ASTM E176-24

Standard Terminology of Fire Standards

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Definitions—Terms and related definitions given in Section 4 are intended for use uniformly and consistently in all fire test standards and in all fire-test-response standards, fire-hazard-assessment standards, and fire-risk-assessment standards in which they appear.  
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:  
3.2.1 As indicated in Section 4, terms and their definitions are intended to provide a precise understanding and interpretation of fire-test-response standards, fire-hazard-assessment standards, and fire-risk-assessment standards in which they appear.  
3.2.2 A specific definition of a given term is applicable to the standard or standards in which the term is described and used.  
3.2.3 Different definitions of the same term, appearing respectively in two or more standards, are acceptable provided each one is consistent with and not in conflict with the standard definition for the same term, that is, concept.  
3.2.4 Each standard in which a term is used in a manner specially defined (see 1.1 and Section 5) shall list the term and its description under the subheading, Definitions of Terms.  
3.3 Definitions for some terms associated with fire issues and not included in Terminology E176 are found in ISO 13943. When discrepancies exist, the definition in Terminology E176 shall prevail.
SCOPE
1.1 This terminology covers terms, related definitions, and descriptions of terms used or likely to be used in fire-test-response standards, fire-hazard-assessment standards, and fire-risk-assessment standards. Definitions of terms are special-purpose definitions that are consistent with the standard definitions but are written to ensure that a specific fire-test-response standard, fire-hazard-assessment standard, or fire-risk-assessment standard is properly understood and precisely interpreted.  
Note 1: For additional information, refer to ASTM Policy on Fire Standards.2 See also Annex A1 of Practice E535.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This fire standard cannot be used to provide quantitative measures.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 31-Dec-2023
• ICS: 01.040.13 - Environment. Health protection. Safety (Vocabularies)
• ICS: 13.220.20 - Fire protection
• Technical Committee: E05 - Fire Standards
• Drafting Committee: E05.31 - Terminology and Services / Functions

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM E176-21ae1 - Standard Terminology of Fire Standards
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2024
• Refers: ASTM E136-24a - Standard Test Method for Assessing Combustibility of Materials Using a Vertical Tube Furnace at 750 °C
• Effective Date: 01-Mar-2024
• Refers: ASTM E136-24 - Standard Test Method for Assessing Combustibility of Materials Using a Vertical Tube Furnace at 750 °C
• Effective Date: 01-Feb-2024
• Refers: ASTM E84-23d - Standard Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2023
• Refers: ASTM E84-23c - Standard Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials
• Effective Date: 01-Sep-2023
• Refers: ASTM E3202-19e1 - Standard Practice for Specimen Preparation and Mounting of Plastic Composites for Use as Deck Boards, Stair Treads, Guards or Handrails to Assess Surface Burning Characteristics
• Effective Date: 01-Sep-2019
• Referred By: ASTM D7258-23 - Standard Specification for Polymeric Piles
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2024
• Referred By: ASTM C1594-23 - Standard Specification for Polyimide Rigid Cellular Thermal Insulation
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2024
• Referred By: ASTM D4733-17 - Standard Test Methods for Solventless Electrical Insulating Varnishes
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2024
• Referred By: ASTM E2786-10(2019) - Standard Test Methods for Measuring Expansion of Intumescent Materials Used in Firestop and Joint Systems
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2024
• Referred By: ASTM E2768-11(2018) - Standard Test Method for Extended Duration Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials (30 min Tunnel Test)
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2024
• Referred By: ASTM E535-23 - Standard Practice for Preparation of Fire-Test-Response Standards
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2024
• Referred By: ASTM E2874-23 - Standard Test Method for Determining the Fire-Test Response Characteristics of a Building Spandrel-Panel Assembly Due to External Spread of Fire
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2024
• Referred By: ASTM E2837-23a - Standard Test Method for Determining the Fire Resistance of Continuity Head-of-Wall Joint Systems Installed Between Rated Wall Assemblies and Nonrated Horizontal Assemblies
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2024
• Referred By: ASTM E1355-23 - Standard Guide for Evaluating the Predictive Capability of Deterministic Fire Models
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2024

Overview

ASTM E176-24: Standard Terminology of Fire Standards establishes a comprehensive and precise set of definitions for terms commonly used in fire-test-response standards, fire-hazard-assessment standards, and fire-risk-assessment standards. Published by ASTM International and maintained by Committee E05 on Fire Standards, this terminology standard ensures uniformity, consistency, and clarity in the language of fire science and fire testing.

By adopting ASTM E176-24, organizations, laboratories, authorities, and professionals enhance communication, improve interpretation of fire test results, and facilitate alignment across multiple fire safety documents and assessment protocols. This standard represents an internationally recognized effort to harmonize fire-related terminology, supporting global trade and regulatory compliance.

Key Topics

• Consistent Terminology: Definitions are written for precise use in fire test, hazard, and risk standards, ensuring every term is clearly and consistently applied.
• Applicability: Terms and definitions are intended for use within and across all fire test and assessment standards referenced by ASTM, regardless of the specific application or scenario.
• Special-Purpose Definitions: Many terms, such as "combustion," "fire resistance," "flammability," "heat release rate," and "smoke obscuration," have definitions tailored for fire testing contexts.
• Flexibility: Different, non-conflicting definitions of the same term are allowed in separate standards if particular test contexts require it.
• References to Other Standards: Where terms relevant to fire safety are not included in ASTM E176-24, ISO 13943 (Fire Safety - Vocabulary) may be consulted, with E176 definitions prevailing in case of conflicts.

Applications

ASTM E176-24 supports critical activities in fire safety sciences, including:

• Fire Testing: Laboratories and manufacturers use E176-24 terminology for accurate reporting and comparison of results in standards such as ASTM E84 (surface burning characteristics) and ASTM E119 (fire resistance testing).
• Regulatory Compliance: Authorities having jurisdiction (AHJs) and code officials apply standardized language when writing, interpreting, and enforcing fire safety codes.
• Product Design and Evaluation: Engineers and safety professionals rely on the precise definitions to guide product development, material selection, and performance assessments.
• Risk and Hazard Assessment: Hazard analysts and risk assessors utilize E176-24 terms when conducting and documenting fire hazard assessments or risk analyses.
• Standard Development: Authors and committees reference E176-24 to ensure consistency in drafting new or revised fire test methods, hazard evaluation procedures, or assessment standards.
• International Trade and Harmonization: As ASTM E176-24 is aligned with international standardization principles, it facilitates mutual recognition of fire test results and reduces technical barriers to trade.

Related Standards

ASTM E176-24 references and is often used alongside a wide range of fire-related standards, including but not limited to:

• ASTM E84: Standard Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials
• ASTM E119: Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials
• ASTM E136: Test Method for Assessing Combustibility of Materials Using a Vertical Tube Furnace
• ASTM E1354: Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke Release Rates Using an Oxygen Consumption Calorimeter
• ISO 13943: Fire Safety - Vocabulary
• ASTM E535: Practice for Preparation of Fire-Test-Response Standards
• ASTM E603: Guide for Room Fire Experiments

For the most current and authoritative definitions in fire protection engineering, fire testing, and fire safety assessment, ASTM E176-24 serves as the foundational terminology resource. This standard plays a vital role in ensuring technical accuracy, regulatory alignment, and safety in the field of fire sciences.

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E176 − 24 An American National Standard
Standard Terminology of
Fire Standards
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E176; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D3675 Test Method for Surface Flammability of Flexible
Cellular Materials Using a Radiant Heat Energy Source
1.1 This terminology covers terms, related definitions, and
D5865/D5865M Test Method for Gross Calorific Value of
descriptions of terms used or likely to be used in fire-test-
Coal and Coke
response standards, fire-hazard-assessment standards, and fire-
E84 Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of
risk-assessment standards. Definitions of terms are special-
Building Materials
purpose definitions that are consistent with the standard
E119 Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building Construction
definitions but are written to ensure that a specific fire-test-
and Materials
response standard, fire-hazard-assessment standard, or fire-
E136 Test Method for Assessing Combustibility of Materials
risk-assessment standard is properly understood and precisely
Using a Vertical Tube Furnace at 750 °C
interpreted.
E152 Test Method for Fire Tests Of Door Assemblies (With-
NOTE 1—For additional information, refer to ASTM Policy on Fire
drawn 1995)
Standards. See also Annex A1 of Practice E535.
E162 Test Method for Surface Flammability of Materials
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Using a Radiant Heat Energy Source
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
E163 Test Method for Fire Tests Of Window Assemblies
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
(Withdrawn 1999)
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
E535 Practice for Preparation of Fire-Test-Response Stan-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
dards
1.3 This fire standard cannot be used to provide quantitative
E603 Guide for Room Fire Experiments
measures.
E648 Test Method for Critical Radiant Flux of Floor-
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor- Covering Systems Using a Radiant Heat Energy Source
E800 Guide for Measurement of Gases Present or Generated
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
During Fires
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom- E814 Test Method for Fire Tests of Penetration Firestop
Systems
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. E906/E906M Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke
Release Rates for Materials and Products Using a Ther-
2. Referenced Documents
mopile Method
E970 Test Method for Critical Radiant Flux of Exposed Attic
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Floor Insulation Using a Radiant Heat Energy Source
C1224 Specification for Reflective Insulation for Building
E1317 Test Method for Flammability of Surface Finishes
Applications
E1321 Test Method for Determining Material Ignition and
C1313/C1313M Specification for Sheet Radiant Barriers for
Flame Spread Properties
Building Construction Applications
E1352 Test Method for Cigarette Ignition Resistance of
Mock-Up Upholstered Furniture Assemblies (Withdrawn
1 4
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E05 on Fire
2022)
Standards and is the responsibility of Subcommittee E05.31 on Terminology and
E1353 Test Methods for Cigarette Ignition Resistance of
Editorial.
Components of Upholstered Furniture (Withdrawn 2022)
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2024. Published January 2024. Originally
ɛ1
approved in 1961. Last previous edition approved in 2021 as E176 –21a . DOI:
E1354 Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke Release
10.1520/E0176-24.
Rates for Materials and Products Using an Oxygen Con-
Available from ASTM Headquarters, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West
sumption Calorimeter
Conshohocken, PA 19428.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
the ASTM website. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E176 − 24
E1355 Guide for Evaluating the Predictive Capability of E2335 Guide for Laboratory Monitors
Deterministic Fire Models E2336 Test Methods for Fire Resistive Grease Duct Enclo-
E1474 Test Method for Determining the Heat Release Rate sure Systems
of Upholstered Furniture and Mattress Components or
E2404 Practice for Specimen Preparation and Mounting of
Composites Using a Bench Scale Oxygen Consumption
Textile, Paper or Polymeric (Including Vinyl) and Wood
Calorimeter
Wall or Ceiling Coverings, Facings and Veneers, to Assess
E1509 Specification for Room Heaters, Pellet Fuel-Burning
Surface Burning Characteristics
Type
E2405 Test Method for Determination of Fire and Thermal
E1513/E1513M Practice for Application of Sprayed Fire-
Parameters of Materials Using an Intermediate Scale Test
Resistive Materials (SFRMs)
with Vertically Oriented Specimen (Withdrawn 2011)
E1529 Test Methods for Determining Effects of Large Hy-
E2536 Guide for Assessment of Measurement Uncertainty in
drocarbon Pool Fires on Structural Members and Assem-
Fire Tests
blies
E2573 Practice for Specimen Preparation and Mounting of
E1537 Test Method for Fire Testing of Upholstered Furni-
Site-Fabricated Stretch Systems to Assess Surface Burn-
ture
ing Characteristics
E1546 Guide for Development of Fire-Hazard-Assessment
E2574/E2574M Test Method for Fire Testing of School Bus
Standards
Seat Assemblies
E1590 Test Method for Fire Testing of Mattresses
E2599 Practice for Specimen Preparation and Mounting of
E1623 Test Method for Determination of Fire and Thermal
Reflective Insulation, Radiant Barrier and Vinyl Stretch
Parameters of Materials, Products, and Systems Using an
Ceiling Materials for Building Applications to Assess
Intermediate Scale Calorimeter (ICAL)
Surface Burning Characteristics
E1678 Test Method for Measuring Smoke Toxicity for Use
E2632/E2632M Test Method for Evaluating the Under-Deck
in Fire Hazard Analysis
Fire Test Response of Deck Materials
E1740 Test Method for Determining the Heat Release Rate
E2652 Test Method for Assessing Combustibility of Mate-
and Other Fire-Test-Response Characteristics of Wall
rials Using a Tube Furnace with a Cone-shaped Airflow
Covering or Ceiling Covering Composites Using a Cone
Stabilizer, at 750 °C
Calorimeter
E2653 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
E1822 Test Method for Fire Testing of Stacked Chairs
Determine Precision Estimates for a Test Method with
E1995 Test Method for Measurement of Smoke Obscuration
Fewer Than Six Participating Laboratories
Using a Conical Radiant Source in a Single Closed
E2688 Practice for Specimen Preparation and Mounting of
Chamber, With the Test Specimen Oriented Horizontally
Tapes to Assess Surface Burning Characteristics
E2032 Practice for Extension of Data From Fire Resistance
E2690 Practice for Specimen Preparation and Mounting of
Tests Conducted in Accordance with ASTM E 119
Caulks and Sealants to Assess Surface Burning Charac-
E2058 Test Methods for Measurement of Material Flamma-
teristics
bility Using a Fire Propagation Apparatus (FPA)
E2707 Test Method for Determining Fire Penetration of
E2061 Guide for Fire Hazard Assessment of Rail Transpor-
Exterior Wall Assemblies Using a Direct Flame Impinge-
tation Vehicles
ment Exposure
E2067 Practice for Full-Scale Oxygen Consumption Calo-
E2726/E2726M Test Method for Evaluating the Fire-Test-
rimetry Fire Tests
Response of Deck Structures to Burning Brands
E2102 Test Method for Measurement of Mass Loss and
E2749 Practice for Measuring the Uniformity of Furnace
Ignitability for Screening Purposes Using a Conical Ra-
Exposure on Test Specimens
diant Heater
E2816 Test Methods for Fire Resistive Metallic HVAC Duct
E2187 Test Method for Measuring the Ignition Strength of
Systems
Cigarettes
E2837 Test Method for Determining the Fire Resistance of
E2226 Practice for Application of Hose Stream
Continuity Head-of-Wall Joint Systems Installed Between
E2230 Practice for Thermal Qualification of Type B Pack-
Rated Wall Assemblies and Nonrated Horizontal Assem-
ages for Radioactive Material
blies
E2231 Practice for Specimen Preparation and Mounting of
E2874 Test Method for Determining the Fire-Test Response
Pipe and Duct Insulation Materials to Assess Surface
Characteristics of a Building Spandrel-Panel Assembly
Burning Characteristics
Due to External Spread of Fire
E2257 Test Method for Room Fire Test of Wall and Ceiling
E2886/E2886M Test Method for Evaluating the Ability of
Materials and Assemblies
Exterior Vents to Resist the Entry of Embers and Direct
E2280 Guide for Fire Hazard Assessment of the Effect of
Flame Impingement
Upholstered Seating Furniture Within Patient Rooms of
Health Care Facilities E2912 Test Method for Fire Test of Non-Mechanical Fire
E2307 Test Method for Determining Fire Resistance of Dampers Used in Vented Construction
E2957 Test Method for Resistance to Wildfire Penetration of
Perimeter Fire Barriers Using Intermediate-Scale, Multi-
story Test Apparatus Eaves, Soffits and Other Projections
E176 − 24
E2965 Test Method for Determination of Low Levels of definition or discussion indicates the year of introduction or of
Heat Release Rate for Materials and Products Using an latest revision of that particular definition or discussion.
Oxygen Consumption Calorimeter
4.3 Definitions:
E3048 Test Method for Determination of Time to Burn-
afterglow, n—persistence of glowing combustion after both
Through Using the Intermediate Scale Calorimeter
removal of the ignition source and the cessation of any
(ICAL) Radiant Panel
flaming. (2005)
E3082 Test Methods for Determining the Effectiveness of
assembly, n—a unit or structure composed of a combination of
Fire Retardant Treatments for Natural Christmas Trees
materials or products, or both. (1990)
E3202 Practice for Specimen Preparation and Mounting of
Plastic Composites for Use as Deck Boards, Stair Treads,
burn, v—to undergo combustion. (1989)
Guards or Handrails to Assess Surface Burning Charac-
char, v—to form carbonaceous residue during pyrolysis or
teristics
5 during incomplete combustion. (1979)
2.2 ISO Standards:
ISO 1182 Fire Tests-Building Materials-Non-Combustibility
char, n—a carbonaceous residue formed by pyrolysis or
Test
incomplete combustion. (1979)
ISO 13943 Fire Safety-Vocabulary
chimney effect—upward movement of hot fire effluent caused
by convection currents confined within an essentially verti-
3. Significance and Use
cal enclosure. (2006)
3.1 Definitions—Terms and related definitions given in Sec-
DISCUSSION—This usually draws more air into the fire. (2006)
tion 4 are intended for use uniformly and consistently in all fire
combustible, adj—capable of undergoing combustion. (1985)
test standards and in all fire-test-response standards, fire-
DISCUSSION—The term combustible is often delimited to specific
hazard-assessment standards, and fire-risk-assessment stan-
fire-exposure conditions. For example, building materials are consid-
dards in which they appear.
ered combustible if they are capable of undergoing combustion in air at
pressures and temperatures that might occur during a fire in a building.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
Similarly, some materials that are not combustible under such condi-
3.2.1 As indicated in Section 4, terms and their definitions
tions may be combustible when exposed to higher temperatures and
are intended to provide a precise understanding and interpre-
pressures or to an oxygen-enriched environment. Materials that are not
tation of fire-test-response standards, fire-hazard-assessment
combustible in bulk form may be combustible in finely divided form.
standards, and fire-risk-assessment standards in which they
(1985)
appear.
combustion, n—a chemical process of oxidation that occurs at
3.2.2 A specific definition of a given term is applicable to
a rate fast enough to produce temperature rise and usually
the standard or standards in which the term is described and
light either as a glow or flame. (See also glow and smolder-
used.
ing.) (1989)
3.2.3 Different definitions of the same term, appearing
respectively in two or more standards, are acceptable provided
combustion products, n—effluent produced when a material
each one is consistent with and not in conflict with the standard
undergoes combustion (see also smoke; see also combus-
definition for the same term, that is, concept.
tion). (2001)
3.2.4 Each standard in which a term is used in a manner
DISCUSSION—The combustion process releases effluents that have
specially defined (see 1.1 and Section 5) shall list the term and mass, in gaseous, liquid, or solid form, and generates radiant energy, as
heat or light, and sometimes sound. However, the common usage of the
its description under the subheading, Definitions of Terms.
term combustion products in ASTM E05 standards is only for those
3.3 Definitions for some terms associated with fire issues
which have mass. (2001)
and not included in Terminology E176 are found in ISO 13943.
composite, n—structured combination of two or more discrete
When discrepancies exist, the definition in Terminology E176
materials. (2008)
shall prevail.
continuous, adj—as related to data acquisition in large-scale
4. Terminology
tests, conducted at data collection intervals of 6 s or less.
(2021)
4.1 Terms and their standard definitions within the scope of
this standard are given in Section 4 in alphabetical order.
continuous, adj—as related to data acquisition in bench-scale
Annex A1 contains the definitions of terms from the section on
tests, conducted at data collection intervals of 5 s or less.
“Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard” from ASTM
(2021)
E05 standards.
effective heat of combustion, n—the amount of heat generated
4.2 Discussions associated with definitions are printed di-
per unit mass lost by a material, product or assembly, when
rectly under the appropriate definition. The date following each
exposed to specific fire test conditions (contrast gross heat
of combustion) (2003).
Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISO
Central Secretariat, Chemin de Blandonnet 8, CP 401, 1214 Vernier, Geneva,
Switzerland, https://www.iso.org. Date indicates year of introduction or latest review or revision.
E176 − 24
DISCUSSION—The effective heat of combustion depends on the test DISCUSSION—The ASTM Policy on Fire Standards distinguishes
method and is determined by dividing the measured heat release by the between the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and
mass loss during a specified period of time under the specified test flame under controlled conditions, which is fire-test-response
conditions. Typically, the specified fire test conditions are provided by characteristic, and under actual fire conditions, which is fire perfor-
the specifications of the fire test standard that cites effective heat of mance. Fire performance depends on the occasion or environment and
combustion as a quantity to be measured. For certain fire test may not be measurable. In view of the limited availability of fire-
conditions, involving very high heat and high oxygen concentrations performance data, the response to one or more fire tests, appropriately
under high pressure, the effective heat of combustion will approximate recognized as representing end-use conditions, is generally used as a
the gross heat of combustion. More often, the fire test conditions will predictor of the fire performance of a material, product, or assembly.
represent or approximate certain real fire exposure conditions, and the (1993)
effective heat of combustion is the appropriate measure. Typical units
fire performance characteristic, n—this term is deprecated.
are kJ/g or MJ/kg. (2001)
(See fire-test-response characteristic and fire perfor-
environment, n—as related to fire, the conditions and sur-
mance (q.v.).) (1990)
roundings that may influence the behavior of a material,
fire performance test, n—this term is deprecated. (See fire-
product, or assembly when it is exposed to ignition sources
test-response characteristic and fire performance (q.v.).)
or fire. (1989)
(1990).
fire, n—destructive burning as manifested by any or all of the
fireproof, adj—an inappropriate and misleading term. Do not
following: light, flame, heat, smoke. (1988)
use. (See commentary in X1.)
fire-characteristic profile, n—an array of fire-test-response DISCUSSION—This term was originally used to describe buildings
having all noncombustible structural elements and some degree of fire
characteristics, all measured using tests relevant to the same
resistance. However, the term has been misunderstood to mean an
fire scenario, for a material, product, or assembly to address,
absolute or unconditional property, and therefore the use of the term,
collectively, the corresponding fire hazard. (See also fire
fireproof, is inappropriate and misleading. (1990)
hazard, fire risk, and fire-test-response characteristic.)
(1993) fire protection rating, n—a measure of the elapsed time
during which a fire door assembly or a fire window assembly
DISCUSSION—An array of fire-test-response characteristics in a set of
data relevant to the assessment of fire hazard in a particular fire
continues to exhibit fire resistance under specified exposure
scenario. In other words, all the fire tests used would have a demon-
conditions. (2014)
strated validity for the fire scenario in question, for example by having
DISCUSSION—In some jurisdictions the term fire protection rating may
comparable fire intensities. The fire-characteristic profile is intended as
also be applied to other elements of building construction. (2014)
a collective guide to the potential fire hazard from a material, product,
or assembly involved in a fire that could be represented by the fire resistance, n—the ability of a material, product, or
laboratory test conditions. (1993)
assembly to withstand fire or give protection from it for a
period of time. (Contrast fire resistance rating.) (2004)
fire-door assembly, n—a fire door, combined with the corre-
DISCUSSION—As applied to elements of buildings, fire resistance is
sponding frame, hardware, and other accessories, that has a
characterized by the ability to confine a fire or to continue to perform
fire protection rating. (2014)
a given structural function, or both. More specific examples of this
ability include retention of stability (loadbearing capacity), integrity or
fire exposure, n—process by which or extent to which humans,
thermal insulation. Once a measure of time is defined for fire resistance,
animals, materials, products, or assemblies are subjected to
and exposure conditions specified for that measure, the result is a fire
the conditions created by fire. (1991)
resistance rating. (2004)
fire gases, n—the airborne products emitted by a material, fire resistance rating, n—a measure of the elapsed time during
product, or assembly undergoing pyrolysis or combustion, which a material, product, or assembly continues to exhibit
that exist in the gas phase at the relevant temperature. (1979) fire resistance under specified exposure conditions. (Contrast
fire resistance.) (2004)
fire hazard, n—the potential for harm associated with fire.
DISCUSSION—This term is defined because it is used in codes. As
(1989)
applied to elements of buildings, it is commonly measured by the
DISCUSSION—A fire may pose one or more types of hazard to people,
methods and to the criteria defined in Test Methods E119 or Specifi-
animals, or property. These hazards are associated with the environ-
cation E1509. Fire protection rating is the term used for fire resistance
ment and with a number of fire-test-response characteristics of
ratings of fire door assemblies and fire window assemblies. (2014)
materials, products, or assemblies including, but not limited to, ease of
fire resistant, adj—See fire resistive, the preferred term.
ignition, flame spread, rate of heat release, smoke generation and
obscuration, toxicity of combustion products, and ease of extinguish- (1983)
ment. (1989)
fire resistive, adj—having fire resistance (TCG-01). (1983)
fire model, n—a physical representation or set of mathematical fire retardant, n—a substance which, when added to a
equations that approximately simulate the dynamics of
combustible material, inhibits combustion of the resulting
burning and associated processes. (1992)
substance or material when exposed to fire. (2015)
fire performance, n—response of a material, product, or fire retardant, adj—not a defined term. Use as a modifier only
assembly in a particular fire, other than in a fire test with defined compound terms: fire-retardant barrier, fire-
involving controlled conditions (different from fire-test- retardant chemical, fire-retardant coating, and fire-
response characteristic). (1993) retardant treatment. (1986)
E176 − 24
DISCUSSION—A fire-test-response characteristic can be influenced by
fire-retardant barrier, n—a layer of material which, when
variable characteristics of the heat source, such as its intensity, or of the
secured to a combustible material or otherwise interposed
burning environment, such as ventilation, geometry of item or
between the material and a potential fire source, delays
enclosure, humidity, or oxygen concentration. It is not an intrinsic
ignition and combustion of the material when the barrier is
property such as specific heat, thermal conductivity, or heat of
exposed to fire. (1986)
combustion, where the value is independent of test variables. A
fire-test-response characteristic may be described in one of several
fire-retardant chemical, n—a chemical, which when added to
terms. Smoke generation, for example, may be described as smoke
a combustible material, delays ignition and combustion of
opacity, change of opacity with time, or smoke weight. No quantitative
the resulting material when exposed to fire. (1986)
correlation need exist between values of a fire-test-response character-
istic for different materials, products, or assemblies, as measured by
DISCUSSION—A fire-retardant chemical can be a part of the molecular
different methods or tested under different sets of conditions for a given
structure, an admixture, or an impregnant. (1986)
method. (2005)
fire-retardant coating, n—a fluid-applied surface covering on
fire window assembly, n—a window or glass block assembly
a combustible material which delays ignition and combus-
which has a fire protection rating. (2015)
tion of the material when the coating is exposed to fire. (See
also flame-retardant coating. Compare fire-retardant bar-
flame, n—a hot, usually luminous zone of gas produced by
rier.) (1986)
combustion. (2012)
DISCUSSION—The luminosity of a flame can be caused by the
fire-retardant treatment, n—the use of a fire-retardant chemi-
presence of suspended glowing particulate matter or radical species in
cal or a fire-retardant coating. (See also flame-retardant
the zone of hot gases. (2012)
treatment.) (1986)
flame front, n—the leading edge of a flame propagating
fire risk, n—an estimation of expected fire loss that combines
through a gaseous mixture or across the surface of a liquid or
the potential for harm in various fire scenarios that can occur
solid. (1983)
with the probabilities of occurrence of those scenarios.
(1993)
flameproof, adj—an inappropriate and misleading term. Do not
DISCUSSION—Risk may be defined as the probability of having a use. (1983)
certain type of fire, where the type of fire may be defined in whole or
DISCUSSION—This term was originally used to describe the treatment
in part by the degree of potential harm associated with it, or as potential
of textile fabrics or other organic products to make them resistant to
for harm weighted by associated probabilities. However it is defined, no
ignition. However, the term has been misunderstood to mean an
risk scale implies a single value of acceptable risk. Different individuals
absolute or unconditional property, and therefore the use of the term,
presented with the same risk situation may have different opinions on
flameproof, is inappropriate and misleading. (1983)
its acceptability. (1993)
flame resistance, n—the ability to withstand flame impinge-
fire scenario, n—a detailed description of conditions, includ-
ment or give protection from it. (1983)
ing environmental, of one or more of the stages from before
flame resistant, adj—having flame resistance. (1983)
ignition to the completion of combustion in an actual fire, or
in a full scale simulation. (1998)
flame resistive, n—See flame resistant, the preferred term.
DISCUSSION—The conditions describing a fire scenario, or a group of
(1983)
fire scenarios, are those required for the testing, analysis, or assessment
flame retardant, n—a substance which, when added to a
that is of interest. Typically they are those conditions that can create
significant variation in the results. The degree of detail necessary will
combustible material, inhibits flame spread of the resulting
depend upon the intended use of the fire scenario. Environmental
substance or material when exposed to flame impingement.
conditions may be included in a scenario definition but are not required
(2015)
in all cases. Fire scenarios often define conditions in the early stages of
a fire while allowing analysis to calculate conditions in later stages.
flame retardant, adj—not a defined term. Use only as a
(1998)
modifier with defined compound terms: flame-retardant
chemical, flame-retardant coating, and flame-retardant
fire test exposure severity, n—a measure of the degree of fire
treatment. (1986)
exposure; specifically in connection with Test Methods
E119, E152, and E163, the ratio of the area under the curve
flame-retardant chemical, n—a chemical, which when added
of average furnace temperature to the area under the standard
to a combustible material, delays ignition and reduces flame
time/temperature curve, each from the start of the test to the
spread of the resulting material when exposed to flame
end or time of failure, and above the base temperatures 68°F
impingement. (See also fire-retardant chemical.) (1986)
(20°C). (1976)
flame-retardant coating, n—a fluid-applied surface covering
fire-test-response characteristic, n—a response characteristic
on a combustible material which delays ignition and reduces
of a material, product, or assembly, to a prescribed source of
flame spread when the covering is exposed to flame impinge-
heat or flame, under controlled fire conditions; such response
ment. (See also fire-retardant coating.) (1986)
characteristics may include, but are not limited to, ease of
ignition, flame spread, heat release, mass loss, smoke flame-retardant treatment, n—the use of a flame-retardant
generation, fire resistance, and toxic potency of smoke. chemical or a flame-retardant coating. (See also fire-
(1992) retardant treatment.) (1986)
E176 − 24
flame speed, n—the velocity of propagation of a flame front gasification, n—transformation of a solid and/or liquid mate-
through a gaseous mixture (fuel and oxidizer) relative to a rial into a gaseous state. (2001)
reference point. (1982)
glow, n—as related to fire, visible light emitted by a solid
undergoing combustion. (See also combustion and flame.)
flame spread, n—propagation of a flame front (see surface
flame spread, volumetric flame spread). (2005) DISCUSSION—A solid undergoing combustion may itself glow or may
produce a luminous flame consisting of hot gas with suspended glowing
flame spread index, n—a comparative measure expressed as a
particulate matter. (2010)
dimensionless number, derived from visual measurements of
gross heat of combustion, n—the maximum amount of heat
the spread of flame versus time in Test Method E84. (2001)
per unit mass that theoretically can be released by the
DISCUSSION—Classifications have been developed using these values.
combustion of a material, product, or assembly; it can be
This index is different from that derived in Test Methods E162 or
determined experimentally only under conditions of high
D3675. (2001)
pressure and in pure oxygen (contrast effective heat of
flaming debris, n—flaming material that separates and falls
combustion). (2003)
from the test specimen during the fire test and continues to
heat flux, n—heat transfer to a surface per unit area, per unit
burn with flame. (See also flaming droplets.) (2018)
time (see also initial test heat flux).(2008)
DISCUSSION—The particular conditions under which continued flam-
DISCUSSION—The heat flux from an energy source, such as a radiant
ing combustion is significant (such as for a particular duration or after
heater, can be measured at the initiation of a test (such as Test Method
striking a surface) may be different in different test methods. Where
E1354 or Test Method E906/E906M) and then reported as the initial
needed, such conditions should be specified in the test method or
test heat flux, with the understanding that the burning of the test
requirement. (2018)
specimen can generate additional heat flux to the specimen surface. The
heat flux can also be measured at any time during a fire test, for
flaming droplets, n—flaming, liquefied material that separates
example as described in Guide E603, on any surface, and with
and drips from the test specimen during the fire test and
measurement devices responding to radiative and convective fluxes.
2 2 2
continues to burn with flame. (See also flaming debris.) Typical units are kW/m , W/cm , or BTU/(s ft ). (2009)
(2018)
heat release rate, n—the thermal energy released per unit time
DISCUSSION—The particular conditions under which continued flam-
by an item during combustion under specified conditions.
ing combustion is significant (such as for a particular duration or after
(2006)
striking a surface) may be different in different test methods. Where
needed, such conditions should be specified in the test method or DISCUSSION—Heat release rate is typically reported per unit area in
requirement. (2018) small-scale or bench-scale tests.
heat stress, n—(physiological) adverse condition caused by
flammable, adj—(1) capable of burning with a flame under
exposure to elevated temperature, radiant heat flux, or
specified conditions, or (2) when used to designate high
combinations of these factors. (1988)
hazard, subject to easy ignition and rapid flaming combus-
tion. (1995)
ignitability, n—the propensity for ignition, as measured by the
DISCUSSION—The first definition is needed as it is the definition
time to sustained flaming, in seconds, at a specified heat flux.
recognized by the principal international standardization bodies, the
(2021)
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) and the International
Organization for Standardization (ISO). The second definition has been
ignition, n—the initiation of combustion. (1989)
the ASTM Terminology E176 definition and is the principal definition
DISCUSSION—The combustion may be evidenced by glow, flame,
recognized by the lay public. The terms in the second definition “easy
detonation, or explosion. The combustion may be sustained or tran-
ignition” and “rapid flaming combustion,” may seem insufficiently
sient. (1989)
precise but are made precise in standards that use the terms in that way,
such as standards on the fire hazards of materials (for example, NFPA
ignition temperature, n—the lowest temperature at which
704; NFPA 321, on flammable liquids; and NFPA 55, on flammable
sustained combustion of a material can be initiated under
gases). (1995)
specified test conditions. (1990)
flashover, n—the rapid transition to a state of total surface
DISCUSSION—While the phenomenon of combustion may be transient
involvement in a fire of combustible materials within an
or sustained, in fire testing practice, the ignition temperature is reached
when combustion continues after the pilot source is removed. (1990)
enclosure. (1997)
DISCUSSION—Flashover is a fluid–mechanical combustion instability
incandescence, n—emission of light produced by a material
within an enclosure that occurs when the surface temperatures of an
when intensely heated; it can be produced with or without
enclosure and its contents rise rapidly, producing combustible gases
combustion. (1997)
and vapors, and the enclosure heat flux becomes sufficient to heat these
gases and vapors to their ignition temperatures. At flashover, the
initial test heat flux, n—the heat flux set on the test apparatus
volume occupied by hot combustion gases rapidly increases and ends
at the initiation of the test (see also heat flux). (2007)
up comprising more than 50% of the enclosure’s volume. Experimen-
tally it is found that flashover occurs when the upper gas layer DISCUSSION—The initial test heat flux is the heat flux value com-
temperature surpasses 600°C or when the radiant heat flux at the floor monly used when describing or setting test conditions. (2007)
surpasses 20 kW/m . Visually, flashover often corresponds to a transi-
integrity, n—in fire resistance testing, the ability of a test
tion from flaming on a few surfaces to flames throughout the volume of
the enclosure. (2002) assembly, when exposed to fire from one side, to prevent the
E176 − 24
passage of flame or hot gases through it or the occurrence of self-propagation of flame, n—propagation of a flame front
flames on its unexposed side. (2013) after the removal of any applied energy source. (2001)
mass burning rate, n—mass loss per unit time by materials smoke, n—the airborne solid and liquid particulates and gases
burning under specified conditions. (1989)
evolved when a material undergoes pyrolysis or combustion.
(1989)
noncombustible, adj—not capable of undergoing combustion
DISCUSSION—So-called chemical smokes are excluded from this
under specified conditions. (Contrast combustible.) (2018)
definition. (1989)
DISCUSSION—In fire testing, noncombustibility is often assessed by
means of Test Method E136, Test Method E2652, or ISO 1182. (2018)
smoke developed index, n—a comparative measure expressed
as a dimensionless number, derived from measurements of
optical density of smoke, D, n—a measure of the attenuation
smoke obscuration versus time in Test Method E84. (2001)
of a light beam passing through smoke, expressed as the
DISCUSSION—Classifications have been developed using these values.
common logarithm of the ratio of the incident flux, I , to the
o
(2001)
transmitted flux, I. (D = log (I /I)). (1989)
10 o
smoke obscuration, n—reduction of light transmission by
orientation, n—the plane in which the exposed face of the
smoke, as measured by light attenuation. (2001)
specimen is located during testing. (1977)
DISCUSSION—The orientation may be vertical, horizontal or at an
smoke toxicity, n—the propensity of smoke to produce adverse
angle. In the latter two cases, the specimen may be facing up or down.
biochemical or physiological effects. (See smoke.) (1988)
(1977)
smoldering, n—combustion of a solid without flame, often
oxygen consumption principle, n—the expression of the
evidenced by visible smoke. (1979)
relationship between the mass of oxygen consumed during
DISCUSSION—Smoldering can be initiated by small sources of
combustion and the heat released. (1998)
ignition, especially in dusts or fibrous or porous materials, and may
persist for an extended period of time after which a flame may be
oxygen depletion, n—in a fire, reduction of oxygen (O )
produced. (1979)
content of an atmosphere as a result of combustion. (1988)
spontaneous ignition, n—unpiloted ignition caused by an
oxygen index, n—minimum concentration of oxygen in a
internal exothermic reaction (compare piloted ignition).
mixture of oxygen and nitrogen that will just support flaming
(1991)
combustion of a material under specified conditions. (2000)
standard temperature/time curve (standard time/
piloted ignition, n—ignition of combustible gases or vapors by
temperature curve), n—in fire testing, a graphical represen-
a pilot source of ignition (compare spontaneous ignition,
tation derived from prescribed time-temperature relation-
unpiloted ignition). (1991)
ships and used to control furnace temperature with
pilot source of ignition, n—a discrete source of energy, such progressing time. (1989)
as, for example, a flame, spark, electrical arc, or glowing DISCUSSION—One example is found in Test Methods E119. (1989)
wire (compare piloted ignition, unpiloted ignition). (1991)
superimposed load, n—force applied to a specimen or struc-
pyrolysis, n—process of simultaneous phase and chemical ture other than that associated with its own mass. (1979)
species change caused by heat (compare smoldering).
surface flame spread, n—propagation of flame away from the
(1991)
source of ignition across a surface (see flame spread and
reaction to fire, n—response of a material in contributing by
compare volumetric flame spread). (2010)
its own decomposition to a fire to which it is exposed, under
sustained flaming, n—flame on or over the surface of a test
specified conditions. (2002)
specimen that lasts longer than a defined period of time
DISCUSSION—In fire testing, it is usual to distinguish between two
(contrast transitory flaming). (2009)
types of fire-test-response characteristics: those associated with “reac-
DISCUSSION—Typically, the same defined period is used to define “
tion to fire” and those associated with “fire resistance.” (2012)
transitory flaming.” See the specific standard test method for applicable
screening test, n—as related to fire, a fire-response test
defined period of time. (2009)
performed to determine whether a material, product, or
thermal decomposition, n—process whereby the action of
assembly (a) exhibits any unusual fire-related
heat or elevated temperature on an item causes changes to
characteristics, (b) has certain expected fire-related
the chemical composition (different from thermal
characteristics, or (c) is capable of being preliminarily
degradation, q.v.; compare pyrolysis). (2006)
categorized according to the fire characteristic in question.
(1993)
thermal degradation, n—process whereby the action of heat
or elevated temperature on a material, product, or assembly
self heating, n—a rise in the temperature of a material,
causes an adverse change in one or more properties (contrast
assemblage, or product caused by internal, exothermic
thermal decomposition, q.v.). (2007)
chemical reaction. (1985)
DISCUSSION—Examples of properties that can be affected are
self ignition, n—See spontaneous ignition, the preferred term.
physical, mechanical and electrical properties. Adverse change typi-
(1985) cally involves a loss in property. (2007)
E176 − 24
time to sustained flaming, n—period of time from start of test toxic potency, n—as applied to inhalation of smoke or its
to commencement of the first period of flaming lasting long component gases, a quantitative expression relating concen-
enough to qualify as sustained flaming (see sustained tration and exposure time to a particular degree of adverse
flaming). (2009) physiological response, for example, death, on exposure of
humans or animals. (1991)
time to transitory flaming, n—period of time from start of test
DISCUSSION—The toxic potency of the smoke from any material,
to commencement of the first period of flaming lasting long
product, or assembly is related to the composition of that smoke which,
enough to qualify as transitory flaming but occurring before in turn, is dependent upon the conditions under which the smoke is
generated. (1991)
any period of flaming lasting long enough to qualify as
sustained flaming (see transitory flaming). (2009)
transitory flaming, n—flame on or over the surface of a test
specimen that does not last longer than a defined period of
total heat released, n—integrated value of the rate of heat
time (contrast sustained flaming). (2009)
release, for a specified time period.(2010)
DISCUSSION—Typically, the same defined period of time is used to
define “sustained flaming.” See the specific standard test method for
toxicity, n—the propensity of a substance to produce adverse
applicable defined period of time. (2009)
biochemical or physiological effects. (1988)
unpiloted ignition, n—ignition caused by one or more sources
toxic hazard, n—as related to fire, the potential for physiologi-
of energy without the presence of a pilot source of ignition
cal harm from toxic products of combustion. (1995)
(compare piloted ignition, spontaneous ignition). (1991)
DISCUSSION—Toxic hazard reflects both the quantity of toxic products
upholstered, adj—covered with material (as fabric or padding)
and the quality of those products, which is given by toxic potency.
Toxic hazard is not the only hazard associated with fire. Toxic hazard
to provide a soft surface. (1999)
is not an intrinsic characteristic of a material or product but will depend
volumetric flame spread, n—flame propagation through the
upon the fire scenario, the condition of use of the material or product,
and possibly other factors. (1995) volume of a gaseous mixture. (1989)
ANNEX
(Mandatory Information)
A1. DEFINITIONS OF TERMS FROM E05 STANDARDS
A1.1.1 Definitions: Terms from the section on “Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard” from ASTM E05 standards,
their definitions, and the standard(s) to which they apply are given below in alphabetical order:
accuracy of measurement, n—closeness of the agreement bead, n—in building construction, a strip of applied sealant,
between the result of a measurement and the true value of the glazing compound or putty. (2010) E2690
measurand. (2009) E2536
beams, n—all horizontally oriented structural members em-
acoustical ceiling panel, n—a form of a prefabricated sound ployed in building construction and known variously as
absorbing ceiling element used with exposed suspension beams, joists, or girders. (1999) E2032
systems (see Specification E1264). (1999) E2032
blackbody temperature, n—the temperature of a perfect
acoustical ceiling tile, n—a form of a prefabricated sound radiator—a surface with an emissivity of unity and,
absorbing ceiling element used with concealed or semi- therefore, a reflectivity of zero. (1997) E648
exposed suspension systems, stapling, or adhesive bonding
blockout, n—a recess formed in the floor assembly to accom-
(see Specification E1264). (1999) E2032
modate the installation of the perimeter joint protection,
assembly, n—a unit or structure composed of a combination of flush with the wearing surface of the floor assembly. (2010)
materials or products, or both. (2000) E1995, E2102 E2307
backing board, n—a noncombustible insulating board, bolster, n—pillow or similarly shaped unit containing uphol-
mounted behind the specimen during actual testing to satisfy stery material covered by upholstery cover material that may
the theoretical analysis assumption of no heat loss through or may not be attached to the upholstered furniture item but
the specimen. It shall be roughly 25 6 5 mm thick with a is sold and delivered with it. (1994) E1352
density no greater than 200 6 50 kg/m . (1997) E1321
building element, n—a component or assembly of materials
batch sampling—sampling over some time period in such a using products manufactured as independent units capable of
way as to produce a single test sample for analysis. (1981) being joined with or placed within other components or
E800 assemblies to create a structure. (2002) E2226
E176 − 24
building envelope, n—the boundary or barrier separating continutiy head-of-wall joint system, which achieves the
different environmental conditions within a building and same or greater fire resistance rating as the rate wall
from the outside environment. (2015) E2957 assembly. (2011)
DISCUSSION—This maintenance is achieved using materials or
burn-through, n—occurrence of sustained flaming on the
devices, or both, installed to extend and continue the fire resistance
unexposed side of the test specimen. (2016) E3048
rating of the wall assembly to the underside of the nonrated horizontal
assembly above. (20
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´1
Designation: E176 − 21a E176 − 24 An American National Standard
Standard Terminology of
Fire Standards
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E176; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
ε NOTE—Annex A1 was updated editorially in July 2022 to reflect changes made in E05 Subcommittee standard termi-
nology sections.
1. Scope
1.1 This terminology covers terms, related definitions, and descriptions of terms used or likely to be used in fire-test-response
standards, fire-hazard-assessment standards, and fire-risk-assessment standards. Definitions of terms are special-purpose
definitions that are consistent with the standard definitions but are written to ensure that a specific fire-test-response standard,
fire-hazard-assessment standard, or fire-risk-assessment standard is properly understood and precisely interpreted.
NOTE 1—For additional information, refer to ASTM Policy on Fire Standards. See also Annex A1 of Practice E535.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.3 This fire standard cannot be used to provide quantitative measures.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C1224 Specification for Reflective Insulation for Building Applications
C1313C1313/C1313M Specification for Sheet Radiant Barriers for Building Construction Applications
D3675 Test Method for Surface Flammability of Flexible Cellular Materials Using a Radiant Heat Energy Source
D5865D5865/D5865M Test Method for Gross Calorific Value of Coal and Coke
E84 Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials
E119 Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials
E136 Test Method for Assessing Combustibility of Materials Using a Vertical Tube Furnace at 750 °C
E119 Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials
E152 Test Method for Fire Tests Of Door Assemblies (Withdrawn 1995)
E162 Test Method for Surface Flammability of Materials Using a Radiant Heat Energy Source
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E05 on Fire Standards and is the responsibility of Subcommittee E05.31 on Terminology and Editorial.
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2021Jan. 1, 2024. Published January 2022January 2024. Originally approved in 1961. Last previous edition approved in 2021 as
ɛ1
E176 –21. –21a . DOI: 10.1520/E0176-21AE01.10.1520/E0176-24.
Available from ASTM Headquarters, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E176 − 24
E535 Practice for Preparation of Fire-Test-Response Standards
E603 Guide for Room Fire Experiments
E163 Test Method for Fire Tests Of Window Assemblies (Withdrawn 1999)
E535 Practice for Preparation of Fire-Test-Response Standards
E603 Guide for Room Fire Experiments
E648 Test Method for Critical Radiant Flux of Floor-Covering Systems Using a Radiant Heat Energy Source
E800 Guide for Measurement of Gases Present or Generated During Fires
E814 Test Method for Fire Tests of Penetration Firestop Systems
E906/E906M Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke Release Rates for Materials and Products Using a Thermopile Method
E970 Test Method for Critical Radiant Flux of Exposed Attic Floor Insulation Using a Radiant Heat Energy Source
E1317 Test Method for Flammability of Surface Finishes
E1321 Test Method for Determining Material Ignition and Flame Spread Properties
E1352 Test Method for Cigarette Ignition Resistance of Mock-Up Upholstered Furniture Assemblies (Withdrawn 2022)
E1353 Test Methods for Cigarette Ignition Resistance of Components of Upholstered Furniture (Withdrawn 2022)
E1354 Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke Release Rates for Materials and Products Using an Oxygen Consumption
Calorimeter
E1355 Guide for Evaluating the Predictive Capability of Deterministic Fire Models
E1474 Test Method for Determining the Heat Release Rate of Upholstered Furniture and Mattress Components or Composites
Using a Bench Scale Oxygen Consumption Calorimeter
E1509 Specification for Room Heaters, Pellet Fuel-Burning Type
E1513E1513/E1513M Practice for Application of Sprayed Fire-Resistive Materials (SFRMs)
E1529 Test Methods for Determining Effects of Large Hydrocarbon Pool Fires on Structural Members and Assemblies
E1537 Test Method for Fire Testing of Upholstered Furniture
E1546 Guide for Development of Fire-Hazard-Assessment Standards
E1590 Test Method for Fire Testing of Mattresses
E1623 Test Method for Determination of Fire and Thermal Parameters of Materials, Products, and Systems Using an
Intermediate Scale Calorimeter (ICAL)
E1678 Test Method for Measuring Smoke Toxicity for Use in Fire Hazard Analysis
E1740 Test Method for Determining the Heat Release Rate and Other Fire-Test-Response Characteristics of Wall Covering or
Ceiling Covering Composites Using a Cone Calorimeter
E1822 Test Method for Fire Testing of Stacked Chairs
E1995 Test Method for Measurement of Smoke Obscuration Using a Conical Radiant Source in a Single Closed Chamber, With
the Test Specimen Oriented Horizontally
E2032 Practice for Extension of Data From Fire Resistance Tests Conducted in Accordance with ASTM E 119
E2058 Test Methods for Measurement of Material Flammability Using a Fire Propagation Apparatus (FPA)
E2061 Guide for Fire Hazard Assessment of Rail Transportation Vehicles
E2067 Practice for Full-Scale Oxygen Consumption Calorimetry Fire Tests
E2102 Test Method for Measurement of Mass Loss and Ignitability for Screening Purposes Using a Conical Radiant Heater
E2187 Test Method for Measuring the Ignition Strength of Cigarettes
E2226 Practice for Application of Hose Stream
E2307 Test Method for Determining Fire Resistance of Perimeter Fire Barriers Using Intermediate-Scale, Multi-story Test
Apparatus
E2230 Practice for Thermal Qualification of Type B Packages for Radioactive Material
E2231 Practice for Specimen Preparation and Mounting of Pipe and Duct Insulation Materials to Assess Surface Burning
Characteristics
E2257 Test Method for Room Fire Test of Wall and Ceiling Materials and Assemblies
E2280 Guide for Fire Hazard Assessment of the Effect of Upholstered Seating Furniture Within Patient Rooms of Health Care
Facilities
E2307 Test Method for Determining Fire Resistance of Perimeter Fire Barriers Using Intermediate-Scale, Multi-story Test
Apparatus
E2335 Guide for Laboratory Monitors
E2336 Test Methods for Fire Resistive Grease Duct Enclosure Systems
E2404 Practice for Specimen Preparation and Mounting of Textile, Paper or Polymeric (Including Vinyl) and Wood Wall or
Ceiling Coverings, Facings and Veneers, to Assess Surface Burning Characteristics
E2405 Test Method for Determination of Fire and Thermal Parameters of Materials Using an Intermediate Scale Test with
Vertically Oriented Specimen (Withdrawn 2011)
E2536 Guide for Assessment of Measurement Uncertainty in Fire Tests
E176 − 24
E2573 Practice for Specimen Preparation and Mounting of Site-Fabricated Stretch Systems to Assess Surface Burning
Characteristics
E2574/E2574M Test Method for Fire Testing of School Bus Seat Assemblies
E2599 Practice for Specimen Preparation and Mounting of Reflective Insulation, Radiant Barrier and Vinyl Stretch Ceiling
Materials for Building Applications to Assess Surface Burning Characteristics
E2632/E2632M Test Method for Evaluating the Under-Deck Fire Test Response of Deck Materials
E2652 Test Method for Assessing Combustibility of Materials Using a Tube Furnace with a Cone-shaped Airflow Stabilizer, at
750 °C
E2653 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine Precision Estimates for a Test Method with Fewer Than
Six Participating Laboratories
E2688 Practice for Specimen Preparation and Mounting of Tapes to Assess Surface Burning Characteristics
E2690 Practice for Specimen Preparation and Mounting of Caulks and Sealants to Assess Surface Burning Characteristics
E2707 Test Method for Determining Fire Penetration of Exterior Wall Assemblies Using a Direct Flame Impingement Exposure
E2726/E2726M Test Method for Evaluating the Fire-Test-Response of Deck Structures to Burning Brands
E2749 Practice for Measuring the Uniformity of Furnace Exposure on Test Specimens
E2816 Test Methods for Fire Resistive Metallic HVAC Duct Systems
E2837 Test Method for Determining the Fire Resistance of Continuity Head-of-Wall Joint Systems Installed Between Rated Wall
Assemblies and Nonrated Horizontal Assemblies
E2874 Test Method for Determining the Fire-Test Response Characteristics of a Building Spandrel-Panel Assembly Due to
External Spread of Fire
E2886/E2886M Test Method for Evaluating the Ability of Exterior Vents to Resist the Entry of Embers and Direct Flame
Impingement
E2912 Test Method for Fire Test of Non-Mechanical Fire Dampers Used in Vented Construction
E2957 Test Method for Resistance to Wildfire Penetration of Eaves, Soffits and Other Projections
E2965 Test Method for Determination of Low Levels of Heat Release Rate for Materials and Products Using an Oxygen
Consumption Calorimeter
E3048 Test Method for Determination of Time to Burn-Through Using the Intermediate Scale Calorimeter (ICAL) Radiant Panel
E3082 Test Methods for Determining the Effectiveness of Fire Retardant Treatments for Natural Christmas Trees
E3202 Practice for Specimen Preparation and Mounting of Plastic Composites for Use as Deck Boards, Stair Treads, Guards or
Handrails to Assess Surface Burning Characteristics
2.2 ISO StandardsStandards: :
ISO 1182,ISO 1182 Fire Tests-Building Materials-Non-Combustibility Test
ISO 13943,ISO 13943 Fire Safety-Vocabulary
3. Significance and Use
3.1 Definitions—DefinitionsTerms—Terms and related definitions given in Section 44 are intended for use uniformly and
consistently in all fire test standards and in all fire-test-response standards, fire-hazard-assessment standards, and fire-risk-
assessment standards in which they appear.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 As indicated in Section 4, terms and their definitions are intended to provide a precise understanding and interpretation of
fire-test-response standards, fire-hazard-assessment standards, and fire-risk-assessment standards in which they appear.
3.2.2 A specific definition of a given term is applicable to the standard or standards in which the term is described and used.
3.2.3 Different definitions of the same term, appearing respectively in two or more standards, are acceptable provided each one
is consistent with and not in conflict with the standard definition for the same term, that is, concept.
3.2.4 Each standard in which a term is used in a manner specially defined (see 1.1 and Section 5) shall list the term and its
description under the subheading, Definitions of Terms.
Available from International Standardization Organization, ISO Central Secretariat 1, rue de Varembé, Case postale 56, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland or American
National Standards Institute, 11 West 42nd Street, New York, NY, 10046.Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISO Central Secretariat, Chemin de Blandonnet 8, CP 401,
1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland, https://www.iso.org.
E176 − 24
3.3 Definitions for some terms associated with fire issues and not included in Terminology E176 are found in ISO 13943. When
discrepancies exist, the definition in Terminology E176 shall prevail.
4. Terminology
4.1 Terms and their standard definitions within the scope of this standard are given in Section 44 in alphabetical order.
AnnexAnnex A1 A1 contains the definitions of terms from the section on “Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard” from
ASTM E05 standards.
4.2 Discussions associated with definitions are printed directly under the appropriate definition. The date following each definition
or discussion indicates the year of introduction or of latest revision of that particular definition or discussion.
4.3 Definitions:
afterglow, nn——persistence of glowing combustion after both removal of the ignition source and the cessation of any flaming.
(2005)
assembly, nn——a unit or structure composed of a combination of materials or products, or both. (1990)
burn, vv——to undergo combustion. (1989)
char, vv——to form carbonaceous residue during pyrolysis or during incomplete combustion. (1979)
char, nn——a carbonaceous residue formed by pyrolysis or incomplete combustion. (1979)
chimney effect—upward movement of hot fire effluent caused by convection currents confined within an essentially vertical
enclosure. (2006)
DISCUSSION—
This usually draws more air into the fire. (2006)
combustible, adjadj——capable of undergoing combustion. (1985)
DISCUSSION—
The term combustible is often delimited to specific fire-exposure conditions. For example, building materials are considered combustible if they are
capable of undergoing combustion in air at pressures and temperatures that might occur during a fire in a building. Similarly, some materials that are
not combustible under such conditions may be combustible when exposed to higher temperatures and pressures or to an oxygen-enriched environment.
Materials that are not combustible in bulk form may be combustible in finely divided form. (1985)
combustion, nn——a chemical process of oxidation that occurs at a rate fast enough to produce temperature rise and usually
light either as a glow or flame. (See also glow and smoldering.) (1989)
combustion products, n—effluent produced when a material undergoes combustion (see also smoke; see also combustion).
(2001)
DISCUSSION—
The combustion process releases effluents that have mass, in gaseous, liquid, or solid form, and generates radiant energy, as heat or light, and sometimes
sound. However, the common usage of the term combustion products in ASTM E05 standards is only for those which have mass. (2001)
composite, nn——structured combination of two or more discrete materials. (2008)
continuous, adj—as related to data acquisition in large-scale tests, conducted at data collection intervals of 6 s or less. (2021)
continuous, adj—as related to data acquisition in bench-scale tests, conducted at data collection intervals of 5 s or less. (2021)
Date indicates year of introduction or latest review or revision.
E176 − 24
effective heat of combustion, n—the amount of heat generated per unit mass lost by a material, product or assembly, when
exposed to specific fire test conditions (contrast gross heat of combustion) (2003).
DISCUSSION—
The effective heat of combustion depends on the test method and is determined by dividing the measured heat release by the mass loss during a
specified period of time under the specified test conditions. Typically, the specified fire test conditions are provided by the specifications of the fire
test standard that cites effective heat of combustion as a quantity to be measured. For certain fire test conditions, involving very high heat and high
oxygen concentrations under high pressure, the effective heat of combustion will approximate the gross heat of combustion. More often, the fire test
conditions will represent or approximate certain real fire exposure conditions, and the effective heat of combustion is the appropriate measure. Typical
units are kJ/g or MJ/kg. (2001)
environment, nn——as related to fire, the conditions and surroundings that may influence the behavior of a material, product,
or assembly when it is exposed to ignition sources or fire. (1989)
fire, nn——destructive burning as manifested by any or all of the following: light, flame, heat, smoke. (1988)
fire-characteristic profile, nn——an array of fire-test-response characteristics, all measured using tests relevant to the same fire
scenario, for a material, product, or assembly to address, collectively, the corresponding fire hazard. (See also fire hazard, fire
risk, and fire-test-response characteristic.) (1993)
DISCUSSION—
An array of fire-test-response characteristics in a set of data relevant to the assessment of fire hazard in a particular fire scenario. In other words, all
the fire tests used would have a demonstrated validity for the fire scenario in question, for example by having comparable fire intensities. The
fire-characteristic profile is intended as a collective guide to the potential fire hazard from a material, product, or assembly involved in a fire that could
be represented by the laboratory test conditions. (1993)
fire-door assembly, n—a fire door, combined with the corresponding frame, hardware, and other accessories, that has a fire
protection rating. (2014)
fire exposure, nn——process by which or extent to which humans, animals, materials, products, or assemblies are subjected to
the conditions created by fire. (1991)
fire gases, nn——the airborne products emitted by a material, product, or assembly undergoing pyrolysis or combustion, that
exist in the gas phase at the relevant temperature. (1979)
fire hazard, nn——the potential for harm associated with fire. (1989)
DISCUSSION—
A fire may pose one or more types of hazard to people, animals, or property. These hazards are associated with the environment and with a number
of fire-test-response characteristics of materials, products, or assemblies including, but not limited to, ease of ignition, flame spread, rate of heat release,
smoke generation and obscuration, toxicity of combustion products, and ease of extinguishment. (1989)
fire model, nn——a physical representation or set of mathematical equations that approximately simulate the dynamics of
burning and associated processes. (1992)
fire performance, nn——response of a material, product, or assembly in a particular fire, other than in a fire test involving
controlled conditions (different from fire-test-response characteristic). (1993)
DISCUSSION—
The ASTM Policy on Fire Standards distinguishes between the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled
conditions, which is fire-test-response characteristic, and under actual fire conditions, which is fire performance. Fire performance depends on the
occasion or environment and may not be measurable. In view of the limited availability of fire-performance data, the response to one or more fire tests,
appropriately recognized as representing end-use conditions, is generally used as a predictor of the fire performance of a material, product, or assembly.
(1993)
fire performance characteristic, nn——this term is deprecated. (See fire-test-response characteristic and fire performance
(q.v.).) (1990)
E176 − 24
fire performance test, nn——this term is deprecated. (See fire-test-response characteristic and fire performance (q.v.).)
(1990).
fireproof,adj—an inappropriate and misleading term. Do not use. (See commentary in X1.)
DISCUSSION—
This term was originally used to describe buildings having all noncombustible structural elements and some degree of fire resistance. However, the
term has been misunderstood to mean an absolute or unconditional property, and therefore the use of the term, fireproof, is inappropriate and
misleading. (1990)
fire protection rating, n—a measure of the elapsed time during which a fire door assembly or a fire window assembly continues
to exhibit fire resistance under specified exposure conditions. (2014)
DISCUSSION—
In some jurisdictions the term fire protection rating may also be applied to other elements of building construction. (2014)
fire resistance, n—the ability of a material, product, or assembly to withstand fire or give protection from it for a period of time.
(Contrast fire resistance rating.) (2004)
DISCUSSION—
As applied to elements of buildings, fire resistance is characterized by the ability to confine a fire or to continue to perform a given structural function,
or both. More specific examples of this ability include retention of stability (loadbearing capacity), integrity or thermal insulation. Once a measure of
time is defined for fire resistance, and exposure conditions specified for that measure, the result is a fire resistance rating. (2004)
fire resistance rating, n—a measure of the elapsed time during which a material, product, or assembly continues to exhibit fire
resistance under specified exposure conditions. (Contrast fire resistance.) (2004)
DISCUSSION—
This term is defined because it is used in codes. As applied to elements of buildings, it is commonly measured by the methods and to the criteria defined
in Test Methods E119 or Specification E1509. Fire protection rating is the term used for fire resistance ratings of fire door assemblies and fire window
assemblies. (2014)
fire resistant, adjadj——See fire resistive, the preferred term. (1983)
fire resistive, adjadj——having fire resistance (TCG-01). (1983)
fire retardant, n—a substance which, when added to a combustible material, inhibits combustion of the resulting substance or
material when exposed to fire. (2015)
fire retardant, adjadj——not a defined term. Use as a modifier only with defined compound terms: fire-retardant barrier,
fire-retardant chemical, fire-retardant coating, and fire-retardant treatment. (1986)
fire-retardant barrier, nn——a layer of material which, when secured to a combustible material or otherwise interposed
between the material and a potential fire source, delays ignition and combustion of the material when the barrier is exposed to
fire. (1986)
fire-retardant chemical, nn——a chemical, which when added to a combustible material, delays ignition and combustion of
the resulting material when exposed to fire. (1986)
DISCUSSION—
A fire-retardant chemical can be a part of the molecular structure, an admixture, or an impregnant. (1986)
fire-retardant coating, nn——a fluid-applied surface covering on a combustible material which delays ignition and combustion
of the material when the coating is exposed to fire. (See also flame-retardant coating. Compare fire-retardant barrier.) (1986)
fire-retardant treatment, nn——the use of a fire-retardant chemical or a fire-retardant coating. (See also flame-retardant
treatment.) (1986)
E176 − 24
fire risk, nn——an estimation of expected fire loss that combines the potential for harm in various fire scenarios that can occur
with the probabilities of occurrence of those scenarios. (1993)
DISCUSSION—
Risk may be defined as the probability of having a certain type of fire, where the type of fire may be defined in whole or in part by the degree of
potential harm associated with it, or as potential for harm weighted by associated probabilities. However it is defined, no risk scale implies a single
value of acceptable risk. Different individuals presented with the same risk situation may have different opinions on its acceptability. (1993)
fire scenario, nn——a detailed description of conditions, including environmental, of one or more of the stages from before
ignition to the completion of combustion in an actual fire, or in a full scale simulation. (1998)
DISCUSSION—
The conditions describing a fire scenario, or a group of fire scenarios, are those required for the testing, analysis, or assessment that is of interest.
Typically they are those conditions that can create significant variation in the results. The degree of detail necessary will depend upon the intended
use of the fire scenario. Environmental conditions may be included in a scenario definition but are not required in all cases. Fire scenarios often define
conditions in the early stages of a fire while allowing analysis to calculate conditions in later stages. (1998)
fire test exposure severity, nn——a measure of the degree of fire exposure; specifically in connection with Test Methods E119,
E152, and E163, the ratio of the area under the curve of average furnace temperature to the area under the standard
time/temperature curve, each from the start of the test to the end or time of failure, and above the base temperatures 68°F (20°C).
(1976)
fire-test-response characteristic, nn——a response characteristic of a material, product, or assembly, to a prescribed source of
heat or flame, under controlled fire conditions; such response characteristics may include, but are not limited to, ease of ignition,
flame spread, heat release, mass loss, smoke generation, fire resistance, and toxic potency of smoke. (1992)
DISCUSSION—
A fire-test-response characteristic can be influenced by variable characteristics of the heat source, such as its intensity, or of the burning environment,
such as ventilation, geometry of item or enclosure, humidity, or oxygen concentration. It is not an intrinsic property such as specific heat, thermal
conductivity, or heat of combustion, where the value is independent of test variables. A fire-test-response characteristic may be described in one of
several terms. Smoke generation, for example, may be described as smoke opacity, change of opacity with time, or smoke weight. No quantitative
correlation need exist between values of a fire-test-response characteristic for different materials, products, or assemblies, as measured by different
methods or tested under different sets of conditions for a given method. (2005)
fire window assembly, n—a window or glass block assembly which has a fire protection rating. (2015)
flame, nn——a hot, usually luminous zone of gas produced by combustion. (2012)
DISCUSSION—
The luminosity of a flame can be caused by the presence of suspended glowing particulate matter or radical species in the zone of hot gases. (2012)
flame front, nn——the leading edge of a flame propagating through a gaseous mixture or across the surface of a liquid or solid.
(1983)
flameproof,adj—an inappropriate and misleading term. Do not use. (1983)
DISCUSSION—
This term was originally used to describe the treatment of textile fabrics or other organic products to make them resistant to ignition. However, the
term has been misunderstood to mean an absolute or unconditional property, and therefore the use of the term, flameproof, is inappropriate and
misleading. (1983)
flame resistance, nn——the ability to withstand flame impingement or give protection from it. (1983)
flame resistant, adjadj——having flame resistance. (1983)
flame resistive, nn——See flame resistant, the preferred term. (1983)
flame retardant, n—a substance which, when added to a combustible material, inhibits flame spread of the resulting substance
or material when exposed to flame impingement. (2015)
E176 − 24
flame retardant, adjadj——not a defined term. Use only as a modifier with defined compound terms: flame-retardant
chemical, flame-retardant coating, and flame-retardant treatment. (1986)
flame-retardant chemical, nn——a chemical, which when added to a combustible material, delays ignition and reduces flame
spread of the resulting material when exposed to flame impingement. (See also fire-retardant chemical.) (1986)
flame-retardant coating, nn——a fluid-applied surface covering on a combustible material which delays ignition and reduces
flame spread when the covering is exposed to flame impingement. (See also fire-retardant coating.) (1986)
flame-retardant treatment, nn——the use of a flame-retardant chemical or a flame-retardant coating. (See also fire-retardant
treatment.) (1986)
flame speed, nn——the velocity of propagation of a flame front through a gaseous mixture (fuel and oxidizer) relative to a
reference point. (1982)
flame spread, n—propagation of a flame front (see surface flame spread, volumetric flame spread). (2005)
flame spread index, nn——a comparative measure expressed as a dimensionless number, derived from visual measurements
of the spread of flame versus time in Test Method E84. (2001)
DISCUSSION—
Classifications have been developed using these values. This index is different from that derived in Test Methods E162 or D3675. (2001)
flaming debris, n—flaming material that separates and falls from the test specimen during the fire test and continues to burn
with flame. (See also flaming droplets.) (2018)
DISCUSSION—
The particular conditions under which continued flaming combustion is significant (such as for a particular duration or after striking a surface) may
be different in different test methods. Where needed, such conditions should be specified in the test method or requirement. (2018)
flaming droplets, n—flaming, liquefied material that separates and drips from the test specimen during the fire test and continues
to burn with flame. (See also flaming debris.) (2018)
DISCUSSION—
The particular conditions under which continued flaming combustion is significant (such as for a particular duration or after striking a surface) may
be different in different test methods. Where needed, such conditions should be specified in the test method or requirement. (2018)
flammable, adjadj——(1) capable of burning with a flame under specified conditions, or (2) when used to designate high hazard,
subject to easy ignition and rapid flaming combustion. (1995)
DISCUSSION—
The first definition is needed as it is the definition recognized by the principal international standardization bodies, the International Electrotechnical
Commission (IEC) and the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). The second definition has been the ASTM Terminology E176
definition and is the principal definition recognized by the lay public. The terms in the second definition “easy ignition” and “rapid flaming
combustion,” may seem insufficiently precise but are made precise in standards that use the terms in that way, such as standards on the fire hazards
of materials (for example, NFPA 704; NFPA 321, on flammable liquids; and NFPA 55, on flammable gases). (1995)
flashover, n—the rapid transition to a state of total surface involvement in a fire of combustible materials within an enclosure.
(1997)
DISCUSSION—
Flashover is a fluid–mechanical combustion instability within an enclosure that occurs when the surface temperatures of an enclosure and its contents
rise rapidly, producing combustible gases and vapors, and the enclosure heat flux becomes sufficient to heat these gases and vapors to their ignition
temperatures. At flashover, the volume occupied by hot combustion gases rapidly increases and ends up comprising more than 50% of the enclosure’s
volume. Experimentally it is found that flashover occurs when the upper gas layer temperature surpasses 600°C or when the radiant heat flux at the
floor surpasses 20 kW/m . Visually, flashover often corresponds to a transition from flaming on a few surfaces to flames throughout the volume of the
enclosure. (2002)
E176 − 24
gasification, n—transformation of a solid and/or liquid material into a gaseous state. (2001)
glow, nn——as related to fire, visible light emitted by a solid undergoing combustion. (See also combustion and flame.)
DISCUSSION—
A solid undergoing combustion may itself glow or may produce a luminous flame consisting of hot gas with suspended glowing particulate matter.
(2010)
gross heat of combustion, nn——the maximum amount of heat per unit mass that theoretically can be released by the
combustion of a material, product, or assembly; it can be determined experimentally only under conditions of high pressure and
in pure oxygen (contrast effective heat of combustion). (2003)
heat flux, n—heat transfer to a surface per unit area, per unit time (see also initial test heat flux).(2008)
DISCUSSION—
The heat flux from an energy source, such as a radiant heater, can be measured at the initiation of a test (such as Test Method E1354 or Test Method
E906/E906M) and then reported as the initial test heat flux, with the understanding that the burning of the test specimen can generate additional heat
flux to the specimen surface. The heat flux can also be measured at any time during a fire test, for example as described in Guide E603, on any surface,
2 2 2
and with measurement devices responding to radiative and convective fluxes. Typical units are kW/m , W/cm , or BTU/(s ft ). (2009)
heat release rate, nn——the thermal energy released per unit time by an item during combustion under specified conditions.
(2006)
DISCUSSION—
Heat release rate is typically reported per unit area in small-scale or bench-scale tests.
heat stress, nn——(physiological) adverse condition caused by exposure to elevated temperature, radiant heat flux, or
combinations of these factors. (1988)
ignitability, nn——the propensity for ignition, as measured by the time to sustained flaming, in seconds, at a specified heat flux.
(2021)
ignition, nn——the initiation of combustion. (1989)
DISCUSSION—
The combustion may be evidenced by glow, flame, detonation, or explosion. The combustion may be sustained or transient. (1989)
ignition temperature, nn——the lowest temperature at which sustained combustion of a material can be initiated under
specified test conditions. (1990)
DISCUSSION—
While the phenomenon of combustion may be transient or sustained, in fire testing practice, the ignition temperature is reached when combustion
continues after the pilot source is removed. (1990)
incandescence, nn——emission of light produced by a material when intensely heated; it can be produced with or without
combustion. (1997)
initial test heat flux, n—the heat flux set on the test apparatus at the initiation of the test (see also heat flux). (2007)
DISCUSSION—
The initial test heat flux is the heat flux value commonly used when describing or setting test conditions. (2007)
integrity, n—in fire resistance testing, the ability of a test assembly, when exposed to fire from one side, to prevent the passage
of flame or hot gases through it or the occurrence of flames on its unexposed side. (2013)
mass burning rate, nn——mass loss per unit time by materials burning under specified conditions. (1989)
noncombustible, adjadj——not capable of undergoing combustion under specified conditions. (Contrast combustible.) (2018)
E176 − 24
DISCUSSION—
In fire testing, noncombustibility is often assessed by means of Test Method E136, Test Method E2652, or ISO 1182. (2018)
optical density of smoke, D, n—n—a measure of the attenuation of a light beam passing through smoke, expressed as the
common logarithm of the ratio of the incident flux, I , to the transmitted flux, I. (D = log (I /I)). (1989)
o 10 o
orientation, nn——the plane in which the exposed face of the specimen is located during testing. (1977)
DISCUSSION—
The orientation may be vertical, horizontal or at an angle. In the latter two cases, the specimen may be facing up or down. (1977)
oxygen consumption principle, nn——the expression of the relationship between the mass of oxygen consumed during
combustion and the heat released. (1998)
oxygen depletion, nn——in a fire, reduction of oxygen (O ) content of an atmosphere as a result of combustion. (1988)
oxygen index, n—minimum concentration of oxygen in a mixture of oxygen and nitrogen that will just support flaming
combustion of a material under specified conditions. (2000)
piloted ignition, nn——ignition of combustible gases or vapors by a pilot source of ignition (compare spontaneous ignition,
unpiloted ignition). (1991)
pilot source of ignition, nn——a discrete source of energy, such as, for example, a flame, spark, electrical arc, or glowing wire
(compare piloted ignition, unpiloted ignition). (1991)
pyrolysis, nn——process of simultaneous phase and chemical species change caused by heat (compare smoldering). (1991)
reaction to fire, n—response of a material in contributing by its own decomposition to a fire to which it is exposed, under
specified conditions. (2002)
DISCUSSION—
In fire testing, it is usual to distinguish between two types of fire-test-response characteristics: those associated with “reaction to fire” and those
associated with “fire resistance.” (2012)
screening test, nn——as related to fire, a fire-response test performed to determine whether a material, product, or assembly
(a) exhibits any unusual fire-related characteristics, (b) has certain expected fire-related characteristics, or (c) is capable of being
preliminarily categorized according to the fire characteristic in question. (1993)
self heating, nn——a rise in the temperature of a material, assemblage, or product caused by internal, exothermic chemical
reaction. (1985)
self ignition, nn——See spontaneous ignition, the preferred term. (1985)
self-propagation of flame, n—propagation of a flame front after the removal of any applied energy source. (2001)
smoke, nn——the airborne solid and liquid particulates and gases evolved when a material undergoes pyrolysis or combustion.
(1989)
DISCUSSION—
So-called chemical smokes are excluded from this definition. (1989)
smoke developed index, n—a comparative measure expressed as a dimensionless number, derived from measurements of smoke
obscuration versus time in Test Method E84. (2001)
DISCUSSION—
Classifications have been developed using these values. (2001)
E176 − 24
smoke obscuration, nn——reduction of light transmission by smoke, as measured by light attenuation. (2001)
smoke toxicity, nn——the propensity of smoke to produce adverse biochemical or physiological effects. (See smoke.) (1988)
smoldering, nn——combustion of a solid without flame, often evidenced by visible smoke. (1979)
DISCUSSION—
Smoldering can be initiated by small sources of ignition, especially in dusts or fibrous or porous materials, and may persist for an extended period of
time after which a flame may be produced. (1979)
spontaneous ignition, nn——unpiloted ignition caused by an internal exothermic reaction (compare piloted ignition). (1991)
standard temperature/time curve (standard time/temperature curve), nn——in fire testing, a graphical representation
derived from prescribed time-temperature relationships and used to control furnace temperature with progressing time. (1989)
DISCUSSION—
One example is found in Test Methods E119. (1989)
superimposed load, nn——force applied to a specimen or structure other than that associated with its own mass. (1979)
surface flame spread, n—propagation of flame away from the source of ignition across a surface (see flame spread and
compare volumetric flame spread). (2010)
sustained flaming, n—flame on or over the surface of a test specimen that lasts longer than a defined period of time (contrast
transitory flaming). (2009)
DISCUSSION—
Typically, the same defined period is used to define “ transitory flaming.” See the specific standard test method for applicable defined period of time.
(2009)
thermal decomposition, nn——process whereby the action of heat or elevated temperature on an item causes changes to the
chemical composition (different from thermal degradation, q.v.; compare pyrolysis). (2006)
thermal degradation, nn——process whereby the action of heat or elevated temperature on a material, product, or assembly
causes an adverse change in one or more properties (contrast thermal decomposition, q.v.). (2007)
DISCUSSION—
Examples of properties that can be affected are physical, mechanical and electrical properties. Adverse change typically involves a loss in property.
(2007)
time to sustained flaming, n—period of time from start of test to commencement of the first period of flaming lasting long
enough to qualify as sustained flaming (see sustained flaming). (2009)
time to transitory flaming, n—period of time from start of test to commencement of the first period of flaming lasting long
enough to qualify as transitory flaming but occurring before any period of flaming lasting long enough to qualify as sustained
flaming (see transitory flaming). (2009)
total heat released, n—integrated value of the rate of heat release, for a specified time period.(2010)
toxicity, nn——the propensity of a substance to produce adverse biochemical or physiological effects. (1988)
toxic hazard, nn——as related to fire, the potential for physiological harm from toxic products of combustion. (1995)
DISCUSSION—
Toxic hazard reflects both the quantity of toxic products and the quality of those products, which is given by toxic potency. Toxic hazard is not the
E176 − 24
only hazard associated with fire. Toxic hazard is not an intrinsic characteristic of a material or product but will depend upon the fire scenario, the
condition of use of the material or product, and possibly other factors. (1995)
toxic potency, nn——as applied to inhalation of smoke or its component gases, a quantitative expression relating concentration
and exposure time to a particular degree of adverse physiological response, for example, death, on exposure of humans or
animals. (1991)
DISCUSSION—
The toxic potency of the smoke from any material, product, or assembly is related to the composition of that smoke which, in turn, is dependent upon
the conditions under which the smoke is generated. (1991)
transitory flaming, n—flame on or over the surface of a test specimen that does not last longer than a defined period of time
(contrast sustained flaming). (2009)
DISCUSSION—
Typically, the same defined period of time is used to define “sustained flaming.” See the specific standard test method for applicable defined period
of time. (2009)
unpiloted ignition, nn——ignition caused by one or more sources of energy without the presence of a pilot source of ignition
(compare piloted ignition, spontaneous ignition). (1991)
upholstered, adjadj——covered with material (as fabric or padding) to provide a soft surface. (1999)
volumetric flame spread, nn——flame propagation through the volume of a gaseous mixture. (1989)
ANNEX
(Mandatory Information)
A1. DEFINITIONS OF TERMS FROM E05 STANDARDS
A1.1.1 Definitions: Terms from the section on “Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard” from ASTM E05 standards,
their definitions, and the standard(s) to which they apply are given below in alphabetical order:
accuracy of measurement, n—closeness of the agreement between the result of a measurement and the true value of the
measurand. (2009) E2536
acoustical ceiling panel, n—a form of a prefabricated sound absorbing ceiling element used with exposed suspension systems
(see Specification E1264). (1999) E2032
acoustical ceiling tile, n—a form of a prefabricated sound absorbing ceiling element used with concealed or semi-exposed
suspension systems, stapling, or adhesive bonding (see Specification E1264). (1999) E2032
assembly, n—a unit or structure composed of a combination of materials or products, or both. (2000) E1995, E2102
backing board, nn——a noncombustible insulating board, mounted behind the specimen during actual testing to satisfy the
theoretical analysis assumption of no heat loss through the specimen. It shall be roughly 25 6 5 mm thick with a density no
greater than 200 6 50 kg/m . (1997) E1321
batch sampling—sampling over some time period in such a way as to produce a single test sample for analysis. (1981) E800
E176 − 24
bead, n—in building construction, a strip of applied sealant, glazing compound or putty. (2010) E2690
beams, n—all horizontally oriented structural members employed in building construction and known variously as beams, joists,
or girders. (1999) E2032
blackbody temperature, n—the temperature of a perfect radiator—a surface with an emissivity of unity and, therefore, a
reflectivity of zero. (1997)
...