg/m for a 400 L air sample or 0.02 to 0.25 mg/m for a 1000 L air sample, depending on the
analytical method.
1.3 The methodology is applicable to personal sampling of the respirable fraction of airborne particles and to static (area)
sampling.
1.4 This test method describes three different procedures for sample preparation and infrared analysis of airborne crystalline
silica samples, which are delineated in Annex A1 – Annex A3, respectively: (1) a potassium bromide (KBr) disc IR measurement
method, (2) indirect IR analysis after redeposition onto a filter used for measurement, and (3) direct on-filter IR analysis.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheres
D4532 Test Method for Respirable Dust in Workplace Atmospheres Using Cyclone Samplers
D5337 Practice for Flow Rate Adjustment of Personal Sampling Pumps
D4840 Guide for Sample Chain-of-Custody Procedures
D6061 Practice for Evaluating the Performance of Respirable Aerosol Samplers
E1370 Guide for Air Sampling Strategies for Worker and Workplace Protection
3
2.2 ISO Standards:
ISO 7708 Air quality — Particle size fraction definitions for health-related sampling
ISO 3534-1 Statistics — Vocabulary and symbols — Part 1: Probability and general statistical terms in metrology
ISO 6879 Air quality — Performance characteristics and related concepts for air quality measuring methods
ISO 13137 Workplace air — Pumps for personal sampling of chemical and biological agents — Requirements and test methods
ISO 15202-1 Workplace air — Determination of metals and metalloids in airborne particulate matter by inductively coupled
plasma atomic emission spectrometry — Part 1: Sampling
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22 on Air Quality and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.04 on Workplace Air Quality.
Current edition approved Oct. 15, 2014March 1, 2020. Published February 2015May 2020. Originally approved in 2014. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as D7948
ɛ1
– 14 . DOI: 10.1520/D7948-14E01.10.1520/D7948-20.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’sstandard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D7948 − 20
ISO 15767 Workplace atmospheres – Controlling and characterizing errors in weighing collected aerosols
ISO/IEC 17025 General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration labo
...

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SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers drying, homogenization, and ammonium bifluoride-nitric acid digestion of soil samples and associated quality control (QC) samples for the determination of metals and metalloids using laboratory atomic spectrometry analysis techniques such as inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS), and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS). For ammonium bifluoride-nitric acid digestion of airborne dust and dust-wipe samples for the determination of metals and metalloids, see Practice D8344.  
1.2 This practice is based on U.S. EPA SW 846, Test Method 3050, Test Method D7202, and Practice D8344.  
1.3 This practice contains notes that are explanatory and are not part of the mandatory requirements of this standard.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D8405-21(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Evaluating PM2.5 Sensors or Sensor Systems Used in Indoor Air Applications

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Poor indoor air quality has been implicated in significant adverse acute and chronic impacts on occupant health and performance. The ability to assess the components contributing to poor indoor air quality is critical for determining best practices for improving indoor air quality.  
5.2 Measurement of pollutants in indoor environments using sensors and sensor systems provides information needed to improve indoor air quality through pollutant source control, ventilation, filtration or other treatments.  
5.3 This method uses a test characterization chamber system equipped with reference monitor(s) to evaluate the response of test sensors or test sensor systems to specific types of particles (for example, salt, polystyrene latex, or dust). To facilitate reproducible results, the test particles used within this method are standardized and have known properties. The user is cautioned that a single particle type is not representative of all particles found indoors. The relative response of test sensors or test sensor systems to a reference monitor can vary by a factor of two for different particle types (for example, primary or secondary, organic or inorganic, outdoor or indoor origin; see 6.11.3 for further discussion). Furthermore, the user is cautioned that the lower limit of particle size detection for optical test sensors and test sensor systems is generally 0.3 μm in diameter; particles below this size are generally undetected and may represent a significant health concern as well.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method uses a chamber system to evaluate the performance of stationary PM2.5 sensors (sensors) and particle sensor systems (sensor systems) subjected to various test conditions, including temperature, relative humidity, PM2.5 concentration, and coarse PM interferent concentration.  
1.1.1 This test method covers sensors and sensor systems that can be continuously powered and continuously operated for the duration of any test described in this method through line power or an internal battery of sufficient output. This test method is not meant to evaluate sensors or sensor systems without these capabilities.  
1.1.2 This test method evaluates the performance of sensors and sensor systems that allow users to collect data in a systemic manner to assess the capabilities and limitations of these devices.  
1.1.3 This test method is not meant to evaluate sensors or sensor systems without data storage and recording capabilities.  
1.1.4 This test method is not intended to evaluate indoor air quality sensors and sensor systems for purposes of regulation of outdoor air, homeland security, law enforcement or forensic activity.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D7659-21(Guide)
Standard Guide for Strategies for Surface Sampling of Metals and Metalloids for Worker Protection

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide describes approaches which can be used to determine surface sampling strategies before any actual surface sampling occurs. The strategy selection process needs to consider a number of factors, including, but not limited to, purpose for sampling, fitness of the sampling strategy for that purpose, data quality objectives and how the data will be used, ability to execute the selected strategy, and ability of the analytical laboratory (fixed-site or in-field) to analyze the samples once they are collected.  
4.2 For the purposes of sampling, and for the materials sampled, surface sampling strategies are matters of choice. Workplace sampling may be performed for single or multiple purposes. Conflicts may arise when a single sampling strategy is expected to satisfy multiple purposes.  
4.2.1 Limitations of cost, space, power requirements, equipment, personnel, and analytical methods need to be considered to arrive at an optimum strategy for each purpose.  
4.2.2 A strategy intended to satisfy multiple purposes will typically be a compromise among several alternatives, and will typically not be optimal for any one purpose.  
4.2.3 The purpose or purposes for sampling should be explicitly stated before a sampling strategy is selected. Good practice, regulatory and legal requirements, cost of the sampling program, and the usefulness of the results may be markedly different for different purposes of sampling.  
4.3 This guide is intended for those who are preparing to evaluate a workplace environment by collecting samples of metals or metalloids on surfaces, or who wish to obtain an understanding of what information can be obtained by such sampling.  
4.4 This guide cannot take the place of sound professional judgment in development and execution of any sampling strategy. In most instances, a strategy based on a standard practice or method will need to be adjusted due to conditions encountered in the field. Documentation of any professional judgments appl...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides criteria to be used in defining strategies for sampling for metals and metalloids on surfaces for workplace health and safety monitoring or evaluation.  
1.2 Guidance provided by this standard is intended for sampling of metals and metalloids on surfaces for subsequent analysis using methods such as atomic spectrometry, mass spectrometry, X-ray fluorescence, or molecular fluorescence. Guidance for evaluation of data after sample analysis is included.  
1.3 Sampling for volatile organometallic species (for example, trimethyl tin) is not within the scope of this guide.  
1.4 Sampling to determine levels of metals or metalloids on the skin is not within the scope of this guide.  
1.5 Sampling for airborne particulate matter is not within the scope of this guide. Guide E1370 provides information on air sampling strategies.  
1.6 Where surface sampling is prescribed by law or regulation, this guide is not intended to take the place of any requirements that may be specified in such law or regulation.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D4766-21(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Vinyl Chloride in Workplace Atmospheres (Charcoal Tube Method)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) is the starting material for the manufacture of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), which is used extensively in construction, electronics, packaging, and other industries. The vinyl chloride gas can escape during manufacturing, transportation, and polymerization stages. Residual monomer can also escape during subsequent fabrication processes.  
5.2 Vinyl chloride is a toxic and explosive hazardous material.  
5.3 Vinyl chloride is suspected to be a carcinogenic agent (4), and occupational exposure limits (OELs) have been established for this agent. For instance, the present U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) permissible exposure limit (PEL) for VCM is 1.0 ppm (v) with a 0.5-ppm (v) action level; the maximum length of operator exposure at 5 ppm (v) is 15 min (5).  
5.4 This test method is made selective for vinyl chloride by choosing chromatographic columns that will separate vinyl chloride from other organic compounds in the sample.  
5.5 This test method meets requirements (for example, those of OSHA and NIOSH) for monitoring workplace atmospheres in vinyl chloride and poly(vinyl chloride) production and fabrication processes.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the determination of vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) in workplace atmospheres using a modified charcoal tube method (see Practice D3686).  
1.2 This procedure is compatible with low-flow rate personal sampling equipment. It can be used for personal or stationary monitoring. It cannot be used to determine instantaneous fluctuations in concentration to detect maximum values. Alternative on-site procedures, such as gas chromatography or infrared spectrometry, are required to measure fast-changing concentrations.  
1.3 The range of this test method is from the limit of quantitation approximately 0.03 to 100 ppm (v).  
1.4 The sampling method provides a time-weighted average sample.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For more specific precautionary statements, see Section 9, 10.2.3, and 11.1.3.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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