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ASTM E1025-05

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Design, Manufacture, and Material Grouping Classification of Hole-Type Image Quality Indicators (IQI) Used for Radiology

Standard Practice for Design, Manufacture, and Material Grouping Classification of Hole-Type Image Quality Indicators (IQI) Used for Radiology

ABSTRACT
This practice covers the design, material grouping classification, and manufacture of hole-type image quality indicators (IQI) used to indicate the quality of X-ray and gamma-ray radiologic images.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the design, material grouping classification, and manufacture of hole-type image quality indicators (IQI) used to indicate the quality of radiologic images.
1.2 This practice is applicable to X-ray and gamma-ray radiology.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-May-2005
ICS
19.100 - Non-destructive testing
Technical Committee
E07 - Nondestructive Testing
Drafting Committee
E07.01 - Radiology (X and Gamma) Method
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E1025-98 - Standard Practice for Design, Manufacture, and Material Grouping Classification of Hole-Type Image Quality Indicators (IQI) Used for Radiology
Effective Date
01-Jun-2005
Referred By
ASTM E3388-23 - Standard Practice for Determining Image Unsharpness and Basic Spatial Resolution in Radiography and Radioscopy for High Energy Applications
Effective Date
01-Jun-2005
Referred By
ASTM E1735-19 - Standard Practice for Determining Relative Image Quality Response of Industrial Radiographic Imaging Systems from 4 to 25 MeV
Effective Date
01-Jun-2005
Referred By
ASTM E1030/E1030M-21 - Standard Practice for Radiographic Examination of Metallic Castings
Effective Date
01-Jun-2005
Referred By
ASTM E1255-16 - Standard Practice for Radioscopy
Effective Date
01-Jun-2005
Referred By
ASTM E747-18 - Standard Practice for Design, Manufacture and Material Grouping Classification of Wire Image Quality Indicators (IQI) Used for Radiology
Effective Date
01-Jun-2005
Referred By
ASTM E746-18 - Standard Practice for Determining Relative Image Quality Response of Industrial Radiographic Imaging Systems
Effective Date
01-Jun-2005
Referred By
ASTM E2662-15(2022) - Standard Practice for Radiographic Examination of Flat Panel Composites and Sandwich Core Materials Used in Aerospace Applications
Effective Date
01-Jun-2005
Referred By
ASTM E2698-18e1 - Standard Practice for Radiographic Examination Using Digital Detector Arrays
Effective Date
01-Jun-2005
Referred By
ASTM E1817-08(2022) - Standard Practice for Controlling Quality of Radiological Examination by Using Representative Quality Indicators (RQIs)
Effective Date
01-Jun-2005
Referred By
ASTM E1032-19 - Standard Practice for Radiographic Examination of Weldments Using Industrial X-Ray Film
Effective Date
01-Jun-2005
Referred By
ASTM E2737-23 - Standard Practice for Digital Detector Array Performance Evaluation and Long-Term Stability
Effective Date
01-Jun-2005
Referred By
ASTM F629-20 - Standard Practice for Radiography of Cast Metallic Surgical Implants
Effective Date
01-Jun-2005
Referred By
ASTM E94/E94M-22 - Standard Guide for Radiographic Examination Using Industrial Radiographic Film
Effective Date
01-Jun-2005
Referred By
ASTM E543-21 - Standard Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestructive Testing
Effective Date
01-Jun-2005

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ASTM E1025-05 - Standard Practice for Design, Manufacture, and Material Grouping Classification of Hole-Type Image Quality Indicators (IQI) Used for RadiologyASTM E1025-05 - Standard Practice for Design, Manufacture, and Material Grouping Classification of Hole-Type Image Quality Indicators (IQI) Used for Radiology
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ASTM E1025-05 - Standard Practice for Design, Manufacture, and Material Grouping Classification of Hole-Type Image Quality Indicators (IQI) Used for Radiology
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E1025 – 05
Standard Practice for
Design, Manufacture, and Material Grouping Classification
of Hole-Type Image Quality Indicators (IQI) Used for
1
Radiology
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1025; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope N06025, N06045, and N06696)* and Nickel-Chromium-
2 Cobalt-Molybdenum Alloy (UNS N06617) Rod, Bar, and
1.1 This practice covers the design, material grouping
Wire
classification, and manufacture of hole-type image quality
E746 Practice for Determining Relative Image Quality
indicators (IQI) used to indicate the quality of radiologic
Response of Industrial Radiographic Imaging Systems
images.
E747 Practice for Design, Manufacture and Material
1.2 This practice is applicable to X-ray and gamma-ray
Grouping Classification of Wire Image Quality Indicators
radiology.
(IQI) Used for Radiology
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
E1735 Test Method for Determining Relative Image Qual-
as standard.
ity of Industrial Radiographic Film Exposed to
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
X-Radiation from 4 to 25 MeV
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3. Terminology
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.1 Definitions—Thedefinitionsoftermsrelatingtogamma
2. Referenced Documents andX-radiologyinTerminologyE1316,SectionD,shallapply
3
to the terms used in this practice.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
B139/B139M Specification for Phosphor Bronze Rod, Bar,
4. Hole-Type IQI Requirements
and Shapes
4.1 Image quality indicators (IQIs) used to determine
B150M Specification forAluminum Bronze, Rod, Bar, and
4 radiologic-image quality levels shall conform to the following
Shapes [Metric]
requirements.
B161 Specification for Nickel Seamless Pipe and Tube
4.1.1 Standard Hole-Type IQIs:
B164 Specification for Nickel-Copper Alloy Rod, Bar, and
4.1.1.1 Image quality indicators (IQIs) shall be fabricated
Wire
from materials or alloys identified or listed in accordance with
B166 Specification for Nickel-Chromium-Iron Alloys
7.3. Other materials may be used in accordance with 7.4.
(UNS N06600, N06601, N06603, N06690, N06693,
4.1.1.2 Image quality indicators (IQIs) shall dimensionally
conform to the requirements of Fig. 1.
4.1.1.3 Both the rectangular and the circular IQI shall be
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde-
identified with number(s) made of lead or a material of similar
structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.01 on
radiation opacity. The number shall be bonded to the rectan-
Radiographic Practice and Penetrameters.
gular IQI’s and shall be placed adjacent to circular IQI’s to
Current edition approved June 1, 2005. Published June 2005. Originally
approved in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 1998 as E1025-98. DOI: provide identification of the IQI on the image. The identifica-
10.1520/E1025-05.
tion numbers shall indicate the thickness of the IQI in
2
For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications see related Practice
thousandths of an inch, that is, a number 10 IQI is 0.010 in.
SE-1025 in Section II of that Code.
3
thick, a number 100 IQI is 0.100 in. thick, etc. Additional
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
identification requirements are provided in 7.2.
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
4.1.1.4 Alloy-group identification shall be in accordance
the ASTM website.
4 with Fig. 2. Rectangular IQI’s shall be notched. Image quality
Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced
indicators (IQI’s) shall be vibrotooled or etched as specified.
on www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E1025 – 05
NOTE 1—All dimensions in inches (Note 6).
NOTE 2—Tolerances for IQI thickness and hole diameter.
NOTE 3—XX identification number equals T in .001 inches.
NOTE 4—IQIs No. 1 through 9 are not 1T,2T, and 4T.
NOTE 5—Holes shall be true and normal to the IQI. Do not chamfer.
NOTE 6—To convert inch dimensions to metric, multiply by 25.4.
Identification
Number T Tolerances
(Note 3)A B C D E F (Note 2)
1–4 1.500 0.750 0.438 0.250 0.500 0
...

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3.1 The terms found in this standard are intended to be used uniformly and consistently in all nondestructive testing standards. The purpose of this standard is to promote a clear understanding and interpretation of the NDT standards in which they are used.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The procedures described in this practice have proven utility in the inspecting (1) monolithic polymer matrix composites (laminates) for bulk defects, (2) metals for corrosion during the service life of the part of interest, (3) thickness checks, (4) adhesive bonding of metals, composites, and sandwich core constructions, (5) coatings, and (6) composite filament windings. Both unpressurized, and with suitable precautions, pressurized materials and components are inspected.  
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1.1 This practice covers procedures for matrix array ultrasonic testing (MAUT) of monolithic composites, composite sandwich constructions, and metallic test articles. These procedures can be used throughout the life cycle of a part during product and process design optimization, on line process control, post-manufacturing inspection, and in-service inspection.  
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5.1 The POD analysis method described herein is based on a well-known and well established statistical regression method. It shall be used to quantify the demonstrated POD for a specific set of examination parameters and known range of discontinuity sizes under the following conditions.  
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1.1 This practice covers the procedure for performing a statistical analysis on nondestructive testing hit/miss data to determine the demonstrated probability of detection (POD) for a specific set of examination parameters. Topics covered include the standard hit/miss POD curve formulation, validation techniques, and correct interpretation of results.  
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5.1 Liquid penetrant testing methods indicate the presence, location, and to a limited extent, the nature and magnitude of the detected discontinuities. Each of the various penetrant methods has been designed for specific uses such as critical service items, volume of parts, portability, or localized areas of examination. The method selected will depend accordingly on the design and service requirements of the parts or materials being tested.
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1.1 This practice2 covers procedures for penetrant examination of materials. Penetrant testing is a nondestructive testing method for detecting discontinuities that are open to the surface such as cracks, seams, laps, cold shuts, shrinkage, laminations, through leaks, or lack of fusion and is applicable to in-process, final, and maintenance examinations. It can be effectively used in the examination of nonporous, metallic materials, ferrous and nonferrous metals, and of nonmetallic materials such as nonporous glazed or fully densified ceramics, as well as certain nonporous plastics, and glass.  
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1.2.1 By which a liquid penetrant examination process recommended or required by individual organizations can be reviewed to ascertain its applicability and completeness.  
1.2.2 For use in the preparation of process specifications and procedures dealing with the liquid penetrant testing of parts and materials. Agreement by the customer requesting penetrant testing is strongly recommended. All areas of this practice may be open to agreement between the cognizant engineering organization and the supplier, or specific direction from the cognizant engineering organization.  
1.2.3 For use in the organization of facilities and personnel concerned with liquid penetrant testing.  
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1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
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Standard Practice for Determining Image Unsharpness and Basic Spatial Resolution in Radiography and Radioscopy for High Energy Applications

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The gauge is intended to provide a means for measuring image or detector unsharpness and basic spatial image or detector resolution as independently as practicable from the imaging system and contrast sensitivity limitations. When the duplex plate gauge is positioned directly on the film or the digital detector instead on the test object, then the determined image unsharpness UIm corresponds to the inherent film or detector unsharpness (Udetector) and the determined basic spatial image resolution SRbimage corresponds to the basic spatial detector resolution SRbdetector. SRbimage provides a value which depends on the combined effect of detector unsharpness and geometric unsharpness.  
5.2 Basis of Application:  
5.2.1 The following items are subject to contractual agreement between the parties using or referencing this standard.
5.2.1.1 Personnel Qualification—Personnel performing examinations to this practice shall be qualified in accordance with NAS410, EN 4179, ANSI/ASNT CP 189, ISO 9712, or SNT-TC-1A and certified by the employer or certifying agency as applicable. Other equivalent qualification documents may be used when specified on the contract or purchase order. The applicable revision shall be the latest unless otherwise specified in the contractual agreement between parties.
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SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the design and basic use of a gauge used to determine the image unsharpness and the basic spatial resolution of film radiographs or of digital images taken with CR imaging plates, digital detector arrays (DDA), or radioscopic systems (for example, with X-ray image intensifiers) for applications with Se-75, Ir-192, Co-60 and high energy sources with tube potentials ≥ 300 kV. The IQI may be used at lower tube potentials too, if the expected unsharpness is > 200 µm (SRbimage or SRbdetector > 100 µm). For the measurement of lower unsharpness values, the usage of the gauge described in Practice E2002 is recommended.  
1.2 This practice is applicable to radiographic and radioscopic imaging systems utilizing X-ray and gamma ray radiation sources.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 The gauge described can be used effectively if the duplex wire IQI of Practice E2002 does not provide sufficient contrast resolution.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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Standard Practice for Digital Imaging and Communication in Nondestructive Evaluation (DICONDE) for Eddy Current (EC) Test Methods

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Personnel that are responsible for the creation, transfer, and storage of eddy current NDE test results will use this standard. This practice defines a set of information modules that, along with Practice E2339 and the DICOM standard, provide a standard means to organize eddy current test parameters and results. The eddy current examination results may be displayed or analyzed on any device that conforms to the standard. Personnel wishing to view any eddy current examination data stored according to Practice E2339 may use this document to help them decode and display the data contained in the DICONDE compliant inspection record.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the interoperability of eddy current imaging and data acquisition equipment by specifying the image data transfer and archival storage in commonly accepted terms. This document is intended to be used in conjunction with Practice E2339 on Digital Imaging and Communication in Nondestructive Evaluation (DICONDE). Practice E2339 defines an industrial adaptation of NEMA PS3 / ISO 12052, an international standard for image data acquisition, review, storage, and archival storage. The goal of Practice E2339, commonly referred to as DICONDE, is to provide a standard that facilitates the display and analysis of NDE results on any system conforming to the DICONDE standard. Toward that end, Practice E2339 provides a data dictionary and a set of information modules that are applicable to all NDE modalities. This practice supplements Practice E2339 by providing information object definitions, information modules, and a data dictionary that are specific to eddy current test methods.  
1.2 This practice has been developed to overcome the issues that arise when analyzing or archiving data from eddy current test equipment using proprietary data transfer and storage methods. As digital technologies evolve, data must remain decipherable through the use of open, industry-wide methods for data transfer and archival storage. This practice defines a method where all the eddy current technique parameters and inspection data are communicated and stored in a standard manner regardless of changes in digital technology.  
1.3 This practice does not specify:  
1.3.1 A testing or validation procedure to assess an implementation's conformance to the standard,  
1.3.2 The implementation details of any features of the standard on a device claiming conformance, or  
1.3.3 The overall set of features and functions to be expected from a system implemented by integrating a group of devices each claiming DICONDE conformance.  
1.4 Units—Although this practice contains no values that require units, it does describe methods to store and communicate data that do require units to be properly interpreted. The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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Standard Practice for Digital Imaging and Communication in Nondestructive Evaluation (DICONDE) for Ultrasonic Test Methods

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Personnel that are responsible for the creation, transfer, and storage of ultrasonic test results will use this standard. This practice defines a set of information modules that, along with Practice E2339 and the DICOM standard, provides a standard means to organize ultrasonic test parameters and results. The ultrasonic test results may be displayed and analyzed on any device that conforms to this standard. Personnel wishing to view any ultrasonic inspection data stored in DICONDE format may use this document to help them decode and display the data contained in the DICONDE compliant inspection record.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the interoperability of ultrasonic imaging equipment by specifying image data transfer and archival storage methods in commonly accepted terms. This document is intended to be used in conjunction with Practice E2339. Practice E2339 defines an industrial adaptation of NEMA PS3 / ISO 12052 (DICOM, see http://medical.nema.org), an international standard for image data acquisition, review, transfer, and archival storage. The goal of Practice E2339, commonly referred to as DICONDE, is to provide a standard that facilitates the display and analysis of NDE test results on any system conforming to the DICONDE standard. Toward that end, Practice E2339 provides a data dictionary and set of information modules that are applicable to all NDE modalities. This practice supplements Practice E2339 by providing information object definitions, information modules, and data dictionary that are specific to ultrasonic test methods.  
1.2 This practice has been developed to overcome the issues that arise when analyzing or archiving data from ultrasonic test equipment using proprietary data transfer and storage methods. As digital technologies evolve, data must remain decipherable through the use of open, industry-wide methods for data transfer and archival storage. This practice defines a method where all the ultrasonic technique parameters and test results are communicated and stored in a standard format regardless of changes in digital technology.  
1.3 This practice does not specify:  
1.3.1 A testing or validation procedure to assess an implementation's conformance to the standard.  
1.3.2 The implementation details of any features of the standard on a device claiming conformance.  
1.3.3 The overall set of features and functions to be expected from a system implemented by integrating a group of devices each claiming DICONDE conformance.  
1.4 Although this practice contains no values that require units, it does describe methods to store and communicate data that do require units to be properly interpreted. The SI units required by this practice are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E2446-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Manufacturing Characterization of Computed Radiography Systems

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 There are several factors affecting the quality of a CR image including the basic spatial resolution of the IP system, geometrical unsharpness, scatter and contrast sensitivity. There are several additional factors (for example, software and scanning parameters) that affect the accurate reading of images on exposed IPs using an optical scanner.  
4.2 This practice is to be used to establish a characterization of CR system by performance levels on the basis of a normalized SNR, interpolated basic spatial detector resolution and EPS. The CR system performance levels in this practice do not refer to any particular manufacturers’ imaging plates. A CR system performance level results from the use of a particular imaging plate together with the exposure conditions, standardized phantom, the scanner type, and software and the scanning parameters. This characterization system provides a means to compare differing CR technologies, as is common practice with film systems, which guides the user to the appropriate configuration, IP, and technique for the application at hand. The performance level selected may not match the imaging performance of a corresponding film class because of the difference in the spatial resolution and scatter sensitivity. Therefore, the user should always use IQIs for proof of contrast sensitivity and basic spatial resolution.  
4.3 The measured performance parameters are presented in a characterization chart. This enables users to select specific CR systems by the different characterization data to find the best system for his specific application.  
4.4 The quality factors can be determined most accurately by the tests described in this practice. Some of the system tests require special tools, which may not be available in user laboratories. Simpler tests are described for quality assurance and long term stability tests in Practice E2445.  
4.5 Manufacturers of industrial CR systems or certification agencies will use this practice. Users of i...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the manufacturing characterization of computed radiography (CR) systems, consisting of a particular phosphor imaging plate (IP), scanner, software, scanner operational parameters, and an image display monitor, in combination with specified metal screens for industrial radiography.  
1.2 The practice defines system tests to be used to characterize the systems of different suppliers and make them comparable for users.  
1.3 This practice is intended for use by manufacturers of CR systems or certification agencies to provide quantitative results of CR system characteristics for nondestructive testing (NDT) user or purchaser consumption. Some of these tests require specialized test phantoms to ensure consistency of results among suppliers or manufacturers. These tests are not intended for users to complete, nor are they intended for long term stability tracking and lifetime measurements. However, they may be used for this purpose, if so desired. Practice E2445 describes tests which are intended for users to observe the CR performance and test the long term stability.  
1.4 The CR system performance is described by the basic spatial resolution, contrast, signal and noise parameters, and the equivalent penetrameter sensitivity (EPS). Some of these parameters are used to compare with DDA characterization and film characterization data (see Practice E2597 and Test Method E1815).
Note 1: For film system characterization, the signal is represented by the optical density of 2 (above fog and base) and the noise as granularity. The signal-to-noise ratio is normalized by the aperture (similar to the basic spatial resolution) of the system and is part of characterization. This normalization is given by the scanning circular aperture of 100 µm of the micro-photometer, which is defined in Test Method E1815 for film system characterization.  
1.5 The measurement of CR systems in this practice is restricted ...

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ASTM
ASTM E1815-18(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Classification of Film Systems for Industrial Radiography

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method provides a relative means for classification of film systems used for industrial radiography. The film system consists of the film and associated processing system (the type of processing and processing chemistry). Section 9 describes specific parameters used for this test method. In general, the classification for hard X-rays, as described in Section 9, can be transferred to other radiation energies and metallic screen types, as well as screens without films. The usage of film system parameters outside the energy ranges specified may result in changes to a film/system performance classification.  
4.1.1 The film performance is described by contrast and noise parameters. The contrast is represented by gradient and the noise by granularity.  
4.1.2 A film system is assigned a particular class if it meets the minimum performance parameters: for Gradient G at  D – D0 = 2.0 and D – D0 = 4.0, and gradient/noise ratio at D – D0 = 2.0, and the maximum performance parameter: granularity σD at  D = 2.0.  
4.2 This test method describes how the parameters shall be measured and demonstrates how a classification table can be constructed.  
4.3 Manufacturers of industrial radiographic film systems and developer chemistry will be the users of this test method. The result is a classification table as shown by the example given in Table 2. Another table also includes speed data for user information. Users of industrial radiographic film systems may also perform the tests and measurements outlined in this test method, provided that the required test equipment is used and the methodology is followed strictly. (A) Family of films ranging in speed and image quality.  
4.4 The publication of classes for industrial radiography film systems will enable specifying bodies and contracting parties to agree to particular system classes, which are capable of providing known image qualities. See 8.2.  
4.5 ISO 11699–1 and European standard EN 584-1 describe the same m...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determination of the performance of film systems used for industrial radiography. This test method establishes minimum requirements that correspond to system classes.  
1.2 This test method is to be used only for direct exposure-type film exposed with lead intensifying screens. The performance of films exposed with fluorescent (light-emitting) intensifying screens cannot be determined accurately by this test method.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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