ASTM E1333-96(2002)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Determining Formaldehyde Concentrations in Air and Emission Rates from Wood Products Using a Large Chamber
Standard Test Method for Determining Formaldehyde Concentrations in Air and Emission Rates from Wood Products Using a Large Chamber
ABSTRACT
This test method measures the formaldehyde concentration in air and emission rate from wood products containing formaldehyde by the use of a large chamber under specific test conditions of temperature and relative humidity, or conditions designed to simulate product use. This method employs a single set of environmental conditions but different product loading ratios to assess formaldehyde concentrations in air and emission rates from certain wood products. The conditions controlled in the procedure are the conditioning of specimens prior to testing, exposed surface area of the specimens in the test chamber, test chamber temperature and relative humidity, number of air changes per hour, and air circulation within the chamber. At the end of a specified time period in the test chamber, the air is sampled, and the concentration of formaldehyde in the air and emission rate are determined.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method measures the formaldehyde concentration in air and emission rate from wood products containing formaldehyde under conditions designed to simulate product use (see 11.5 and Note 7). The concentration in air and emission rate is determined in a large chamber under specific test conditions of temperature and relative humidity. The general procedures are also intended for testing product combinations at product-loading ratios and at air-exchange rates typical of the indoor environment (1). The products tested, the loading ratios and the air exchange rates employed are described in the test report.
1.2 This test method determines the average formaldehyde concentration in air and emission rate from a number of large size samples. The average concentration and emission rate reported, thus, will not provide information on higher or lower emitting panels in the test lot.
1.3 This method is primarily used for testing newly manufactured panel products that are shipped for testing either seal-wrapped in polyethylene or with waster sheets, or with both. When this test method is used for evaluating other than newly manufactured panel products (after original application, installation or use), the method of packaging and shipping the product for testing shall be described in the test report.
1.4 The quantity of formaldehyde in the air sample taken from the chamber is determined by an adaptation of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) 3500 chromotropic acid test procedure. If another analytical procedure is used to determine the quantity of formaldehyde in the air sample, that procedure shall give results of equivalent or greater accuracy and precision than the adapted chromotropic acid procedure. Detailed procedures based on acetylacetone, pararosaniline (see Test Method D 5221), 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) (see Test Method D 5197) and 3-methyl-2-benzothiazoline (MBTH) (see Test Method D 5014) have been found to give results equivalent or greater in accuracy and precision than chromotropic acid. The test report shall note the analytical procedure employed.
Note 1—The chromotropic acid analytical procedure described in this test method is applicable for testing urea-formaldehyde bonded wood products. According to NIOSH (4th Edition, 8/15/94) the low end of the working range for the chromotropic acid analytical procedure is 0.02 ppm. A more sensitive analytical procedure is recommended for testing wood panel products where formaldehyde concentrations in air are anticipated to be at or below this level. DNPH is recognized as such a method.
1.5 This test method is used to determine compliance with requirements such as those established for building materials by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development Rules and Regulations 24 CFR 3280 for manufactured housing and by Minnesota Statutes Section 144.495. Measurement results are also used for comparing concentrations in air and emission rates from different wood products (2) and for determining compliance with prod...
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Designation:E1333–96 (Reapproved 2002)
Standard Test Method for
Determining Formaldehyde Concentrations in Air and
Emission Rates from Wood Products Using a Large
Chamber
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1333; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope theairsample,thatprocedureshallgiveresultsofequivalentor
greater accuracy and precision than the adapted chromotropic
1.1 This test method measures the formaldehyde concentra-
acid procedure. Detailed procedures based on acetylacetone,
tion in air and emission rate from wood products containing
pararosaniline (see Test Method D5221), 2,4-
formaldehyde under conditions designed to simulate product
dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) (seeTest Method D5197) and
use (see 11.5 and Note 7). The concentration in air and
3-methyl-2-benzothiazoline(MBTH)(seeTestMethodD5014)
emission rate is determined in a large chamber under specific
have been found to give results equivalent or greater in
test conditions of temperature and relative humidity. The
accuracy and precision than chromotropic acid.The test report
general procedures are also intended for testing product com-
shall note the analytical procedure employed.
binations at product-loading ratios and at air-exchange rates
typicaloftheindoorenvironment(1). Theproductstested,the
NOTE 1— Thechromotropicacidanalyticalproceduredescribedinthis
loading ratios and the air exchange rates employed are de- test method is applicable for testing urea-formaldehyde bonded wood
products. According to NIOSH (4th Edition, 8/15/94) the low end of the
scribed in the test report.
workingrangeforthechromotropicacidanalyticalprocedureis0.02ppm.
1.2 This test method determines the average formaldehyde
A more sensitive analytical procedure is recommended for testing wood
concentration in air and emission rate from a number of large
panelproductswhereformaldehydeconcentrationsinairareanticipatedto
size samples. The average concentration and emission rate
be at or below this level. DNPH is recognized as such a method.
reported, thus, will not provide information on higher or lower
1.5 This test method is used to determine compliance with
emitting panels in the test lot.
requirements such as those established for building materials
1.3 This method is primarily used for testing newly manu-
by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development
factured panel products that are shipped for testing either
RulesandRegulations24CFR3280formanufacturedhousing
seal-wrapped in polyethylene or with waster sheets, or with
and by Minnesota Statutes Section 144.495. Measurement
both. When this test method is used for evaluating other than
results are also used for comparing concentrations in air and
newly manufactured panel products (after original application,
emission rates from different wood products (2) and for
installation or use), the method of packaging and shipping the
determining compliance with product standards.
product for testing shall be described in the test report.
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
1.4 The quantity of formaldehyde in the air sample taken
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
from the chamber is determined by an adaptation of the
only.
NationalInstituteforOccupationalSafetyandHealth(NIOSH)
1.7 Thistestmethodisnotdesignedfordetermininggeneral
3500 chromotropic acid test procedure. If another analytical
organic emissions from all indoor materials and products.
procedureisusedtodeterminethequantityofformaldehydein
NOTE 2—ASTM Committee D22 has developed Guide D5116 which
describes small-scale environmental equipment and techniques suitable
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D07 on Wood for determining organic emissions and emission rates from materials and
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D07.03 on Panel Products.
products used indoors.
Current edition approved March 10, 1996. Published May 1996. Originally
published as E1333–90. Last previous edition E1333–90. DOI: 10.1520/E1333-
96R02. The notes appearing in this test method are not part of the mandatory sections
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end of of this standard, are informative in nature, and appear below that section of the
the text. standard to which they pertain.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
E1333–96 (2002)
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the 3. Terminology
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.1.1 air change rate—the ratio of hourly conditioned and
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
filtered outside air brought into the chamber, and chamber
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard
volume measured in identical volume units (normally ex-
statements, see Section 7.
pressed in air changes per hour, AC/h).
3.1.2 emission rate—formaldehyde emissions per area of
2. Referenced Documents
exposedsurfaceoftestedproductinthelargechamberpertime
duration of air sample, normally expressed in mg/(m ·h).
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D3195 Practice for Rotameter Calibration 3.1.3 loading ratio—the total exposed surface area (not
including panel edges) of each product divided by the test
D5014 Test Method for Measurement of Formaldehyde in
Indoor Air (Passive Sampler Methodology) chamber volume.
D5116 Guide for Small-Scale Environmental Chamber De-
4. Significance and Summary of Test Method
terminationsofOrganicEmissionsFromIndoorMaterials/
Products
4.1 Significance and Use:
D5197 Test Method for Determination of Formaldehyde
4.1.1 Limitations on formaldehyde concentrations in air
and Other Carbonyl Compounds in Air (Active Sampler
have been established for some building products permanently
Methodology)
installed in manufactured and conventional homes. This test
D5221 Test Method for Continuous Measurement of Form-
method provides a standard means of testing typical product
aldehyde in Air
sizes, such as 1.2 by 2.4 m (4 by 8 ft) sheets, at product
E77 Test Method for Inspection and Verification of Ther-
loadings consistent with product end use.
mometers
4.2 Summary of Test Method:
E220 Test Method for Calibration of Thermocouples By
4.2.1 Thistestmethodincorporatesachamberof22m (800
Comparison Techniques
ft ) minimum size to evaluate formaldehyde concentrations in
E337 Test Method for Measuring Humidity with a Psy-
air and emission rates from building products over a specified
chrometer (the Measurement of Wet- and Dry-Bulb Tem-
duration of time. This test method employs a single set of
peratures)
environmentalconditionsbutdifferentproductloadingratiosto
E741 Test Method for DeterminingAir Change in a Single
assess formaldehyde concentrations in air and emission rates
Zone by Means of a Tracer Gas Dilution
from certain wood products. Conditions controlled in the
2.2 U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development
procedure are as follows:
(HUD) Document:
4.2.1.1 Conditioning of specimens prior to testing,
Manufactured Home Construction and Safety Standards,
4.2.1.2 Exposed surface area of the specimens in the test
24 CFR 3280, Federal Register, Vol 49, No. 155,Aug. 8,
chamber,
4.2.1.3 Test chamber temperature and relative humidity,
2.3 NIOSH Document:
4.2.1.4 Number of air changes per hour, and
Formaldehyde Method, 3500, U.S. Department of Health 4.2.1.5 Air circulation within the chamber.
and Human Services, 1989 4.2.1.6 At the end of a 16- to 20-h period in the test
2.4 ANSI Standards: chamber, the air is sampled and the concentration of formal-
dehyde in air and emission rate are determined.
HPVA/ANSI HP-1-1994 Hardwood and Decorative Ply-
wood
NOTE 3—Care must be exercised in the extension of the results to
ANSI A208.1-1993 Particleboard
formaldehyde concentrations in air and emission rates from products
under different conditions of air change rate or loading ratio, or both.
ANSI A208.2-1994 Medium Density Fiberboard
2.5 Other Document:
5. Interferences
MinnesotaStatutesSection144.495, 325F.18and325F.181,
5.1 The NIOSH 3500 analytical method lists phenols as a
Formaldehyde Gases in Building Materials, 1986
negative interference when present at an 8:1 excess over
formaldehyde. Modification in the analytical procedure shall
be made when relatively high phenol formaldehyde concentra-
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
tions (8:1) are anticipated (3, 4).
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
6. Apparatus
the ASTM website.
Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced
6.1 Test Chamber:
on www.astm.org.
6 6.1.1 The interior volume of the chamber shall be a mini-
AvailablefromU.S.GovernmentPrintingOfficeSuperintendentofDocuments,
3 3
mum of 22 m (800 ft ). The interior of the test chamber shall
732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401, http://
www.access.gpo.gov.
be free of refrigeration coils that condense water and items
Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
such as humidifiers with water reservoirs as condensate will
4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
have the potential of collecting formaldehyde and thus influ-
AvailablefromPrintCommunications,Dept.ofAdministration,117University
Ave., St. Paul, MN 55155. encingtestresults.Theinteriorsurfacesofthechambershallbe
E1333–96 (2002)
of materials found to minimize adsorption. (Stainless steel, short as possible. The length of the sampling line outside the
aluminum, and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) have produced chamber shall not exceed 6 m (20 ft).
recoveries of $95% at a 0.4 ppm formaldehyde challenge 6.2 Examples of acceptable reagents, materials, and equip-
concentration in air and have been found appropriate as ment are provided in Appendix X1.
chamber lining materials.)All joints except for doors used for
7. Hazards
loading and unloading specimens shall be sealed. Doors shall
be self-sealing. The test chamber shall be equipped with metal
7.1 Chromotropic Acid Reagent Treatment (see 10.3.4 and
specimenrackswithdividersspacedaminimumof150mm(6 A4.5)—During this hazardous operation, the operator shall
in.) to support specimens on edge.
wearrubbergloves,apron,andafullfacemaskorbeprotected
6.1.2 Make-Up Air: from splashing by a transparent shield such as a hood window.
6.1.2.1 Themake-upairshallcomefromafiltereddust-free Thesolutionbecomesextremelyhotduringadditionofsulfuric
environment and not contain more formaldehyde than is acid. Add acid slowly to avoid loss of sample due to splatter-
capable of being measured considering the sensitivity of the ing.
analytical procedure using the sampling rate and volume of air 7.2 Cleaning Chemicals for Glassware—Appropriate pre-
as described in 10.2. This shall be accomplished by passing cautions shall be taken if cleaning chemicals are considered to
make-up air through a filter bed of activated carbon, activated
be hazardous.
alumina impregnated with potassium permanganate, or other
8. Test Specimens
materials capable of absorbing, adsorbing, or oxidizing form-
aldehyde.
8.1 Standard Face and Back Configuration Testing:
6.1.2.2 Make-up air for the chamber must pass through a
8.1.1 Loading is defined as the total exposed specimen
calibrated, totalizing dry gas test meter or other airflow rate
surface area, exclusive of edge area, divided by the chamber
measuring device with calibration traceable to the National
volume (on effect of loading refer to Ref 5). If the edge
Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). It is also
exposure is greater than 5% of the surface area, include the
acceptable to calibrate the airflow rate measuring device, as
total edge-exposure area in the calculation of surface-exposure
installed,usingatracergastechniquedescribedinTestMethod
area. Loading ratios used for testing wood panel products
E741. Air change rate per hour (AC/h) is calculated as (V
containing formaldehyde are as follows:
− V ) 4 ((t−0) 3chamber volume); where V and V are
Loading Ratios, 62%
1 2 1
dry-gastest-meterreadingsincubicmetresattime,t(inhours),
2 3 2 3
(m /m ) (ft /ft ) Product
andtime0dividedbythechambervolumeincubicmetres.The
air-intake port and exhaust port shall be on different walls of
0.95 0.29 Hardwood Plywood Wall Paneling
0.43 0.13 Particleboard Flooring Materials
the chamber and at different elevations.The chamber test shall
Industrial Particleboard Panels
be operated at a positive pressure of 1 Pa (0.004 in. of water)
Industrial Hardwood Plywood Panels
orgreaterasdeterminedbyapermanentlymounteddifferential
0.26 0.08 Medium Density Fiberboard (MDF)
pressure device.
NOTE 4—See Appendix X3 for a discussion of loading ratios.
6.1.3 Nonsparking Fan Sizing and Positioning—Anonspar-
8.2 Non-Standard Sample Configuration Testing:
king fan shall be used to circulate air within the chamber. The
8.2.1 Testing Products with Single Surface Exposed—Some
air flow shall be directed horizontally in the direction of the
products have significantly different formaldehyde release
chamber length above where the test samples are to be placed
characteristics for each surface and have only one surface
inthechamber.Thefanshallbesizedandpositionedtoachieve
exposed to the indoor living space. In those cases, panels
a uniform concentration in air of formaldehyde (within 0.03
shall be tested back-to-back with edges taped together. The
ppm) as determined from a minimum of six air sampling
panels shall be identified as tested in the back-to-back mode.
locations. These locations shall be at three elevations, 0.3 m
8.2.2 Testing Cabinets and Furniture—Some products are
(12 in.) from the chamber floor and ceiling, and at a height
made of assembled wood panel products. Such items shall be
between 1.3 and 1.5 m (51 and 59 in.); and at two vertical
designated in the test report by the product name and a
placements, ⁄3 the chamber length from each end of the
descriptionofthecabinetorfurnitureitems.(SeeAppendixX4
chamber and at chamber mid-width.
for a discussion of shipment of such products for testing.)
6.1.4 Air Sampling Ports—For testing, at least two air-
8.2.3 Combi
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