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ASTM E259-06

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Preparation of Pressed Powder White Reflectance Factor Transfer Standards for Hemispherical and Bi-Directional Geometries

Standard Practice for Preparation of Pressed Powder White Reflectance Factor Transfer Standards for Hemispherical and Bi-Directional Geometries

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
All commercial reflectometers measure relative reflectance. The instrument reading is the reflectance factor, the ratio of the light reflected by a reference specimen to that reflected by a test specimen. That ratio is dependent on specific instrument parameters.
National standardizing laboratories and some research laboratories measure reflectance on instruments calibrated from basic principles, thereby establishing a scale of absolute reflectance as described in CIE Publication No. 44 (2). These measurements are sufficiently difficult that they are usually left to laboratories that specialize in them.
A standard that has been measured on an absolute scale could be used to transfer that scale to a reflectometer. While such procedures exist, the constraints placed on the mechanical properties restrict the suitability of some optical properties, especially those properties related to the geometric distribution of the reflected light. Thus, reflectance factor standards which are sufficiently rugged and able to be cleaned, depart considerably from the perfect diffuser in the geometric distribution of reflected radiance.
The geometric distribution of reflected radiance from a pressed powder plaque is sufficiently diffuse to provide a dependable calibration of a directional-hemispherical reflectometer. Although pressed powder standards are subject to contamination and breakage, the directional-hemispherical reflectance factor of pressed powder standards can be sufficiently reproducible from specimen to specimen made from a given lot of powder, so as to allow one to assign absolute reflectance factor values to all the powder in a lot.
This practice describes how to prepare white reflectance factor standards from a powder in a manner that allows a standardizing laboratory to assign the absolute scale of reflectance to the plaque.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers procedures for preparing pressed powder transfer standards. These standards can be used in the near-ultraviolet, visible and near-infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum. Procedures for calibrating the reflectance factor of materials on an absolute basis are contained in CIE Publication No. 44 (). Pressed powder standards are used as transfer standards for such calibrations because they have a high reflectance factor that is nearly constant with wavelength, and because the geometric distribution of reflected flux resembles that from the perfect reflecting diffuser.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Aug-2006
ICS
17.180.20 - Colours and measurement of light
Technical Committee
E12 - Color and Appearance
Drafting Committee
E12.02 - Spectrophotometry and Colorimetry
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E259-98(2003) - Standard Practice for Preparation of Pressed Powder White Reflectance Factor Transfer Standards for Hemispherical and Bi-Directional Geometries
Effective Date
01-Sep-2006
Replaced By
ASTM E259-06(2011) - Standard Practice for Preparation of Pressed Powder White Reflectance Factor Transfer Standards for Hemispherical and Bi-Directional Geometries
Effective Date
01-Nov-2011
Referred By
ASTM E805-22 - Standard Practice for Identification of Instrumental Methods of Color or Color-Difference Measurement of Materials
Effective Date
01-Sep-2006
Referred By
ASTM C609-20 - Standard Test Method for Measurement of Light Reflectance Value and Small Color Differences Between Pieces of Ceramic Tile
Effective Date
01-Sep-2006
Referred By
ASTM E1164-12(2023)e1 - Standard Practice for Obtaining Spectrometric Data for Object-Color Evaluation
Effective Date
01-Sep-2006
Referred By
ASTM E1791-96(2021) - Standard Practice for Transfer Standards for Reflectance Factor for Near-Infrared Instruments Using Hemispherical Geometry
Effective Date
01-Sep-2006
Referred By
ASTM D3210-95(2023) - Standard Test Method for Comparing Colors of Films from Water-Emulsion Floor Polishes
Effective Date
01-Sep-2006
Referred By
ASTM E491-73(2020) - Standard Practice for Solar Simulation for Thermal Balance Testing of Spacecraft
Effective Date
01-Sep-2006
Referred By
ASTM D1003-21 - Standard Test Method for Haze and Luminous Transmittance of Transparent Plastics
Effective Date
01-Sep-2006
Referred By
ASTM E424-71(2023) - Standard Test Methods for Solar Energy Transmittance and Reflectance (Terrestrial) of Sheet Materials
Effective Date
01-Sep-2006

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ASTM E259-06 - Standard Practice for Preparation of Pressed Powder White Reflectance Factor Transfer Standards for Hemispherical and Bi-Directional GeometriesASTM E259-06 - Standard Practice for Preparation of Pressed Powder White Reflectance Factor Transfer Standards for Hemispherical and Bi-Directional Geometries
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ASTM E259-06 - Standard Practice for Preparation of Pressed Powder White Reflectance Factor Transfer Standards for Hemispherical and Bi-Directional Geometries
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E259 – 06
Standard Practice for
Preparation of Pressed Powder White Reflectance Factor
Transfer Standards for Hemispherical and Bi-Directional
1
Geometries
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E259; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
The internationally accepted standard of reflectance is the perfect reflecting diffuser. This ideal
reflecting surface reflects 100% of the incident radiant power such that the radiance is the same for
all directions within the hemisphere above the surface. No physical realization of this standard exists.
Optical properties of standards prepared from pressed plaques of magnesium carbonate (MgCO ),
3
barium sulfate (BaSO ), or polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) can approximate an ideal standard. For
4
2
further information see CIE Publication No. 46 (1). The principal use of a white reflectance factor
standard is to transfer an absolute scale of reflectance to a more durable material or from one
instrument to another. In theory, it should be easy to do this transfer from first principles. In practice,
one is likely to need values for parameters that are unknown, proprietary, or require a high level of
skill. Some, but not all, of those parameters are discussed in this practice.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
3
1.1 This practice covers procedures for preparing pressed 2.1 ASTM Standards:
powder transfer standards. These standards can be used in the E284 Terminology of Appearance
near-ultraviolet, visible and near-infrared region of the electro-
3. Terminology
magnetic spectrum. Procedures for calibrating the reflectance
3.1 Terms and definitions in Terminology E284 are appli-
factor of materials on an absolute basis are contained in CIE
Publication No. 44 (2). Pressed powder standards are used as cable to this practice.
3.2 Definitions—The following definitions are particularly
transfer standards for such calibrations because they have a
high reflectance factor that is nearly constant with wavelength, important to this practice:
3.2.1 perfect reflecting diffuser, n—ideal reflecting surface
and because the geometric distribution of reflected flux re-
sembles that from the perfect reflecting diffuser. that neither absorbs nor transmits light, but reflects diffusely,
withtheradianceofthereflectingsurfacebeingthesameforall
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
standard. The values in parentheses are for information only. reflecting angles, regardless of the angular distribution of the
incident light. (1990)
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the 3.2.2 reflectance, r, n—ratio of the reflected radiant or
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- luminous flux to the incident flux in the given conditions.
A
[CIE]
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. 3.2.3 Theterm reflectanceisoftenusedinageneralsenseor
as an abbreviation for reflectance factor. Such usage may be
assumed unless the above definition is specifically required by
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E12 on Color and
the context. (1989b)
Appearance and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E12.02 on Spectro-
photometry and Colorimetry.
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2006. Published September 2006. Originally
3
approved in 1965. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as E259–98(2003). For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
DOI: 10.1520/E0259-06. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
2
Theboldfacenumbersinparenthesesrefertothelistofreferencesattheendof Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
this practice. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E259 – 06
3.2.4 reflectance factor, R, n—ratio of the flux reflected
from the specimen to the flux reflected from the perfect
reflecting diffuser under the same geometric and spectral
B
conditions of measurement. [CIE] (1988)
4. Summary of Practice
4.1 Procedures are given for the preparation of white
reference standards of diffuse reflectance factor and diffuse
radiancefactor.Therecommendedmaterialsarewhitepowders
that are pressed into plaques. These plaques provide close
approximations to the optical properties of the perfect reflect-
ing diffuser, and may be used to transfer a scale
...

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ASTM E1331-15(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Reflectance Factor and Color by Spectrophotometry Using Hemispherical Geometry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The most direct and accessible methods for obtaining the color coordinates of object colors are by instrumental measurement using spectrophotometers or colorimeters with either hemispherical or bidirectional optical measuring systems. This test method provides procedures for such measurement by reflectance spectrophotometry using a hemispherical optical measuring system.  
5.2 This test method is especially suitable for measurement of the following types of specimens for the indicated uses (Guide E179 and Practice E805):  
5.2.1 All types of object-color specimens to obtain data for use in computer colorant formulation.  
5.2.2 Object-color specimens for color assessment.
5.2.2.1 For the measurement of plane-surface high-gloss specimens, the specular component should generally be excluded during the measurement.
5.2.2.2 For the measurement of plane-surface intermediate-gloss specimens and of textured-surface specimens, including textiles, where the first-surface reflection component may be distributed over a wide range of angles, measurement may be made with the specular component included, but the resulting color coordinates may not correlate best with visual judgments of the color. The use of bidirectional geometry, such as 45/0 or 0/45, may lead to better correlations.
5.2.2.3 For the measurement of plane-surface, low-gloss (matte) specimens, the specular component may either be excluded or included, as no significant difference in the results should be apparent.  
5.2.3 Specimens with bare metal surfaces for color assessment. For this application, the specular component should generally be included during the measurement.  
5.3 This test method is not recommended for measurement of the following types of specimens, for which the use of bidirectional measurement geometry (0/45 or 45/0) is preferable (Guide E179):  
5.3.1 Object-color specimens of intermediate gloss,  
5.3.2 Retroreflective specimens, and  
5.3.3 Fluorescent specimens (Practice E...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the instrumental measurement of the reflection properties and color of object-color specimens by the use of a spectrophotometer or spectrocolorimeter with a hemispherical optical measuring system, such as an integrating sphere.  
1.2 The test method is suitable for use with most object-color specimens. However, it should not be used for retroreflective specimens or for fluorescent specimens when highest accuracy is desired. Specimens having intermediate-gloss surfaces should preferably not be measured by use of this geometry.  
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ASTM E1247-12(2023)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Detecting Fluorescence in Object-Color Specimens by Spectrophotometry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Several standards, including Practices E991, E1164, and Test Methods E1331, E1348 and E1349, require either the presence or absence of fluorescence exhibited by the specimen for correct application. This practice provides spectrophotometric procedures for identifying the presence of fluorescence in materials.  
4.2 This practice is applicable to all object-color specimens, whether opaque, translucent, or transparent, meeting the requirements for specimens in the appropriate standards listed in 2.1. Translucent specimens should be measured by reflectance, with a standard non-fluorescent backing material, usually but not necessarily black, placed behind the specimen during measurement.  
4.3 This practice requires the use of a spectrophotometer in which the spectral distribution of the illumination on the specimen can be altered by the user in one of several ways. The modification of the illumination can either be by the insertion of optical filters between the illuminating source and the specimen, without interfering with the detection of the radiation from the specimen, or by interchange of the illuminating and detecting systems of the instrument or by scanning of both the illuminating energy and detection output as in the two-monochromator method.  
4.4 The confirmation of the presence of fluorescence is made by the comparison of spectral curves, color difference, or single parameter difference such as ΔY between the measurements.
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4.5 Either bidirectional or hemispherical instrument geometry may be used in this practice. The instrument must be capable of providing either broadband (white light) irradiation on the specimen or monochromatic irradiation and monochromatic detection.  
4.6 This practice describes methods to detect the...
SCOPE
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Note 1: Since the addition of fluorescing agents (colorants, whitening agents, etc.) is often intentional by the manufacturer of a material, information on the presence or absence of fluorescent properties in a specimen may often be obtained from the maker of the material.  
1.2 This practice requires the use of a spectrophotometer that both irradiates the specimen over the wavelength range from 340 nm to 700 nm and allows the spectral distribution of illumination on the specimen to be altered as desired.  
1.3 Within the above limitations, this practice is general in scope rather than specific as to instrument or material.  
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ASTM E1336-11(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Obtaining Colorimetric Data From a Visual Display Unit by Spectroradiometry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The most fundamental method for obtaining CIE tristimulus values or other color coordinates for describing the colors of visual display units (VDUs) is by the use of spectroradiometric data. (See CIE No. 18 and 63.) These data are used by summation together with numerical values representing the 1931 CIE Standard Observer and normalized to Km, the maximum spectral luminous efficacy function.  
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5.1 Many competent measurement laboratories comply with accepted quality system requirements such as ISO 9001, QS 9000, or ISO 17025. When using standard test methods, the measurement results should agree with those from other similar laboratories within the combined uncertainty limits of the laboratories’ measurement systems. It is for this reason that quality system requirements demand that a statement of the uncertainty of the test results accompany every test result.  
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1.1 This practice provides a means of specifying the colors of objects in terms of the Munsell color order system, a system based on the color-perception attributes hue, lightness, and chroma. The practice is limited to opaque objects, such as painted surfaces viewed in daylight by an observer having normal color vision. This practice provides a simple visual method as an alternative to the more precise and more complex method based on spectrophotometry and the CIE system (see Practices E308 and E1164). Provision is made for conversion of CIE data to Munsell notation.  
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5.1 The color displayed on a VDU is an important aspect of the reproduction of colored images. The VDU is often used as the design, edit, and approval medium. Images are placed into the computer by some sort of capture device, such as a camera or scanner, modified by the computer operator, and sent on to a printer or color separation generator, or even to a paint dispenser or textile dyer. The color of the final product is to have some well-defined relationship to the original. The most common medium for establishing the relationship between input, edit, and output color (device-independent color space) is the CIE tristimulus space. This guide identifies the procedures for deriving a model that relates the digital computer settings of a VDU to the CIE tristimulus values of the colored light emitted by the primaries.
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1.1 This guide is intended for use in establishing the operating characteristics of a visual display unit (VDU), such as a cathode ray tube (CRT). Those characteristics define the relationship between the digital information supplied by a computer, which defines an image, and the resulting spectral radiant exitance and CIE tristimulus values. The mathematical description of this relationship can be used to provide a nearby device-independent model for the accurate display of color and colored images on the VDU. The CIE tristimulus values referred to here are those calculated from the CIE 1931 2° standard colorimetric (photopic) observer.  
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Standard Guide for Selection of Geometric Conditions for Measurement of Reflection and Transmission Properties of Materials

SCOPE
1.1 This guide is intended for use in selecting terminology, measurement scales, and instrumentation for describing or evaluating such appearance characteristics as glossiness, opacity, lightness, transparency, and haziness in terms of reflected or transmitted light. This guide does not consider the spectral variations responsible for color, but the geometric variables described herein can importantly affect instrumentally measured values of color. This guide is general in scope rather than specific as to instrument or material.  
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ASTM E2301-12(2022)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Daytime Colorimetric Properties of Fluorescent Retroreflective Sheeting and Marking Materials for High Visibility Traffic Control and Personal Safety Applications Using 45°:Normal Geometry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides procedures for obtaining tristimulus values, luminance factors and chromaticity coordinates of fluorescent-retroreflective materials by bispectral colorimetry using a 45:0 or 0:45 optical measuring system.  
5.2 The CIE 1931 (2°) standard observer is used to calculate the colorimetric properties of fluorescent-retroreflective sheeting and markings used in daytime high visibility traffic control and personal safety applications because in practice these materials are primarily viewed from a distance where they subtend less than 4° of the visual field.  
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5.4 Due to the retroreflective properties of these materials the colorimetric data may not be suitable for use in computer colorant formulation.  
5.5 This test method is suitable for quality control testing of fluorescent-retroreflective sheeting and marking materials.
Note 1: Separation of the fluorescence and reflectance components from the total colorimetric properties provides useful and meaningful information to evaluate independently the luminescent and diffuse reflective efficiency and consistency of these materials.  
5.6 This test method is the referee method for determining the conformance of fluorescent-retroreflective sheeting and marking materials to standard daytime colorimetric specifications.
SCOPE
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5.3 Acoustical materials generally have a non-glossy white or near-white finish. The types of surface cover a wide range from smooth to deeply fissured. Measurement with integrating-sphere reflectometers has been satisfactory although multiple measurements may be required to sample the surface adequately. Instruments with other types of optical measuring systems may be used if it can be demonstrated that they provide equivalent results.  
5.4 The use of this test method for determining the luminous reflectance factor is required by Classification E1264.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the luminous reflectance factor of acoustical materials for use in predicting the levels of room illumination.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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