D20.18 - Reinforced Thermosetting Plastics

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The elevated temperature and moisture conditioning procedures prescribed in this practice are designed to provide a standard procedure to be used to evaluate and compare the effect of elevated temperature and moisture conditioning under controlled laboratory conditions on pultruded FRP composites to be used in structural design applications. The conditioning procedures prescribed in this practice are designed to obtain reproducible results to compare and evaluate these materials but are not intended to produce equilibrium conditions or actual service conditions for these materials.
SCOPE
1.1 In general, it is feasible that the mechanical properties of FRP composites will be affected by environmental conditions such as exposure to moisture at elevated temperatures. In order to make reliable comparisons between different materials under elevated temperature and moisture environmental conditions, it is necessary to standardize the elevated temperature and moisture conditions to which specimens of these materials are subjected prior to and during testing. This practice defines procedures for elevated temperature and moisture conditioning of pultruded FRP composites intended for use in structural design applications. The conditioning medium representing elevated temperature and moisture exposure described in this standard practice is distilled water maintained at 37.8 ± 1.5°C [100 ± 3°F] for 1000 hours.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems has the potential to result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The freeze/thaw conditioning procedures prescribed in this practice are designed to provide a standard procedure to be used to evaluate and compare the effect of 100 freeze/thaw cycles under controlled laboratory conditions on pultruded FRP composites to be used in structural design applications. The conditioning procedures prescribed in this practice are designed to obtain reproducible results to compare and evaluate these materials but are not intended to produce equilibrium conditions or actual service conditions for these materials.
SCOPE
1.1 In general, it is feasible that the mechanical properties of FRP composites will be affected by environmental conditions such as freeze/thaw cycling. In order to make reliable comparisons between different materials under freeze/thaw environmental conditions, it is necessary to standardize the freeze/thaw conditions to which specimens of these materials are subjected prior to and during testing. This practice defines procedures for freeze/thaw conditioning of pultruded FRP composites intended for use in structural design applications.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems has the potential to result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Determination of the flexural modulus, beam bending strength and full assembly strength, by this test method is especially useful for product validation, design and specification purposes.  
5.2 Calculated values for flexural modulus, bending strength and full assembly strength will vary with specimen depth, span length, hole configurations, loading rate, and ambient test temperature. A minimum span to depth ratio of 16:1 is required for establishing the flexural modulus, wherein shear deformation effects are neglected.  
5.3 Validity—Stress at failure, σ, is only valid for crossarm failures due to local compression buckling. Other controlling modes of failure will dictate the ultimate phase loading capacities. For example, in-plane shear, fastener pin bearing, position hardware, center mount failures and fastener pull out will dictate the failure mode and the crossarm capacity.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the flexural modulus and bending strength of both the tangent and deadend Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) composite crossarms loaded perpendicular to the plane of minor and major axes. One method covers testing of assembled tangent crossarms including the tangent bracket and relative hardware. The other method covers testing of assembled deadend crossarms with a deadend bracket and relative phase loading hardware. The failure modes and associated stresses can be used for predicting the phase load capacities of pultruded crossarms specific to certain conductor loading scenarios exerted by conductors.  
1.2 The test data described in this standard can be used for predicting the vertical and horizontal component loads of deadend and tangent arms. Both deadend and tangent crossarms shall be tested in the two configurations described in Figures 1 and 2, respectively. This will permit the manufacturers to publish both vertical and horizontal design capacities for deadend crossarm configurations so that two way bending stresses, caused by catenary effects, can be considered when developing the capacity of the deadend crossarms by utility design engineers and manufacturers.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.4 This standard will not address all factors that affect the phase loading capacity.  
1.5 This standard does not address the use of core materials that are added to increase the structural capacity of the crossarms. Contribution of core materials shall not be considered within the calculations provided in this standard. Use of core material properties in design computations to identify improvement in design strengths of crossarms is the sole responsibility of the designee in-charge of the project.  
1.6 Torsional effects occurring during standard in service usage are not considered within this standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification defines the dimensional tolerances of standard rods, bars, and shapes pultruded from thermosetting glass-reinforced plastics. Tolerances cover dimensional criteria for cross sections, width or diameter, straightness, twist, surface flatness, angularity, and camber.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification defines production tolerances applicable to standard rods, bars, shapes, and flat sheet pultruded from thermosetting glass-reinforced plastics.  
1.2 These dimensional tolerances apply to all shapes specified as “standard” by the pultrusion industry.  
1.3 Custom shapes and products designed for special applications may carry specific tolerances that vary from the standard.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test methods portion, Section 5, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The void content of a composite may significantly affect some of its mechanical properties. Higher void contents usually mean lower fatigue resistance, greater susceptibility to water penetration and weathering, and increased variation or scatter in strength properties. The knowledge of void content is desirable for estimation of quality of composites.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the void content of reinforced plastics or “composites.” The test methods are applicable to composites for which the effects of ignition on the materials are known. Most plastics, glass, and reinforcements fall into this class. These test methods are not applicable to composites for which the effects of ignition on the plastics, the reinforcement, and any fillers are unknown. This class may include silicone resins, which do not burn off completely, reinforcements consisting of metals, organic materials, or inorganic materials which may gain or lose weight, and fillers consisting of oxides, carbonates, etc., which may gain or lose weight. Note that separate weight loss tests of individual materials will usually, but not necessarily, give the same result as when all the materials are combined.  
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to these test methods.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Tensile properties determined by this test method are of value for identifying and characterizing materials for control and specification purposes as well as for providing data for research and development studies.  
5.2 This test method is intended for use in testing resin-compatible sized glass fiber materials that have been designed specifically for use with certain generic types of plastics. The use of a resin system that is compatible with the reinforcement material under test produces results that are most representative of the actual strength that is available in the material when used as intended in an end item. Premature reinforcement failures occur if the elongation of the resin system is less than that of the reinforcement being tested. It is critical to select a resin system that does not lead to premature reinforcement failure. Use of compatible resin system and complete resin impregnation is recommended to avoid invalid failures and misleading results.  
5.3 This test method is useful for testing pretreated specimens for which comparative results are desired. Gage length, gripping system, testing speed, and the resin impregnation ratio of the specimen affects the values obtained by this test method.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the comparative tensile properties of glass fiber strands, yarns, and rovings in the form of impregnated rod test specimens when tested under defined conditions of pretreatment, temperature, humidity, and tension testing machine speed. This test method is applicable to continuous filament, glass fiber materials that have been coated with a resin compatible sizing. This method is intended for use in quality control and R & D, and is not intended to be used to develop composites design data.
Note 1: This method is technically equivalent to the short method described in ISO 9163.
Note 2: Prime consideration should be given to the use of a polymeric binder that produces specimens that yield the highest consistent values for the glass fiber material under test. Tensile properties vary with specimen preparation, resin impregnation system, and speed and environment of testing. Consider these factors where precise comparative results are desired.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The high axial-tensile strength and the low transverse-compressive strength of pultruded rod combine to present some unique problems in determining the tensile strength of this material with conventional test grips. The high transverse-compressive forces generated in the conventional method of gripping tend to crush the rod, thereby causing premature failure. In this test method, aluminum-alloy tabs contoured to the shape of the rod reduce the compressive forces imparted to the rod, thus overcoming the deleterious influence of conventional test grips.  
4.2 Tensile properties are influenced by specimen preparation, strain rate, thermal history, and environmental conditions at the time of testing. Consequently, where precise comparative results are desired, these factors must be carefully controlled.  
4.3 Tensile properties provide useful data for many engineering design purposes. However, due to the high sensitivity of these properties to strain rate, temperature, and other environmental conditions, data obtained by this test method shall not, by themselves, be considered for applications involving load-time scales or environmental conditions that differ widely from the test conditions. In cases where such dissimilarities are apparent, the sensitivities to strain rate, including impact and creep, as well as to the environment, shall be determined over a wide range of conditions as dictated by the anticipated service requirements.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes a procedure for determining the tensile properties of a pultruded, glass-fiber-reinforced thermosetting plastic rod of diameters ranging from 2.03 mm (0.08 in.) to 12.7 mm (0.5 in.). Test Method D7205/D7205M is an alternative test method to determine tensile properties of fiber-reinforced composite rods of diameters bigger than 12.7 mm (0.5 in.).  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazards statements are given in 6.1 and 8.4.3.
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice provides a uniform procedure for fabricating glass fiber/thermoset resin ring samples for use as test specimens. Specimens so prepared can be used in Test Methods D2290 and D2344/D2344M.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is intended for use in the fabrication of ring-type test specimens to be used in the evaluation of the mechanical properties of reinforcement and resins in a composite structure. The practice outlines the steps in the preparation of the test specimens, including the final specimen machining where applicable. Three final ring configurations are included.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this practice.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Apparent shear strength determined by this test method is useful for quality control and specification purposes. It is also applicable to research and development programs concerned with interlaminar-shear strength. The apparent shear strength obtained by this test method is not intended for design purposes, but allowed to be utilized for comparative testing of composite materials, if all failures are in horizontal shear.  
5.2 It is recommended that control samples be fabricated with each research test series and that care be used to compare each set of controls with corresponding test series run at different times.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the apparent horizontal shear strength of fiber reinforced plastic rods. The specimen is a short beam in the form of lengths of pultruded rods. This test method is applicable to all types of parallel-fiber-reinforced plastic rod samples.  
1.2 This test method is primarily used for quality control and specification purposes (see 5.1).  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice is intended to aid in the selection of test protocols for reinforced pultruded composites.  
4.2 This practice is intended to define the locations from which test specimens shall be taken from the reinforced pultruded composite.
SCOPE
1.1 This protocol summarizes the applicable ASTM and other standard test methods commonly used for pultruded composites. The individual performance requirements to these test methods are defined by specific customer specifications.  
1.2 This protocol also defines appropriate specimen locations for sampling from the pultruded composites.  
1.3 This protocol does not discuss all possible standard test methods that may be utilized for pultruded composites.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this guide.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This pin-bearing strength test for plastics is intended to apply in the specification of various thermoplastic or thermosetting products in sheet form where rivets, bolts, or similar fastenings are to be used in joining members or sections. It also is intended to apply wherever sheet materials of the classes indicated are required to sustain edgewise loads that are applied by means of pins or rods of circular cross section which pierce the sheet perpendicular to the surface.  
5.2 The purpose of the test using procedures A and B is to determine the pin-bearing strength of thermoplastic material and to plot the pin-bearing stress versus the deformation of the hole. The allowable deformation of the hole in the material shall be such as to produce no looseness of joints.  
5.3 The purpose of procedure C is to determine the ultimate pin-bearing strength of reinforced thermoset material. This test procedure enables the user to test the part in any direction that is intended to carry the pin-bearing loads. The sample size used in this procedure will cover thermoset reinforced plastics that are commonly used in infrastructure applications.  
5.4 While it is a known fact that higher strength materials will generally give higher bearing strengths, there is no satisfactory method to estimate pin-bearing strength from tensile or compressive properties of the material.  
5.5 Before proceeding with this test method, reference shall be made to the specification of the material being tested. Any test specimen preparation, conditioning, dimensions or testing parameters or combination thereof covered in the relevant ASTM materials specification shall take precedence over those in this test method. If there are no relevant ASTM material specifications then the default conditions apply.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the pin-bearing strength of rigid plastics in either sheet form, molded form, or in reinforced thermoset form. Procedures A and B are applicable for thermoplastic materials in tension loading and compression loading respectively. Procedure C is applicable for thermoset reinforced plastics. See the significance and use section (Section 5) for cautions in using this test standard.  
1.2 Test data obtained by this test method is relevant and appropriate for use in quality control and engineering design.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: This standard and ISO 12815 address the same subject matter, but differ in technical content.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This practice focuses on the establishment of acceptance levels and criteria upon inspection of visual defects in thermosetting reinforced plastic pultruded rods, bars, shapes, and sheets. Presented here is the definition of possible defects to serve as a guide for contracts, drawings, product specifications, and final inspection. This practice also categorizes different inspection requirements for three grades of product quality.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers acceptance criteria for visual acceptance of thermosetting reinforced plastic pultruded rods, bars, shapes, and sheets.  
1.2 This practice presents definitions of possible defects to serve as a guide for contracts, drawings, product specifications, and final inspection.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is used to obtain the ignition loss of a cured reinforced resin sample.
Note 2: The basic concept of burning off of the organic matrix of a reinforced polymer composite has also been shown to be a useful method for enabling a visual examination of the fiber architecture or laminate structure of some reinforcements.  
4.2 If only glass fabric or filament is used as the reinforcement of an organic resin that is completely decomposed to volatile materials under the conditions of this test and the small amount of volatiles (water, residual solvent) that are potentially present are ignored, the ignition loss shall be considered to be the resin content of the sample.  
4.2.1 This test method does not provide a measure of resin content for samples containing reinforcing materials that lose weight under the conditions of the test or containing resins or fillers that do not decompose to volatile materials released by ignition.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the ignition loss of cured reinforced resins. This ignition loss shall be considered to be the resin content within the limitations of 4.2.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.3 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of composite material to heat under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all of the factors required for fire hazard or fire assessments of the composite materials under actual fire conditions.  
1.4 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is useful for establishing the integrity of composite rod. The presence of voids, cracks, and hollow fibers are considered detrimental to the structural integrity of the composite and causes reduced electrical resistance and increased current leakage.  
5.2 A perfect composite would be flaw-free, and there would be no possibility of wicking. Composites of this type are virtually nonexistent, as there will typically be entrapped air in the resin developed during manufacturing, occasional hollow fibers, and occasional cracks due to thermal stresses.  
5.3 This test method is intended to provide a tool for measuring the extent of wicking in a composite over very short lengths of material for comparative purposes. The presence of wicking over 1 in. (2.54 cm) lengths will not necessarily imply that the composite will perform unsatisfactorily for its intended end-use. Therefore, interpretation of test results shall be made carefully.  
5.4 This test method was developed as a technique for estimating quality and consistency of pultruded rod and bar stock, which is a composite of resin and all-roving reinforcement. This test method will be useful for a manufacturer to determine whether any gross changes in quality have taken place due to process or raw material changes as the manufacturing process also affects the quality of the product.  
5.5 Since the results of this test are so sensitive to sample size, penetrant type, penetrant used, viscosity, duration of test, and other factors, no attempt to arrive at or recommend development of a specification for these materials has been made. A specification shall be negotiated between supplier and end user and such specification shall be made with great care.
SCOPE
1.1 This dye-penetrant test method covers a means of evaluating solid fiberglass all-roving reinforced pultruded rod or bar stock for longitudinal wicking. There are generally three mechanisms that promote wicking such as delaminations, longitudinal continuous voids, or the presence of hollow fibers. Any or all of them will be operating at a given time.  
Note 1: Occasionally the flaws listed above may be detected by this test, but other tests are usually required.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems has the potential to result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see 10.3 and 10.6.  
Note 2: There is no known ISO equivalent to this test method.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Determination of flexural modulus by this test method is especially useful for quality control and specification purposes.  
5.2 Experimental values for flexural modulus will vary with specimen depth, span length, loading rate, ambient test temperature, and other atmospheric conditions.  
5.3 Before proceeding with this test method, reference should be made to the specification of the material being tested, including constituent materials of the specimen. Any test specimen preparation, environmental or loading conditioning, dimensions, or testing parameters covered in the material specification, or both, shall take precedence over those mentioned in this test method. If there are no material specifications, then these default conditions apply. Table 1 in Classification D4000 lists the ASTM materials standards that currently exist.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of Flexural Modulus of pultruded open and closed fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites of doubly symmetrical cross sections (sections having geometric symmetry about both the major and minor axes) about their geometric centroid subjected to flexure and shear. This test method utilizes a three-point loading system applied to a simply supported beam.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values provided in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: The is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is used to measure the reactivity of different lots of unsaturated polyester and vinyl ester resins. The information provided by this test is often used for assessing the predicted performance of a resin when used in elevated temperature as part of the process used to convert the resin into a finished product.  
5.2 The method is used in research and development by companies that manufacture resins and for incoming quality control companies using these polymers as raw materials for production. The method is based on the methods which were previously outlined in the Handbook of Reinforced Plastics, “Procedure for Running Exotherm Curves Using the Block Test Method” published by the Society of the Plastics Industry.
SCOPE
1.1 This standard provides a standardized test method for determining the gelation and exotherm curve of unsaturated polyester and vinyl ester resins. This method provides guidance for measurement of the “Standard 180°F (82.2°C) Exotherm Curve” along with information on potential variances of the measurement for some special resins. This test method provides information concerning the reactivity of unsaturated polyester and vinyl ester resins as they go through polymerization after mixing with the initiator.
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard, although ISO 584 is similar.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems has the potential to result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Differential scanning calorimeters are used to determine chemical reaction thermal profiles of materials. One such reaction is the curing of thermosetting resins.  
5.2 This test method is useful for both specification acceptance and for research.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of curing parameters of pultrusions resins by differential scanning calorimetry.  
1.2 This test method is applicable to pultrusion resin solutions with adequate initiator(s).  
1.3 The normal operating temperature range is from 0 to 200°C.  
Note 1: Resin systems that do not form an adequate baseline are not covered by this test method.  
1.4 Computer or electronic based instruments or data treatment equivalent to this practice are suitable for use.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Note 1.  
Note 2: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Shear tests of various kinds are widely used in the reinforced plastics industry to assess the strength of the reinforcement-to-resin bond in polyester-, vinyl ester-, and epoxy-resin composites. In addition to their importance for the generation of data for research and development, quality control, and specification purposes, such tests are of fundamental value to the fibrous reinforcement industry, since they can be used to determine the potential of new sizing systems for the surface treatment of glass fibers.  
5.2 The in-plane shear strength of pultruded cylindrical composites is an important property from an engineering standpoint, since pultruded rod, as such, is used in many structural applications.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the in-plane shear strength of pultruded, glass-fiber reinforced, thermosetting plastic rod of diameters ranging from 19 to 32 mm (3/4 to 11/4 in.).  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Note 2  and Note 3.
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This pin-bearing strength test for plastics is intended to apply in the specification of various thermoplastic or thermosetting products in sheet form where rivets, bolts, or similar fastenings are to be used in joining members or sections. It also is intended to apply wherever sheet materials of the classes indicated are required to sustain edgewise loads that are applied by means of pins or rods of circular cross section which pierce the sheet perpendicular to the surface.  
5.2 The purpose of the test using procedures A and B is to determine the pin-bearing strength of thermoplastic material and to plot the pin-bearing stress versus the deformation of the hole. The allowable deformation of the hole in the material shall be such as to produce no looseness of joints.  
5.3 The purpose of procedure C is to determine the ultimate pin-bearing strength of reinforced thermoset material. This test procedure enables the user to test the part in any direction that is intended to carry the pin-bearing loads. The sample size used in this procedure will cover thermoset reinforced plastics that are commonly used in infrastructure applications.  
5.4 While it is a known fact that higher strength materials will generally give higher bearing strengths, there is no satisfactory method to estimate pin-bearing strength from tensile or compressive properties of the material.  
5.5 Before proceeding with this test method, reference shall be made to the specification of the material being tested. Any test specimen preparation, conditioning, dimensions or testing parameters or combination thereof covered in the relevant ASTM materials specification shall take precedence over those in this test method. If there are no relevant ASTM material specifications then the default conditions apply.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the pin-bearing strength of rigid plastics in either sheet form, molded form, or in reinforced thermoset form. Procedures A and B are applicable for thermoplastic materials in tension loading and compression loading respectively. Procedure C is applicable for thermoset reinforced plastics. See the significance and use section (Section 5) for cautions in using this test standard.  
1.2 Test data obtained by this test method is relevant and appropriate for use in quality control and engineering design.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: This standard and ISO 12815 address the same subject matter, but differ in technical content.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Tensile properties determined by this test method are of value for identifying and characterizing materials for control and specification purposes as well as for providing data for research and development studies.  
5.2 This test method is intended for use in testing resin-compatible sized glass fiber materials that have been designed specifically for use with certain generic types of plastics. The use of a resin system that is compatible with the reinforcement material under test produces results that are most representative of the actual strength that is available in the material when used as intended in an end item. Premature reinforcement failures occur if the elongation of the resin system is less than that of the reinforcement being tested. It is critical to select a resin system that does not lead to premature reinforcement failure. Use of compatible resin system and complete resin impregnation is recommended to avoid invalid failures and misleading results.  
5.3 This test method is useful for testing pretreated specimens for which comparative results are desired. Gage length, gripping system, testing speed, and the resin impregnation ratio of the specimen affects the values obtained by this test method.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the comparative tensile properties of glass fiber strands, yarns, and rovings in the form of impregnated rod test specimens when tested under defined conditions of pretreatment, temperature, humidity, and tension testing machine speed. This test method is applicable to continuous filament, glass fiber materials that have been coated with a resin compatible sizing. This method is intended for use in quality control and R & D, and is not intended to be used to develop composites design data.
Note 1: This method is technically equivalent to the short method described in ISO 9163.
Note 2: Prime consideration should be given to the use of a polymeric binder that produces specimens that yield the highest consistent values for the glass fiber material under test. Tensile properties vary with specimen preparation, resin impregnation system, and speed and environment of testing. Consider these factors where precise comparative results are desired.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Determination of flexural modulus by this test method is especially useful for quality control and specification purposes.  
5.2 Experimental values for flexural modulus will vary with specimen depth, span length, loading rate, ambient test temperature, and other atmospheric conditions.  
5.3 Before proceeding with this test method, reference should be made to the specification of the material being tested, including constituent materials of the specimen. Any test specimen preparation, environmental or loading conditioning, dimensions, or testing parameters covered in the material specification, or both, shall take precedence over those mentioned in this test method. If there are no material specifications, then these default conditions apply. Table 1 in Classification D4000 lists the ASTM materials standards that currently exist.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of Flexural Modulus of pultruded open and closed fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites of doubly symmetrical cross sections about their geometric centroid subjected to flexure and shear. This test method utilizes a three-point loading system applied to a simply supported beam.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values provided in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The void content of a composite may significantly affect some of its mechanical properties. Higher void contents usually mean lower fatigue resistance, greater susceptibility to water penetration and weathering, and increased variation or scatter in strength properties. The knowledge of void content is desirable for estimation of quality of composites.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the void content of reinforced plastics or “composites.” The test methods are applicable to composites for which the effects of ignition on the materials are known. Most plastics, glass, and reinforcements fall into this class. These test methods are not applicable to composites for which the effects of ignition on the plastics, the reinforcement, and any fillers are unknown. This class may include silicone resins, which do not burn off completely, reinforcements consisting of metals, organic materials, or inorganic materials which may gain or lose weight, and fillers consisting of oxides, carbonates, etc., which may gain or lose weight. Note that separate weight loss tests of individual materials will usually, but not necessarily, give the same result as when all the materials are combined.  
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to these test methods.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice provides a uniform procedure for fabricating glass fiber/thermoset resin ring samples for use as test specimens. Specimens so prepared can be used in Test Methods D2290 and D2344/D2344M.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is intended for use in the fabrication of ring-type test specimens to be used in the evaluation of the mechanical properties of reinforcement and resins in a composite structure. The practice outlines the steps in the preparation of the test specimens, including the final specimen machining where applicable. Four final ring configurations are included.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units of inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this practice.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The high axial-tensile strength and the low transverse-compressive strength of pultruded rod combine to present some unique problems in determining the tensile strength of this material with conventional test grips. The high transverse-compressive forces generated in the conventional method of gripping tend to crush the rod, thereby causing premature failure. In this test method, aluminum-alloy tabs contoured to the shape of the rod reduce the compressive forces imparted to the rod, thus overcoming the deleterious influence of conventional test grips.  
3.2 Tensile properties are influenced by specimen preparation, strain rate, thermal history, and the environmental conditions at the time of testing. Consequently, where precise comparative results are desired, these factors must be carefully controlled.  
3.3 Tensile properties provide useful data for many engineering design purposes. However, due to the high sensitivity of these properties to strain rate, temperature, and other environmental conditions, data obtained by this test method should not, by themselves, be considered for applications involving load-time scales or environmental conditions that differ widely from the test conditions. In cases where such dissimilarities are apparent, the sensitivities to strain rate, including impact and creep, as well as to environment, should be determined over a wide range of conditions as dictated by the anticipated service requirements.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes a procedure for determining the tensile properties of pultruded, glass-fiber-reinforced thermosetting plastic rod of diameters ranging from 3.2 mm (1/8 in.) to 25.4 mm (1 in.). Little test specimen preparation is required; however, reusable aluminum tab grip adapters (Fig. 1) of appropriate size are required to prevent premature failure of the specimens at the grips.  
Note 1: Sandblast Clamp Face with 100-mesh Carbide at 100 psi.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazards statements are given in Note 3 and Note 4.
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Apparent shear strength determined by this test method is useful for quality control and specification purposes. It is also applicable to research and development programs concerned with interlaminar-shear strength. The apparent shear strength obtained by this test method cannot be used for design purposes, but can be utilized for comparative testing of composite materials, if all failures are in horizontal shear.  
4.2 It is recommended that control samples be fabricated with each research test series and that care be used to compare each set of controls with corresponding test series run at different times.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the apparent horizontal shear strength of fiber reinforced plastic rods. The specimen is a short beam in the form of lengths of pultruded rods. This test method is applicable to all types of parallel-fiber-reinforced plastic rod samples.  
1.2 This test method is primarily used for quality control and specification purposes (see 4.1).  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Determination of the flexural modulus, beam bending strength and full assembly strength, by this test method is especially useful for product validation, design and specification purposes.  
5.2 Calculated values for flexural modulus, bending strength and full assembly strength will vary with specimen depth, span length, hole configurations, loading rate, and ambient test temperature. A minimum span to depth ratio of 16:1 is required for establishing the flexural modulus.  
5.3 Validity—Stress at failure, σ, is only valid for crossarm failures due to local compression buckling. Other controlling modes of failure will dictate the ultimate phase loading capacities. For example, in-plane shear, fastener pin bearing, position hardware, center mount failures and fastener pull out will dictate the failure mode and ultimately the crossarm capacity.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the flexural modulus and bending strength of both tangent and deadend arms bent about their minor and major axes. One method covers testing of assembled tangent crossarms including the tangent bracket and relative hardware. The other method covers testing of assembled deadend crossarms with a deadend bracket and relative phase loading hardware. The failure modes and associated stresses can be used for predicting the phase load capacities of pultruded crossarms specific to certain conductor loading scenarios.  
1.2 The test methods described in this standard can be used for predicting the vertical and horizontal component loads of deadend and tangent arms. Both deadend and tangent crossarms shall be tested in the two configurations described in Figures 1 and 2. This will permit the manufactures to publish both vertical and horizontal design capacities for deadend crossarm configurations so that two way bending stresses, caused by catenary effects, can be considered when developing the capacity of the deadend crossarms by utility design engineers and manufacturers.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.4 This standard will not address all factors that affect the phase loading capacity.  
1.5 This standard does not address the use of core materials that are added to increase the structural capacity of the crossarms. Core material shall not be considered in the calculations provided in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.

ABSTRACT
This specification defines the dimensional tolerances of standard rods, bars, and shapes pultruded from thermosetting glass-reinforced plastics. Tolerances cover dimensional criteria for cross sections, width or diameter, straightness, twist, surface flatness, angularity, and camber.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification defines production tolerances applicable to standard rods, bars, shapes, and flat sheet pultruded from thermosetting glass-reinforced plastics.  
1.2 These dimensional tolerances apply to all shapes specified as “standard” by the pultrusion industry.  
1.3 Custom shapes and products designed for special applications may carry specific tolerances that vary from the standard.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test methods portion, Section 4, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The elevated temperature and moisture conditioning procedures prescribed in this practice are designed to provide a standard procedure to be used to evaluate and compare the effect of elevated temperature and moisture conditioning under controlled laboratory conditions on pultruded FRP composites to be used in structural design applications. The conditioning procedures prescribed in this practice are designed to obtain reproducible results to compare and evaluate these materials but are not intended to produce equilibrium conditions or actual service conditions for these materials.
SCOPE
1.1 In general, it is feasible that the mechanical properties of FRP composites will be affected by environmental conditions such as exposure to moisture at elevated temperatures. In order to make reliable comparisons between different materials under elevated temperature and moisture environmental conditions, it is necessary to standardize the elevated temperature and moisture conditions to which specimens of these materials are subjected prior to and during testing. This practice defines procedures for elevated temperature and moisture conditioning of pultruded FRP composites intended for use in structural design applications. The conditioning medium representing elevated temperature and moisture exposure described in this standard practice is distilled water maintained at 37.8 ± 1.5°C (100 ± 3°F) for 1000 hours.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The freeze/thaw conditioning procedures prescribed in this practice are designed to provide a standard procedure to be used to evaluate and compare the effect of 100 freeze/thaw cycles under controlled laboratory conditions on pultruded FRP composites to be used in structural design applications. The conditioning procedures prescribed in this practice are designed to obtain reproducible results to compare and evaluate these materials but are not intended to produce equilibrium conditions or actual service conditions for these materials.
SCOPE
1.1 In general, it is feasible that the mechanical properties of FRP composites will be affected by environmental conditions such as freeze/thaw cycling. In order to make reliable comparisons between different materials under freeze/thaw environmental conditions, it is necessary to standardize the freeze/thaw conditions to which specimens of these materials are subjected prior to and during testing. This practice defines procedures for freeze/thaw conditioning of pultruded FRP composites intended for use in structural design applications.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

ABSTRACT
This specification defines the dimensional tolerances of standard rods, bars, and shapes pultruded from thermosetting glass-reinforced plastics. Tolerances cover dimensional criteria for cross sections, width or diameter, straightness, twist, surface flatness, angularity, and camber.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification defines production tolerances applicable to standard rods, bars, shapes, and flat sheet pultruded from thermosetting glass-reinforced plastics.  
1.2 These dimensional tolerances apply to all shapes specified as “standard” by the pultrusion industry.  
1.3 Custom shapes and products designed for special applications may carry specific tolerances that vary from the standard.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test methods portion, Section 4, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.

ABSTRACT
This specification defines the dimensional tolerances of standard rods, bars, and shapes pultruded from thermosetting glass-reinforced plastics. Tolerances cover dimensional criteria for cross sections, width or diameter, straightness, twist, surface flatness, angularity, and camber.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification defines production tolerances applicable to standard rods, bars, shapes, and flat sheet pultruded from thermosetting glass-reinforced plastics.  
1.2 These dimensional tolerances apply to all shapes specified as “standard” by the pultrusion industry.  
1.3 Custom shapes and products designed for special applications may carry specific tolerances that vary from the standard.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test methods portion, Section 4, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.

ABSTRACT
This practice focuses on the establishment of acceptance levels and criteria upon inspection of visual defects in thermosetting reinforced plastic pultruded rods, bars, shapes, and sheets. Presented here is the definition of possible defects to serve as a guide for contracts, drawings, product specifications, and final inspection. This practice also categorizes different inspection requirements for three grades of product quality.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers acceptance criteria for visual acceptance of thermosetting reinforced plastic pultruded rods, bars, shapes, and sheets.  
1.2 This practice presents definitions of possible defects to serve as a guide for contracts, drawings, product specifications, and final inspection.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Note 1—There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.

ABSTRACT
This specification defines the dimensional tolerances of standard rods, bars, and shapes pultruded from thermosetting glass-reinforced plastics. Tolerances cover dimensional criteria for cross sections, width or diameter, straightness, twist, surface flatness, angularity, and camber.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification defines tolerances applicable to standard rods, bars, and shapes pultruded from thermosetting glass-reinforced plastics.
1.2 These dimensional tolerances apply to all shapes specified as “standard” by the pultrusion industry.
1.3 Custom shapes and products designed for special applications may carry specific tolerances that vary from the standard.
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.5 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test methods portion, Section 4, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
Note 1—There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method can be used to obtain the ignition loss of a cured reinforced resin sample. This test method can also be used to examine the fiber architecture of pultruded structural shapes.
If only glass fabric or filament is used as the reinforcement of an organic resin that is completely decomposed to volatile materials under the conditions of this test and the small amount of volatiles (water, residual solvent) that are potentially present are ignored, the ignition loss can be considered to be the resin content of the sample.
This test method does not provide a measure of resin content for samples containing reinforcing materials that lose weight under the conditions of the test or containing resins or fillers that do not decompose to volatile materials released by ignition.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the ignition loss of cured reinforced resins. This ignition loss can be considered to be the resin content within the limitations of 4.2.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.3 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of composite material to heat under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all of the factors required for fire hazard or fire assessments of the composite materials under actual fire conditions.
1.4 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of whoever uses this standard to consult and establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1—There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice is intended to aid in the selection of test protocols for reinforced pultruded composites.
This practice is intended to define the locations from which test specimens shall be taken from the reinforced pultruded composite.
SCOPE
1.1 This protocol summarizes the applicable ASTM and other standard test methods commonly used for pultruded composites. The individual performance requirements to these test methods are defined by specific customer specifications.
1.2 This protocol also defines appropriate specimen locations for sampling from the pultruded composites.
1.3 This protocol does not discuss all possible standard test methods that may be utilized for pultruded composites.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1—There is no known ISO equivalent to this guide.

ABSTRACT
This specification defines the dimensional tolerances of standard rods, bars, and shapes pultruded from thermosetting glass-reinforced plastics. Tolerances cover dimensional criteria for cross sections, width or diameter, straightness, twist, surface flatness, angularity, and camber.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification defines tolerances applicable to standard rods, bars, and shapes pultruded from thermosetting glass-reinforced plastics.
1.2 These dimensional tolerances apply to all shapes specified as “standard” by the pultrusion industry.
1.3 Custom shapes and products designed for special applications may carry specific tolerances that vary from the standard.
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.5 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test methods portion, Section 4, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
Note 1—There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.

ABSTRACT
This practice focuses on the establishment of acceptance levels and criteria upon inspection of visual defects in thermosetting reinforced plastic pultruded rods, bars, shapes, and sheets. Presented here is the definition of possible defects to serve as a guide for contracts, drawings, product specifications, and final inspection. This practice also categorizes different inspection requirements for three grades of product quality.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers acceptance criteria for visual acceptance of thermosetting reinforced plastic pultruded rods, bars, shapes, and sheets.
1.2 This practice presents definitions of possible defects to serve as a guide for contracts, drawings, product specifications, and final inspection.
1.3 This practice also categorizes different inspection requirements for the three of four grades of product quality identified herein.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1—There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This bearing strength test for plastics is intended to apply in the specification of various thermoplastic or thermosetting products in sheet form where rivets, bolts, or similar fastenings are to be used in joining members or sections. It also is intended to apply wherever sheet materials of the classes indicated are required to sustain edgewise loads that are applied by means of pins or rods of circular cross section which pierce the sheet perpendicular to the surface.
The purpose of the test is to determine the bearing strength of the material and to show the bearing stress versus the deformation of the hole. The allowable deformation of the hole in the material should be such as to produce no looseness of joints.
While it is a known fact that higher strength materials will generally give higher bearing strengths, there is no satisfactory method by which bearing strength may be estimated from tensile or compressive properties of the material.
Before proceeding with this test method, reference should be made to the specification of the material being tested. Any test specimen preparation, conditioning, dimensions or testing parameters or combination thereof covered in the relevant ASTM materials specification shall take precedence over those in this test method. If there are no relevant ASTM material specifications then the default conditions apply.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the bearing strength of rigid plastics in either sheet form, molded form, or in thermoset pultruded form. Procedure A is applicable for tension loading and Procedure B for compression loading.
1.2 Test data obtained by this test method is relevant and appropriate for use in engineering design.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1—There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Differential scanning calorimeters are used to determine chemical reaction thermal profiles of materials. One such reaction is the curing of thermosetting resins.
This test method is useful for both specification acceptance and for research.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of curing parameters of pultrusions resins by differential scanning calorimetry.
1.2 This test method is applicable to pultrusion resin solutions with adequate initiator(s).
1.3 The normal operating temperature range is from 0 to 200°C.
Note 1—Resin systems that do not form an adequate baseline are not covered by this test method.  
1.4 Computer or electronic based instruments or data treatment equivalent to this practice may also be used.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Note 1.  
Note 2—There is no known ISO equivalent to this test method.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The void content of a composite may significantly affect some of its mechanical properties. Higher void contents usually mean lower fatigue resistance, greater susceptibility to water penetration and weathering, and increased variation or scatter in strength properties. The knowledge of void content is desirable for estimation of quality of composites.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the void content of reinforced plastics or “composites.” The test methods are applicable to composites for which the effects of ignition on the materials are known. Most plastics, glass, and reinforcements fall into this class. These test methods are not applicable to composites for which the effects of ignition on the plastics, the reinforcement, and any fillers are unknown. This class may include silicone resins, which do not burn off completely, reinforcements consisting of metals, organic materials, or inorganic materials which may gain or lose weight, and fillers consisting of oxides, carbonates, etc., which may gain or lose weight. Note that separate weight loss tests of individual materials will usually, but not necessarily, give the same result as when all the materials are combined.
Note 1—There is no known ISO equivalent to these test methods.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice provides a uniform procedure for fabricating glass fiber/thermoset resin ring samples for use as test specimens. Specimens so prepared can be used in Test Methods D 2290 and D 2344/D 2344M.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is intended for use in the fabrication of ring-type test specimens to be used in the evaluation of the mechanical properties of reinforcement and resins in a composite structure. The practice outlines the steps in the preparation of the test specimens, including the final specimen machining where applicable. Four final ring configurations are included.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units of inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1—There is no known ISO equivalent to this practice.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is used to measure the reactivity of different lots of unsaturated polyester and vinyl ester resins. The information provided by this test can be used for assessing the predicted performance of a resin when used in elevated temperature as part of the process used to convert the resin into a finished product.
The method is used in research and development by companies that manufacture resins and for incoming quality control companies using these polymers as raw materials for production. The method is based on the methods which were previously outlined in the Handbook of Reinforced Plastics, “Procedure for Running Exotherm Curves Using the Block Test Method” published by the Society of the Plastics Industry.
SCOPE
1.1 This standard provides a standardized test method for determining the gelation and exotherm curve of unsaturated polyester and vinyl ester resins. This method provides guidance for measurement of the “Standard 180°F (82.2°C) Exotherm Curve” along with information on variances of the measurement which may be required for special resins. This test method provides information concerning the reactivity of unsaturated polyester and vinyl ester resins as they go through polymerization after mixing with the initiator.
Note 1—There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard, although ISO 584 is similar.
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

ABSTRACT
This practice outlines a method for classifying reinforced plastic pultruded shapes according to their composition. In classifying the reinforced plastic pultruded shape according to composition, four separate aspects of the composition shall be considered: reinforced material; reinforcement type; resin type; and filler amount. The composition shall be identified by the use of four capital letters. The sequential position of each letter shall have particular significance in describing the composition.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice outlines a method for classifying reinforced plastic pultruded shapes according to their composition.
1.2 One objective of this practice is to provide a codification means and descriptive limits for classification.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Tensile properties determined by this test method are of value for identifying and characterizing materials for control and specification purposes as well as for providing data for research and development studies.
This test method is intended for use in testing resin-compatible sized glass fiber materials that have been designed specifically for use with certain generic types of plastics. The use of a resin impregnant that is compatible with the reinforcement material under test produces results that are most representative of the actual strength that is available in the material when used as intended in an end item. Premature reinforcement failure may occur if the elongation of the resin system is less than that of the reinforcement being tested. This requirement may restrict the use of certain resin systems in this procedure. Misleading results may be obtained when glass fiber materials are tested without complete resin impregnation of the fiber or when a non-compatible resin is used for impregnation.
This test method is useful for testing pretreated specimens for which comparative results are desired. Values obtained by this test method may be affected by gage length, gripping system, testing speed, and the resin impregnation ratio of the specimen.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the comparative tensile properties of glass fiber strands, yarns, and rovings in the form of impregnated rod test specimens when tested under defined conditions of pretreatment, temperature, humidity, and tension testing machine speed. This test method is applicable to continuous filament, glass fiber materials that have been coated with a resin compatible sizing. This method is intended for use in quality control and R & D, and should not be used to develop composites design data.
Note 1—This method is technically equivalent to the short method described in ISO 9163.
Note 2—Prime consideration should be given to the use of a polymeric binder that produces specimens that yield the highest consistent values for the glass fiber material under test. Tensile properties may vary with specimen preparation, resin impregnation system, and speed and environment of testing. Consequently, where precise comparative results are desired, these factors must be carefully controlled.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
Note 3—Prime consideration should be given to the use of a polymeric binder that produces specimens that yield the highest consistent values for the glass fiber material under test. Tensile properties may vary with specimen preparation, resin impregnation system, and speed and environment of testing. Consequently, where precise comparative results are desired, these factors must be carefully controlled.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Flexural properties determined by this test method are especially useful for quality control and specification purposes.
The maximum axial fiber stresses occur on a line under the loading nose. The use of the semicircular cross section eliminates premature compression shear that has been noted in three-point flexure tests on full-round rods.
Flexural properties may vary with specimen depth, temperature, atmospheric conditions, and differences in rate of straining.
Before proceeding with this test method, reference should be made to the specification of the material being tested. Any test specimen preparation, conditioning, dimensions, or testing parameters, or combination thereof, covered in the materials specification shall take precedence over those mentioned in this test method. If there are no material specifications, then the default conditions apply.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the flexural properties of fiber-reinforced pultruded plastic rods. The specimen is a rod with a semicircular cross section, molded or cut from lengths of pultruded rods (see Fig. 1). This test method is designed for rods with a diameter of 1/2 in. or greater.
Note 1—There is no known ISO equivalent for this test method.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
FIG. 1 Cross Section of Test Specimen

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is useful for establishing the integrity of composite rod. The presence of voids, cracks, and hollow fibers are considered detrimental to the structural integrity of the composite and may cause reduced electrical resistance and increased current leakage.
A perfect composite would be flaw-free, and there would be no possibility of wicking. Composites of this type are virtually nonexistent, as there will typically be entrapped air in the resin developed during manufacture, occasional hollow fibers, and occasional cracks due to thermal stresses.
This test method is intended to provide a tool for measuring the extent of wicking in a composite over very short lengths of material for comparative purposes. The presence of wicking over 1 in. (2.54 cm) lengths may not necessarily imply that the composite will perform unsatisfactorily for its intended end-use. Therefore, interpretation of test results should be made with care.
This test method was developed as a technique for estimating quality and consistency of pultruded rod and bar stock, which is a composite of resin and all-roving reinforcement. The manufacturing process may also affect the quality of the product. It should be useful for a manufacturer in determining whether any gross changes in quality have taken place due to process or raw material changes.
Since the results of this test are so sensitive to sample size, penetrant type, penetrant used, viscosity, duration of test, and other factors, no attempt to arrive at or recommend development of a specification for these materials has been made. It is suggested that such a specification should be negotiated between supplier and end user.
SCOPE
1.1 This dye-penetrant test method covers a means of evaluating solid fiberglass all-roving reinforced pultruded rod or bar stock for longitudinal wicking. There are generally three mechanisms that promote wicking, any or all of which may be operating at a given time.
Note 1—The specimen's cross-section may reflect delaminations, longitudinal continuous voids, or the presence of hollow fibers, or all three. Occasionally these flaws may be detected by this test, but other tests are usually required.  
1.2 The results of a wicking test are dependent on specimen type and size, penetrant type, time of exposure in the penetrant, penetrant viscosity, etc. Any attempt to use a wicking test to establish specification criteria should be made with great care.
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  For specific hazard statements, see 10.3 and 10.6.  
Note 2—There is no known ISO equivalent to this test method.

ABSTRACT
This practice covers acceptance criteria for visual inspection of parts molded from reinforced thermosetting plastics by compression and transfer molding. Word descriptions of possible defects to serve as a guide for contracts, drawings, product specifications, and final inspection are presented. Different inspection requirements for grades of product quality are categorized. Each part shall be checked visually without the aid of magnification. Defects shall be classified as to type and level as prescribed.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers acceptance criteria for visual inspection of parts molded from reinforced thermosetting plastics by compression and transfer molding.
1.2 This practice presents word descriptions of possible defects to serve as a guide for contracts, drawings, product specifications, and final inspection.
1.3 This practice also categorizes different inspection requirements for grades of product quality.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1—There is no known ISO equivalent to this practice.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method can be used to obtain the ignition loss of a cured reinforced resin sample. This test method can also be used to examine the fiber architecture of pultruded structural shapes.
If only glass fabric or filament is used as the reinforcement of an organic resin that is completely decomposed to volatile materials under the conditions of this test and the small amount of volatiles (water, residual solvent) that may be present is ignored, the ignition loss can be considered to be the resin content of the sample.
This test method does not provide a measure of resin content for samples containing reinforcing materials that lose weight under the conditions of the test or containing resins or fillers that do not decompose to volatile materials released by ignition.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the ignition loss of cured reinforced resins. This ignition loss can be considered to be the resin content within the limitations of 4.2.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of whoever uses this standard to consult and establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1—There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.

ABSTRACT
This practice covers acceptance criteria for visual inspection of parts made from glass-reinforced plastic laminates. It presents word descriptions of possible defects to serve as a guide for contracts, drawings, product specifications, and final inspection. This practice also categorizes different inspection requirements for levels of product quality. The acceptance criteria shall be applied to the following: dimensions and tolerances, inserts, molded-in threads or cored holes, workmanship, critical area, allowable visual defects, repairable defects, surface finish, and surface appearance. Four acceptance levels for visual inspection are described: Acceptance Level I, Acceptance Level II, Acceptance Level III, and Acceptance Level IV.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers acceptance criteria for visual inspection of parts made from molded glass-reinforced plastic laminates.  
1.2 This practice presents word descriptions of possible defects to serve as a guide for contracts, drawings, product specifications, and final inspection.
1.3 This practice also categorizes different inspection requirements for levels of product quality.
1.4 The allowable size and frequency of permitted defects within the acceptance level categories of this specification are general and not related to specific service requirements. A Level IV of allowable defects which defines allowable size, frequency, and permitted repair procedures should be established for specific service requirements as agreed upon between the purchaser and the supplier.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1—There is no known ISO equivalent to this practice.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Shear tests of various kinds are widely used in the reinforced plastics industry to assess the strength of the reinforcement-to-resin bond in polyester-, vinyl ester-, and epoxy-resin composites. In addition to their importance for the generation of data for research and development, quality control, and specification purposes, such tests are of fundamental value to the fibrous reinforcement industry, since they can be used to assess the potential of new sizing systems for the surface treatment of glass fibers.
This test method is useful for establishing the shear strength of laminates or other reinforced plastics having randomly dispersed fiber reinforcement. While the test also lends itself to parallel-fiber reinforced plastics, it has been designed to accommodate nonparallel-fiber reinforced materials that cannot be tested satisfactorily by the short-beam procedure described in Test Method D 2344.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the in-plane shear strength of reinforced thermosetting plastics in flat sheet form in thicknesses ranging from 2.54 to 6.60 mm (0.100 to 0.260 in.). This protocol in not for reinforced pultruded thermoset products, which may use Test Method D 2344/D 2344M.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1—This standard has no known ISO equivalent.