ASTM D2734-23
(Test Method)Standard Test Methods for Void Content of Reinforced Plastics
Standard Test Methods for Void Content of Reinforced Plastics
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The void content of a composite may significantly affect some of its mechanical properties. Higher void contents usually mean lower fatigue resistance, greater susceptibility to water penetration and weathering, and increased variation or scatter in strength properties. The knowledge of void content is desirable for estimation of quality of composites.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the void content of reinforced plastics or “composites.” The test methods are applicable to composites for which the effects of ignition on the materials are known. Most plastics, glass, and reinforcements fall into this class. These test methods are not applicable to composites for which the effects of ignition on the plastics, the reinforcement, and any fillers are unknown. This class may include silicone resins, which do not burn off completely, reinforcements consisting of metals, organic materials, or inorganic materials which may gain or lose weight, and fillers consisting of oxides, carbonates, etc., which may gain or lose weight. Note that separate weight loss tests of individual materials will usually, but not necessarily, give the same result as when all the materials are combined.
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to these test methods.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D2734 − 23
Standard Test Methods for
1
Void Content of Reinforced Plastics
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2734; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope* D792 Test Methods for Density and Specific Gravity (Rela-
tive Density) of Plastics by Displacement
1.1 These test methods cover the void content of reinforced
D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
plastics or “composites.” The test methods are applicable to
D1505 Test Method for Density of Plastics by the Density-
composites for which the effects of ignition on the materials are
Gradient Technique
known. Most plastics, glass, and reinforcements fall into this
D2584 Test Method for Ignition Loss of Cured Reinforced
class. These test methods are not applicable to composites for
Resins
which the effects of ignition on the plastics, the reinforcement,
E456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
and any fillers are unknown. This class may include silicone
resins, which do not burn off completely, reinforcements
3. Terminology
consisting of metals, organic materials, or inorganic materials
which may gain or lose weight, and fillers consisting of oxides, 3.1 Definitions—Terms used in this standard are defined in
accordance with Terminology D883, unless otherwise speci-
carbonates, etc., which may gain or lose weight. Note that
separate weight loss tests of individual materials will usually, fied. For terms relating to precision and bias and associated
issues, the terms used in this standard are defined in accordance
but not necessarily, give the same result as when all the
materials are combined. with Terminology E456.
NOTE 1—There is no known ISO equivalent to these test methods.
4. Summary of Test Methods
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
4.1 The densities of the resin, the reinforcement, and the
standard.
composites are measured separately. Then the resin content is
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
measured and a theoretical composite density calculated. This
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
is compared to the measured composite density. The difference
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
in densities indicates the void content. A good composite may
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
have 1 % voids or less, while a poorly made composite can
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
have a much higher void content. Finite values under 1 %
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
should be recognized as representing a laminate density
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
quality, but true void content level must be established by
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
complementary tests or background experience, or both.
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
5. Significance and Use
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
5.1 The void content of a composite may significantly affect
2. Referenced Documents
some of its mechanical properties. Higher void contents
2
usually mean lower fatigue resistance, greater susceptibility to
2.1 ASTM Standards:
water penetration and weathering, and increased variation or
D618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics for Testing
scatter in strength properties. The knowledge of void content is
1 desirable for estimation of quality of composites.
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 on
Plastics and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.18 on Reinforced
Thermosetting Plastics.
6. Interferences
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2023. Published November 2023. Originally
6.1 The density of the resin, in these test methods, is
approved in 1968. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as D2734 – 16. DOI:
10.1520/D2734-23.
assumed to be the same in the composite as it is in a large cast
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
mass. Although there is no realistic way to avoid this
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
assumption, it is nevertheless not strictly correct. Differences in
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D2734 − 16 D2734 − 23
Standard Test Methods for
1
Void Content of Reinforced Plastics
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2734; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope*
1.1 These test methods cover the void content of reinforced plastics or “composites.” The test methods are applicable to
composites for which the effects of ignition on the materials are known. Most plastics, glass, and reinforcements fall into this class.
These test methods are not applicable to composites for which the effects of ignition on the plastics, the reinforcement, and any
fillers are unknown. This class may include silicone resins, which do not burn off completely, reinforcements consisting of metals,
organic materials, or inorganic materials which may gain or lose weight, and fillers consisting of oxides, carbonates, etc., which
may gain or lose weight. Note that separate weight loss tests of individual materials will usually, but not necessarily, give the same
result as when all the materials are combined.
NOTE 1—There is no known ISO equivalent to these test methods.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and healthsafety, health, and environmental practices and determine
the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics for Testing
D792 Test Methods for Density and Specific Gravity (Relative Density) of Plastics by Displacement
D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
D1505 Test Method for Density of Plastics by the Density-Gradient Technique
D2584 Test Method for Ignition Loss of Cured Reinforced Resins
E456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 on Plastics and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.18 on Reinforced Thermosetting
Plastics.
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2016Oct. 1, 2023. Published September 2016November 2023. Originally approved in 1968. Last previous edition approved in 20092016
as D2734 – 09.D2734 – 16. DOI: 10.1520/D2734-16.10.1520/D2734-23.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
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D2734 − 23
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—Terms used in this standard are defined in accordance with Terminology D883, unless otherwise specified. For
terms relating to precision and bias and associated issues, the terms used in this standard are defined in accordance with
Terminology E456.
4. Summary of Test Methods
4.1 The densities of the resin, the reinforcement, and the composites are measured separately. Then the resin content is measured
and a theoretical composite density calculated. This is compared to the measured composite density. The difference in densities
indicates the void content. A good composite may have 1 % voids or less, while a poorly made composite can have a much higher
void content. Finite values under 1 % should be recognized as representing a laminate density quality, but true void content level
must be established by complementary tests or background experience, or both.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 The void content of a composite may significantly affect some of its mechanical properties. Higher void contents usually mean
lower fatigue resistan
...
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