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ASTM D7439-21

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Determination of Elements in Airborne Particulate Matter by Inductively Coupled Plasma–Mass Spectrometry

Standard Test Method for Determination of Elements in Airborne Particulate Matter by Inductively Coupled Plasma–Mass Spectrometry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The health of workers in many industries is at risk through exposure by inhalation to toxic metals and metalloids. Industrial hygienists and other public health professionals need to determine the effectiveness of measures taken to control workplace exposure. This is generally achieved by making workplace air measurements. This test method has been developed to make available a standard methodology for valid exposure measurements for a wide range of metals and metalloids that are used in industry. It will be of benefit to agencies concerned with health and safety at work; analytical laboratories; industrial hygienists and other public health professionals; industrial users of metals and metalloids and their workers; and other groups.  
5.2 This test method specifies a generic method for determination of the concentration of metals and metalloids in workplace air samples using ICP-MS. For many metals and metalloids, analysis by ICP-MS may be advantageous, when compared to methods such as ICP atomic emission spectrometry, due to its sensitivity and the presence of fewer spectral interferences.  
5.3 The analysis results can be used for the assessment of workplace exposures to metals and metalloids in workplace air.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method specifies a procedure for sample preparation and analysis of airborne particulate matter for the content of metals and metalloids in workplace air samples using inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). This test method can be used for other air samples provided the user ensures the validity of the test method (by ensuring that appropriate data quality objectives can be achieved).  
1.2 This test method assumes that samples will have been collected in accordance with Test Method D7035 with consideration of guidance regarding wall deposits provided in Guide D8358.  
1.3 This test method should be used by analysts experienced in the use of ICP-MS, the interpretation of spectral and matrix interferences and procedures for their correction.  
1.4 This test method specifies a number of alternative methods for preparing test solutions from samples of airborne particulate matter. One of the specified sample preparation methods is applicable to the measurement of soluble metal or metalloid compounds. Other specified methods are applicable to the measurement of total metals and metalloids.  
1.5 It is the user's responsibility to ensure the validity of this test method for samples collected from untested matrices.  
1.6 Table 1 provides a non-exclusive list of metals and metalloids for which one or more of the sample dissolution methods specified in this document is applicable.  
1.7 This test method is not applicable to compounds of metals and metalloids that are present in the gaseous or vapor state.  
1.8 Table 3 provides examples of instrumental detection limits (IDL) that can be achieved with this test method. Table 5 provides examples of method detection limits (MDL) that can be achieved.  
1.9 No detailed operating instructions are provided because of differences among various makes and models of suitable ICP-MS instruments. Instead, the analyst shall follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer of the particular instrument. This test method does not address comparative accuracy of different devices or the precision between instruments of the same make and model.  
1.10 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.11 This test method contains notes that are explanatory and are not part of the mandatory requirements of the method.  
1.12 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.13 Th...

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
31-Aug-2021
ICS
13.040.30 - Workplace atmospheres
Technical Committee
D22 - Air Quality
Drafting Committee
D22.04 - Workplace Air Quality
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Refers
ASTM D1356-20a - Standard Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheres
Effective Date
01-Sep-2020
Refers
ASTM D1356-20 - Standard Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheres
Effective Date
15-Mar-2020

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ASTM D7439-21 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Elements in Airborne Particulate Matter by Inductively Coupled Plasma–Mass SpectrometryASTM D7439-21 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Elements in Airborne Particulate Matter by Inductively Coupled Plasma–Mass Spectrometry
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Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D7439 − 21
Standard Test Method for
Determination of Elements in Airborne Particulate Matter by
1
Inductively Coupled Plasma–Mass Spectrometry
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7439; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.9 No detailed operating instructions are provided because
of differences among various makes and models of suitable
1.1 This test method specifies a procedure for sample
ICP-MS instruments. Instead, the analyst shall follow the
preparation and analysis of airborne particulate matter for the
instructions provided by the manufacturer of the particular
content of metals and metalloids in workplace air samples
instrument. This test method does not address comparative
using inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP-
accuracy of different devices or the precision between instru-
MS). This test method can be used for other air samples
ments of the same make and model.
provided the user ensures the validity of the test method (by
ensuring that appropriate data quality objectives can be 1.10 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
achieved). standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
standard.
1.2 This test method assumes that samples will have been
collected in accordance with Test Method D7035 with consid- 1.11 This test method contains notes that are explanatory
eration of guidance regarding wall deposits provided in Guide and are not part of the mandatory requirements of the method.
D8358.
1.12 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1.3 Thistestmethodshouldbeusedbyanalystsexperienced
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
in the use of ICP-MS, the interpretation of spectral and matrix
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
interferences and procedures for their correction.
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This test method specifies a number of alternative
1.13 This international standard was developed in accor-
methods for preparing test solutions from samples of airborne
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
particulate matter. One of the specified sample preparation
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
methods is applicable to the measurement of soluble metal or
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
metalloid compounds. Other specified methods are applicable
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
to the measurement of total metals and metalloids.
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1.5 Itistheuser’sresponsibilitytoensurethevalidityofthis
test method for samples collected from untested matrices.
2. Referenced Documents
2
1.6 Table 1 provides a non-exclusive list of metals and
2.1 ASTM Standards:
metalloids for which one or more of the sample dissolution
D1193Specification for Reagent Water
methods specified in this document is applicable.
D1356Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of
Atmospheres
1.7 This test method is not applicable to compounds of
D4185Test Method for Measurement of Metals in Work-
metals and metalloids that are present in the gaseous or vapor
placeAtmospheres by FlameAtomicAbsorption Spectro-
state.
photometry
1.8 Table 3 provides examples of instrumental detection
D4840Guide for Sample Chain-of-Custody Procedures
limits (IDL) that can be achieved with this test method. Table
D5011Practices for Calibration of Ozone Monitors Using
5 provides examples of method detection limits (MDL) that
Transfer Standards
can be achieved.
D6785TestMethodforDeterminationofLeadinWorkplace
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22 on Air
Quality and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.04 on WorkplaceAir
2
Quality. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2021. Published October 2021. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 2008. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as D7439–14. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/D7439-21. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 --
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D7439 − 14 D7439 − 21
Standard Test Method for
Determination of Elements in Airborne Particulate Matter by
1
Inductively Coupled Plasma–Mass Spectrometry
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7439; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This standard test method specifies a procedure for sample preparation and analysis of airborne particulate matter for the
content of metals and metalloids in workplace air samples using inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). This
test method can be used for other air samples provided the user ensures the validity of the test method (by ensuring that appropriate
data quality objectives can be achieved).
1.2 This standard test method assumes that samples will have been collected in accordance with Test Method D7035 with
consideration of guidance regarding wall deposits provided in Guide D8358.
1.3 This standard test method should be used by analysts experienced in the use of ICP-MS, the interpretation of spectral and
matrix interferences and procedures for their correction.
1.4 This standard test method specifies a number of alternative methods for preparing test solutions from samples of airborne
particulate matter. One of the specified sample preparation methods is applicable to the measurement of soluble metal or metalloid
compounds. Other specified methods are applicable to the measurement of total metals and metalloids.
1.5 It is the user’s responsibility to ensure the validity of the standardthis test method for filters of samples collected from untested
matrices.
1.6 Table 1 provides a non-exclusive list of metals and metalloids for which one or more of the sample dissolution methods
specified in this document is applicable.
1.7 This standard test method is not applicable to compounds of metals and metalloids that are present in the gaseous or vapor
state.
1.8 Table 3 provides examples of instrumental detection limits (IDL) that can be achieved with this test method. Table 5 provides
examples of method detection limits (MDL) that can be achieved.
1.9 No detailed operating instructions are provided because of differences among various makes and models of suitable ICP-MS
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22 on Air Quality and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.04 on Workplace Air Quality.
Current edition approved Jan. 15, 2014Sept. 1, 2021. Published May 2014October 2021. Originally approved in 2008. Last previous edition approved in 20082014 as
D7439 – 08.D7439 – 14. DOI: 10.1520/D7439-14.10.1520/D7439-21.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D7439 − 21
TABLE 1 Applicable Metals and Metalloids
A A A
Element Symbol CASRN Element Symbol CASRN Element Symbol CASRN
Aluminum Al 7429-90-5 Antimony Sb 7440-36-0 Arsenic As 7440-38-2
Barium Ba 7440-39-3 Beryllium Be 7440-41-7 Bismuth Bi 7440-69-9
Boron B 7440-42-8 Cadmium Cd 7440-43-9 Calcium Ca 7440-70-2
Cesium Cs 7440-46-2 Chromium Cr 7440-47-3 Cobalt Co 7440-48-4
B
Copper Cu 7440-50-8 Gallium Ga 7440-55-3 Germanium Ge 7440-56-4
Hafnium Hf 7440-58-6 Indium In 7440-74-6 Iron Fe 7439-89-6
Lead Pb 7439-92-1 Lithium Li 7439-93-2 Magnesium Mg 7439-95-4
B
Manganese Mn 7439-96-5 Mercury Hg 7439-97-6 Molybdenum Mo 7439-98-7
B
Nickel Ni 7440-02-0 Niobium Nb 7440-03-1 Phosphorus P 7723-14-0
Platinum Pt 7440-06-4 Potassium K 7440-09-7 Rhodium Rh 7440-16-6
Selenium Se 7782-49-2 Silver Ag 7440-22-4 Sodium Na 7440-23-5
Tellurium Te 13494-80-9 Thallium Tl 7440-28-0 Tin Sn 7440-31-5
Tungsten W 7440-33-7 Uranium U 7440-61-1 Vanadium V 7440-62-2
Yttrium Y 7440-65-5 Zinc Zn 7440-66-6 Zirconium Zr 7440-67-7
A
CASRN = Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number
B
For the elements in italics, there is insufficient information available on the effectiveness of the sample dissolution procedures in Annex A1 through Annex A4A5.
instruments. Instead, the analyst shall follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer of the particular instrument. This test
method does not address comparative accuracy of different devices or the precision between instruments of the same make and
model.
1.10 The values stated in SI units are to be r
...

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5.1 Exposure to beryllium can cause a potentially fatal disease, and occupational exposure limits for beryllium in air and on surfaces have been established to reduce exposure risks to potentially affected workers (4-7). Sampling and analytical methods for beryllium are needed in order to meet the challenges relating to exposure assessment and risk reduction. Sampling and analysis methods, such as the procedure described in this test method, are desired in order to facilitate on-site and fixed-site laboratory measurement of trace beryllium. Beryllium analysis results can then be used as a basis for exposure assessment and protection of human health.
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5.1 Standards for O3  in the atmosphere have been promulgated by government authorities to protect the health and welfare of the public (6) and also for the protection of industrial workers (7).  
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4.4 This guide cannot take the place of sound professional judgment in development and execution of any sampling strategy. In most instances, a strategy based on a standard practice or method will need to be adjusted due to conditions encountered in the field. Documentation of any professional judgments appl...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides criteria to be used in defining strategies for sampling for metals and metalloids on surfaces for workplace health and safety monitoring or evaluation.  
1.2 Guidance provided by this standard is intended for sampling of metals and metalloids on surfaces for subsequent analysis using methods such as atomic spectrometry, mass spectrometry, X-ray fluorescence, or molecular fluorescence. Guidance for evaluation of data after sample analysis is included.  
1.3 Sampling for volatile organometallic species (for example, trimethyl tin) is not within the scope of this guide.  
1.4 Sampling to determine levels of metals or metalloids on the skin is not within the scope of this guide.  
1.5 Sampling for airborne particulate matter is not within the scope of this guide. Guide E1370 provides information on air sampling strategies.  
1.6 Where surface sampling is prescribed by law or regulation, this guide is not intended to take the place of any requirements that may be specified in such law or regulation.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D8405-21(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Evaluating PM2.5 Sensors or Sensor Systems Used in Indoor Air Applications

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Poor indoor air quality has been implicated in significant adverse acute and chronic impacts on occupant health and performance. The ability to assess the components contributing to poor indoor air quality is critical for determining best practices for improving indoor air quality.  
5.2 Measurement of pollutants in indoor environments using sensors and sensor systems provides information needed to improve indoor air quality through pollutant source control, ventilation, filtration or other treatments.  
5.3 This method uses a test characterization chamber system equipped with reference monitor(s) to evaluate the response of test sensors or test sensor systems to specific types of particles (for example, salt, polystyrene latex, or dust). To facilitate reproducible results, the test particles used within this method are standardized and have known properties. The user is cautioned that a single particle type is not representative of all particles found indoors. The relative response of test sensors or test sensor systems to a reference monitor can vary by a factor of two for different particle types (for example, primary or secondary, organic or inorganic, outdoor or indoor origin; see 6.11.3 for further discussion). Furthermore, the user is cautioned that the lower limit of particle size detection for optical test sensors and test sensor systems is generally 0.3 μm in diameter; particles below this size are generally undetected and may represent a significant health concern as well.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method uses a chamber system to evaluate the performance of stationary PM2.5 sensors (sensors) and particle sensor systems (sensor systems) subjected to various test conditions, including temperature, relative humidity, PM2.5 concentration, and coarse PM interferent concentration.  
1.1.1 This test method covers sensors and sensor systems that can be continuously powered and continuously operated for the duration of any test described in this method through line power or an internal battery of sufficient output. This test method is not meant to evaluate sensors or sensor systems without these capabilities.  
1.1.2 This test method evaluates the performance of sensors and sensor systems that allow users to collect data in a systemic manner to assess the capabilities and limitations of these devices.  
1.1.3 This test method is not meant to evaluate sensors or sensor systems without data storage and recording capabilities.  
1.1.4 This test method is not intended to evaluate indoor air quality sensors and sensor systems for purposes of regulation of outdoor air, homeland security, law enforcement or forensic activity.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D4766-21(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Vinyl Chloride in Workplace Atmospheres (Charcoal Tube Method)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) is the starting material for the manufacture of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), which is used extensively in construction, electronics, packaging, and other industries. The vinyl chloride gas can escape during manufacturing, transportation, and polymerization stages. Residual monomer can also escape during subsequent fabrication processes.  
5.2 Vinyl chloride is a toxic and explosive hazardous material.  
5.3 Vinyl chloride is suspected to be a carcinogenic agent (4), and occupational exposure limits (OELs) have been established for this agent. For instance, the present U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) permissible exposure limit (PEL) for VCM is 1.0 ppm (v) with a 0.5-ppm (v) action level; the maximum length of operator exposure at 5 ppm (v) is 15 min (5).  
5.4 This test method is made selective for vinyl chloride by choosing chromatographic columns that will separate vinyl chloride from other organic compounds in the sample.  
5.5 This test method meets requirements (for example, those of OSHA and NIOSH) for monitoring workplace atmospheres in vinyl chloride and poly(vinyl chloride) production and fabrication processes.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the determination of vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) in workplace atmospheres using a modified charcoal tube method (see Practice D3686).  
1.2 This procedure is compatible with low-flow rate personal sampling equipment. It can be used for personal or stationary monitoring. It cannot be used to determine instantaneous fluctuations in concentration to detect maximum values. Alternative on-site procedures, such as gas chromatography or infrared spectrometry, are required to measure fast-changing concentrations.  
1.3 The range of this test method is from the limit of quantitation approximately 0.03 to 100 ppm (v).  
1.4 The sampling method provides a time-weighted average sample.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For more specific precautionary statements, see Section 9, 10.2.3, and 11.1.3.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D4597-10(2021)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Sampling Workplace Atmospheres to Collect Gases or Vapors with Solid Sorbent Diffusive Samplers

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Regulations such as those promulgated by the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration in Title 29CFR 1910.1000 designate that certain hazardous gases and vapors must not be present in the workplace air at concentrations above specific values.  
5.2 This practice, when used in conjunction with an analytical technique, such as that given for organic compounds in Test Method D3687, may provide a means for the determination of time-weighted airborne concentrations of many of the hazardous gases and vapors in applicable regulations (for example, Title 29CFR 1910.1000), as well as others.  
5.3 The manufacturer’s literature should be consulted for the appropriate list of chemicals which may be sampled by a particular device.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the sampling of workplace atmospheres for the presence of certain gases or vapors by means of diffusion across a specified quiescent region and subsequent sorption on a solid sorbent (1).2  
1.2 A list of organic compounds which are applicable to solid sorbent sampling where the sorbent is contained in a bed through which air is passed is given in Annex A1 of Practice D3686. Diffusive samplers may be applicable to a similar range of compounds but this must be confirmed by reference to the individual sampler manufacturer’s literature.  
1.3 The valid use of diffusive samplers depends on the existence of actual laboratory or field validation, or both. Guidance on validation can be obtained from published protocols (2-6). This practice is not designed to cover the verification, validation, or specific test procedures used to assess the accuracy or precision of diffusive samplers.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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