ASTM E2581-14(2023)
(Practice)Standard Practice for Shearography of Polymer Matrix Composites and Sandwich Core Materials in Aerospace Applications
Standard Practice for Shearography of Polymer Matrix Composites and Sandwich Core Materials in Aerospace Applications
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Shearography is commonly used during product process design and optimization, process control, after manufacture inspection, and in service inspection, and can be used to measure static and dynamic axial (tensile and compressive) strain, as well as shearing, Poisson, bending, and torsional strains. The general types of defects detected by shearography include delamination, deformation under load, disbond/unbond, microcracks, and thickness variation.
5.2 Additional information is given in Guide E2533 about the advantages and limitations of the shearography technique, use of related ASTM documents, specimen geometry and size considerations, calibration and standardization, and physical reference standards.
5.3 For procedures for shearography of filament-wound pressure vessels, otherwise known as composite overwrapped pressure vessels, consult Guide E2982.
5.4 Factors that influence shearography and therefore shall be reported include but are not limited to the following: laminate (matrix and fiber) material, lay-up geometry, fiber volume fraction (flat panels); facing material, core material, facing stack sequence, core geometry (cell size); core density, facing void content, and facing volume percent reinforcement (sandwich core materials); processing and fabrication methods, overall thickness, specimen alignment, specimen conditioning, specimen geometry, and test environment (flat panels and sandwich core materials). Shearography has been used with excellent results for composite and metal face sheet sandwich panels with both honeycomb and foam cores, solid monolithic composite laminates, foam cryogenic fuel tank insulation, bonded cork insulation, aircraft tires, elastomeric and plastic coatings. Frequently, defects at multiple and far side bond lines can be detected.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes procedures for shearography of polymer matrix composites and sandwich core materials made entirely or in part from fiber-reinforced polymer matrix composites. The composite materials under consideration typically contain continuous high modulus (greater than 20 GPa (3 × 106 psi)) fibers, but may also contain discontinuous fiber, fabric, or particulate reinforcement.
1.2 This practice describes established shearography procedures that are currently used by industry and federal agencies that have demonstrated utility in quality assurance of polymer matrix composites and sandwich core materials during product process design and optimization, manufacturing process control, after manufacture inspection, and in service inspection.
1.3 This practice has utility for testing of polymer matrix composites and sandwich core materials containing but not limited to bismaleimide, epoxy, phenolic, poly(amideimide), polybenzimidazole, polyester (thermosetting and thermoplas- tic), poly(ether ether ketone), poly(ether imide), polyimide (thermosetting and thermoplastic), poly(phenylene sulfide), or polysulfone matrices; and alumina, aramid, boron, carbon, glass, quartz, or silicon carbide fibers. Typical as-fabricated geometries include uniaxial, cross-ply and angle-ply laminates; as well as honeycomb and foam core sandwich materials and structures.
1.4 This practice does not specify accept-reject criteria and is not intended to be used as a means for approving polymer matrix composites or sandwich core materials for service.
1.5 To ensure proper use of the referenced standards, there are recognized nondestructive testing (NDT) specialists that are certified according to industry and company NDT specifications. It is recommended that an NDT specialist be a part of any composite component design, quality assurance, in-service maintenance, or damage examination activity.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental...
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E2581 − 14 (Reapproved 2023)
Standard Practice for
Shearography of Polymer Matrix Composites and Sandwich
1
Core Materials in Aerospace Applications
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2581; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope any composite component design, quality assurance, in-service
maintenance, or damage examination activity.
1.1 This practice describes procedures for shearography of
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
polymer matrix composites and sandwich core materials made
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
entirely or in part from fiber-reinforced polymer matrix com-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
posites. The composite materials under consideration typically
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
contain continuous high modulus (greater than 20 GPa
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
(3 × 106 psi)) fibers, but may also contain discontinuous fiber,
1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-
fabric, or particulate reinforcement.
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
1.2 This practice describes established shearography proce-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
dures that are currently used by industry and federal agencies
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
that have demonstrated utility in quality assurance of polymer
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
matrix composites and sandwich core materials during product
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
process design and optimization, manufacturing process
control, after manufacture inspection, and in service inspec-
2. Referenced Documents
tion.
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2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.3 This practice has utility for testing of polymer matrix
C274 Terminology of Structural Sandwich Constructions
composites and sandwich core materials containing but not
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(Withdrawn 2016)
limited to bismaleimide, epoxy, phenolic, poly(amideimide),
D3878 Terminology for Composite Materials
polybenzimidazole, polyester (thermosetting and thermoplas-
D5687/D5687M Guide for Preparation of Flat Composite
tic), poly(ether ether ketone), poly(ether imide), polyimide
Panels with Processing Guidelines for Specimen Prepara-
(thermosetting and thermoplastic), poly(phenylene sulfide), or
tion
polysulfone matrices; and alumina, aramid, boron, carbon,
E543 Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestructive
glass, quartz, or silicon carbide fibers. Typical as-fabricated
Testing
geometries include uniaxial, cross-ply and angle-ply laminates;
E1309 Guide for Identification of Fiber-Reinforced
as well as honeycomb and foam core sandwich materials and
Polymer-Matrix Composite Materials in Databases (With-
structures.
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drawn 2015)
1.4 This practice does not specify accept-reject criteria and
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
is not intended to be used as a means for approving polymer
E1434 Guide for Recording Mechanical Test Data of Fiber-
matrix composites or sandwich core materials for service.
Reinforced Composite Materials in Databases (Withdrawn
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2015)
1.5 To ensure proper use of the referenced standards, there
E1471 Guide for Identification of Fibers, Fillers, and Core
are recognized nondestructive testing (NDT) specialists that
Materials in Computerized Material Property Databases
are certified according to industry and company NDT specifi-
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(Withdrawn 2015)
cations. It is recommended that an NDT specialist be a part of
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This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde- For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.10 on contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Specialized NDT Methods. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2023. Published December 2023. Originally the ASTM website.
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approved in 2007. Last previous edition approved in 2019 as E2581 – 14 (2019). The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
DOI: 10.1520/E2581-14R23. www.astm.org.
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