ASTM D1356-05(2010)
(Terminology)Standard Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheres
Standard Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheres
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Standards Content (Sample)
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Designation: D1356 − 05(Reapproved 2010)
Standard Terminology Relating to
Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheres
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1356; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D4023Terminology Relating to Humidity Measurements
(Withdrawn 2002)
1.1 This terminology is a collective vocabulary relating to
D4096Test Method for Determination of Total Suspended
sampling and analysis of atmospheres. As a convenience to
ParticulateMatterintheAtmosphere(High–VolumeSam-
general interest, it contains most of the standard terms,
pler Method)
definitions, and nomenclature under the jurisdiction of Com-
D4240Test Method forAirborneAsbestos Concentration in
mittee D22. 3
Workplace Atmosphere (Withdrawn 1995)
D4298Guide for Intercomparing Permeation Tubes to Es-
1.2 Manyoftheentriesinthisterminologyarecopied(with
tablish Traceability
attribution) from the standards of origin referenced in Section
D5011Practices for Calibration of Ozone Monitors Using
2. The standards of origin are noted in bold type at the right
Transfer Standards
margin of the applicable definition.
D5015Test Method for pH ofAtmospheric Wet Deposition
1.3 Certain terms in the common language that comprise
Samples by Electrometric Determination
multiple concepts are included herein with the definition
D5096Test Method for Determining the Performance of a
specific to standards and practices of Committee D22.
Cup Anemometer or Propeller Anemometer
D5111Guide for Choosing Locations and Sampling Meth-
2. Referenced Documents
ods to Monitor Atmospheric Deposition at Non-Urban
2 Locations
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D5366Test Method for Determining the Dynamic Perfor-
D1357Practice for Planning the Sampling of the Ambient
mance of a Wind Vane
Atmosphere
D5438Practice for Collection of Floor Dust for Chemical
D3249Practice for General Ambient Air Analyzer Proce-
Analysis
dures
D5466Test Method for Determination of Volatile Organic
D3614Guide for Laboratories Engaged in Sampling and
Chemicals inAtmospheres (Canister Sampling Methodol-
Analysis of Atmospheres and Emissions
ogy)
D3631Test Methods for Measuring Surface Atmospheric
D5527Practices for Measuring Surface Wind and Tempera-
Pressure
ture by Acoustic Means
D3670Guide for Determination of Precision and Bias of
D6196Practice for Selection of Sorbents, Sampling, and
Methods of Committee D22
Thermal Desorption Analysis Procedures for Volatile Or-
D3686Practice for Sampling Atmospheres to Collect Or-
ganic Compounds in Air
ganic Compound Vapors (Activated Charcoal Tube Ad-
E104Practice for Maintaining Constant Relative Humidity
sorption Method)
by Means of Aqueous Solutions
D3687Practice for Analysis of Organic Compound Vapors
Collected by the Activated Charcoal Tube Adsorption
3. Terminology
Method
absolute temperature—See temperature.
absolute filter—See filter.
absorbance, n—the logarithm to the base of 10 of the
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22 on Air
reciprocal of transmittance.
QualityandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeD22.01onQualityControl.
Current edition approved April 1, 2010. Published June 2010. Originally
absorbate, n—material that has been retained by the process
approved in 1955. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as D1356-05. DOI:
of absorption.
10.1520/D1356-05R10.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
the ASTM website. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D1356 − 05 (2010)
absorbent, n—material in which absorption occurs. analyzer, n—theinstrumentalequipmentnecessarytoperform
automaticanalysisofambientairthroughtheuseofphysical
absorption, n—a process in which one material (the absor-
and chemical properties and giving either cyclic or continu-
bent) takes up and retains another (the absorbate) with the
ous output signal. D3249
formation of an homogeneous mixture having the attributes
analyzer system, n—all sampling, analyzing, and readout
of a solution.
instrumentation required to perform ambient air quality analy-
DISCUSSION—Chemical reaction may accompany or follow absorp-
sis automatically. D3249
tion.
full scale, n—the maximum measuring limit for a given
acceptance angle (6α, deg), n—the angular distance, cen-
range of an analyzer. D3249
tered on the array axis of symmetry, over which the
lagtime,n—thetimeintervalfromastepchangeintheinput
following conditions are met: (a) wind components are
concentration at the analyzer inlet to the first corresponding
unambiguously defined, and (b) flow across the transducers
change in the analyzer signal readout. D3249
is unobstructed or remains within the angular range for
which transducer shadow corrections are defined. D5527
linearity, n—the maximum deviation between an actual
analyzer reading and the reading predicted by a straight line
accrediting authority, n—a body that evaluates the capability
drawn between upper and lower calibration points.
of a testing agency or an inspection agency, or both, in
DISCUSSION—Thisdeviationisexpressedasapercentageoffullscale.
certain specific fields of activity. D3614
D3249
accretion, n—a phenomenon consisting of the increase in size
minimumdetectionlimit,n—thesmallestinputconcentration
of particles by the process of external additions.
that can be determined as the concentration approaches zero.
D3249
accuracy,n—thedegreeofconformityofavaluegeneratedby
noise, n—random deviations from a mean output not caused
a specific procedure to the assumed or accepted true value
by sample concentration changes. D3249
and includes both precision and bias. D3670
open path analyzer, n—an analytical system that measures
acoustic pathlength (d, (m)), n—the physical distance be-
the average atmospheric or emission compound concentration
tween transducer transmitter-receiver pairs. D5527
along one or more monitoring paths open to the atmosphere.
activated charcoal, n—activated charcoal refers to properly See monitoring path.
conditioned coconut-shell charcoal. D3686
operating humidity range of analyzer, n—the range of
ambientrelativehumidityofairsurroundingtheanalyzer,over
adsorbate, n—material that has been retained by the process
which the analyzer will meet all performance specifications.
of adsorption.
D3249
adsorbent, n—solid material on the surface of which adsorp-
operating temperature range of analyzer, n—the range of
tion takes place.
ambient temperatures of air surrounding the analyzer, over
which the monitor will meet all performance specifications.
adsorption, n—a physical process in which molecules of gas,
D3249
ofdissolvedsubstances,orofliquids,adhereinanextremely
operational period, n—the period of time over which the
thinlayertothesurfacesofsolidbodieswithwhichtheyare
in contact. analyzer can be expected to operate unattended within
specifications. D3249
aerosol, n—a dispersion of solid or liquid particles in a
output, n—a signal that is related to the measurement, and
gaseous medium.
intendedforconnectiontoareadoutordataacquisitiondevice.
agency, n—an organization or part of an organization engaged DISCUSSION—Usually this is an electrical signal expressed as milli-
volts or milliamperes full scale at a given impedance. D3249
in the activities of testing or inspection, or both. D3614
range, n—the concentration region between the minimum
agglomeration,n—aprocessofcontactandadhesionwhereby
and maximum measurable limits. D3249
the particles of a dispersion form clusters of increasing size.
readout instrumentation, n—output meters, recorder, or data
air at normal conditions (standard air), n—air at 50%
acquisition system for monitoring analytical results. D3249
relative humidity, 25°C and 101.3 kPa (77°F and 760 mm
response time, n—thetimeintervalfromastepchangeinthe
Hg). See also atmosphere.
inputconcentrationattheanalyzerinlettoanoutputreadingof
air pollution, n—the presence of unwanted material in the air. 90% of the ultimate reading. D3249
DISCUSSION—The term unwanted material here refers to material in
rise time, n—response time minus lag time. D3249
sufficient concentrations, present for a sufficient time, and under
sample system, n—equipment necessary to provide the
circumstancestointerferesignificantlywithcomfort,health,orwelfare
analyzer with a continuous representative sample. D3249
of persons, or with the full use and enjoyment of property.
span drift, n—the change in analyzer output over a stated
aliquot, n—a representative portion of the whole that can be
time period, usually 24 h of unadjusted continuous operation,
expressed as the inverse of an integer.
when the input concentration is at a constant, stated upscale
ambient, adj—surrounding on all sides. value.
D1356 − 05 (2010)
DISCUSSION—Span drift is usually expressed as a percentage change
cloud, n—any collection of particulate matter in the atmo-
of full scale over a 24-h operational period. D3249
sphere dense enough to be perceptible to the eye, especially
a collection of water drops.
zero drift, n—the change in analyzer output over a stated
timeperiodofunadjustedcontinuousoperationwhentheinput
cloud water, n—an aggregate of condensed water vapor or
concentrationiszero;usuallyexpressedasapercentagechange
ice crystals that are suspended in the atmosphere.
of full scale over a 24-h operational period.
DISCUSSION—Cloud water droplet sizes are typically less than those
See also point analyzer. D3249
ofprecipitation,measuringbetween1and100µmindiameter. D5111
analyzer system—See analyzer.
cloud water—See cloud.
arrester, n—a term for an air cleaning device.
coalescence, n—a process by which the particles of a disper-
sion combine into one body.
aspirated psychrometer—See psychrometer.
aspirator, n—any apparatus such as a squeeze bulb, fan,
collaborative test, n—an interlaboratory study of a test
pump, or venturi that produces a movement of a fluid by
method wherein the participants analyze or make measure-
suction.
ments on subsamples of the same test material.
DISCUSSION—If the test method includes the sampling of
atmosphere, n—the gaseous envelope which surrounds the
atmospheres, the participants should sample the same test atmosphere,
earthandincludesambientair,indoorair,andworkplaceair.
as possible. D3670
See also air at normal conditions.
collection effıciency—See efficiency.
synthetic atmosphere, n—aspecificgaseousmasscontaining
collector, n—a device for removing and retaining contami-
anynumberofconstituentsandinanyproportionproducedfor
nants from air or other gases.
a special purpose.
DISCUSSION—Usually this term is applied to cleaning devices in
backdrafting, n—the reversal of the normal (upward) direc- exhaust systems.
tion of air flow in a vent for a vented combustion appliance
colorimeter, n—an instrument used for color measurement
(boiler, fireplace, furnace, or water heater), when the vented
based on optical comparison with standard colors.
appliance is operating.
combustion system downdrafting, n—the reversal of the
bias, n—a systematic (nonrandom) deviation of the method
ordinary (upward) direction of air flow in a combustion
averagevalueorthemeasuredvaluefromanacceptedvalue.
system when vented combustion appliances are not operat-
D3670
ing.
laboratory bias, n—systematic differences between the true
DISCUSSION—The term “cold backdrafting” is used synonymously
value and a value reported by a laboratory due to errors of
with combustion system downdrafting.
application such as losses, contamination, miscalibration, and
combustion system spillage,n—entryofcombustionproducts
faulty manipulations, for example. D3670
into a building, caused by backdrafting, vent blockage, or a
method bias, n—systematic departures of the limiting mean
leaky heat exchanger.
from the true value of the parameter measured caused by
concentration, n—the quantity of a substance contained in a
physical or chemical phenomena inherent in the methodology.
total unit quantity of sample.
D3670
mass concentration, n—concentration expressed in terms of
breathing zone, n—that location in the atmosphere at which
mass of substance per unit volume of gas or liquid.
persons breathe.
ppb(v), n—aunitofmeasureoftheconcentrationofgasesin
bubbler, n—a sampling device consisting of a gas disperser
air expressed as parts of the gas per billion (10 ) parts of the
immersed in an absorbing liquid.
air-gas mixture, both by volume.
fritted bubbler, n—a bubbler having a frit as the gas
ppm(v),n—aunitofmeasureoftheconcentrationofgasesin
disperser.
air expressed as parts of the gas per million parts of the air-gas
mixture, both by volume.
candidate method, n—an analytical method or measurement
process being considered for standardization.
vapor concentration, n—concentrationexpressedintermsof
DISCUSSION—Amethod is a candidate until completion of all phases
gaseous volume of substance per unit volume of air or other
oftheconsensusprocessspecifiedbyASTMregulationsforaproposal,
gas usually expressed in percent or parts per million by
an emergency standard, or a standard. D3670
volume. See also absolute humidity.
cascade impactor—See impactor.
volume concentration, n—concentration expressed in terms
carpet-embedded dust—See dust.
ofgaseousvolumeofsubstanceperunitvolumeofairorother
chemisorption, n—adsorption, especially when irreversible,
gas usually expressed in percent or parts per million.
bymeansofchemicalforcesincontrastwithphysicalforces.
condensate, n—liquid or solid matter formed by condensation
chimney effect, n—a phenomenon consisting of a vertical
from the vapor phase.
movement of a localized mass of air or other gases due to
DISCUSSION—In sampling, the term is applied to the components of
temperature differences. an atmosphere which have been isolated by simple cooling.
D1356 − 05 (2010)
condensation, n—the process of converting a material in the dew-/frost-point hygrometer—See hygrometer.
gaseous phase to a liquid or solid state by decreasing dew-point temperature—See temperature.
temperature or by increasing pressure, or both. dew probe—See dew cell.
DISCUSSION—Usually in air sampling only cooling is used.
diffusion, molecular—See molecular diffusion.
dispersion, n—the most general term for
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