ASTM E2618-13(2019)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Measurement of Particulate Emissions and Heating Efficiency of Solid Fuel-Fired Hydronic Heating Appliances
Standard Test Method for Measurement of Particulate Emissions and Heating Efficiency of Solid Fuel-Fired Hydronic Heating Appliances
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The measurement of particulate matter emission rates is an important test method widely used in the practice of air pollution control.
5.1.1 These measurements, when approved by federal or state agencies, are often required for the purpose of determining compliance with regulations and statutes.
5.1.2 The measurements made before and after design modifications are necessary to demonstrate the effectiveness of design changes in reducing emissions and make this standard an important tool in manufacturer’s research and development programs.
5.2 Measurement of heating efficiency provides a uniform basis for comparison of product performance that is useful to the consumer. It is also required to relate emissions produced to the useful heat production.
5.3 This is a laboratory method and is not intended to be fully representative of all actual field use. It is recognized that users of hand-fired wood burning equipment have a great deal of influence over the performance of any wood-burning appliance. Some compromises in realism have been made in the interest of providing a reliable and repeatable test method.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method applies to wood-fired or automatically fed biomass burning hydronic heating appliances. These appliances transfer heat to the indoor environment through circulation of a liquid heat exchange media such as water or a water-antifreeze mixture.
1.2 The test method simulates hand loading of seasoned cordwood or fueling with a specified biomass fuel and measures particulate emissions and delivered heating efficiency at specified heat output rates based on the appliance’s rated heating capacity.
1.3 Particulate emissions are measured by the dilution tunnel method as specified in Test Method E2515. Delivered efficiency is determined by measurement of the usable heat output (determined through measurement of the flow rate and temperature change of water circulated through a heat exchanger external to the appliance) and the heat input (determined from the mass of dry fuel burned and its higher heating value). Delivered efficiency does not attempt to account for pipeline loss.
1.4 Products covered by this test method include both pressurized and non-pressurized heating appliances intended to be fired with wood or automatically fed biomass fuels. These products are hydronic heating appliances which the manufacturer specifies for outdoor or indoor installation. They are often connected to a heat exchanger by insulated pipes and normally include a pump to circulate heated liquid. They are used to heat structures such as homes, barns, and greenhouses and can heat domestic hot water, spas, or swimming pools.
1.4.1 Hydronic heating systems that incorporate a high mass heat storage system that is capable of storing the entire heat output of a standard fuel load are tested by the procedure specified in Annex A1. Systems that incorporate high mass heat storage capable of storing a portion of the output from a standard fuel load are tested by the procedure specified in Annex A2.
1.5 Distinguishing features of products covered by this standard include:
1.5.1 Manufacturers specify indoor or outdoor installation.
1.5.2 A firebox with an access door for hand loading of fuel or a hopper and automated feed system for delivery of particulate fuel such as wood pellets or solid biomass fuel to a burn pot or combustion chamber.
1.5.3 Typically a thermostatic control device that controls combustion air supply or fuel delivery, or both, to maintain the liquid in the appliance within a predetermined temperature range provided sufficient fuel is available in the firebox or hopper.
1.5.4 A chimney or vent that exhausts combustion products from the appliance.
1.6 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not con...
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Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E2618 − 13 (Reapproved 2019)
Standard Test Method for
Measurement of Particulate Emissions and Heating
Efficiency of Solid Fuel-Fired Hydronic Heating Appliances
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2618; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope output of a standard fuel load are tested by the procedure
specified in Annex A1. Systems that incorporate high mass
1.1 This test method applies to wood-fired or automatically
heat storage capable of storing a portion of the output from a
fed biomass burning hydronic heating appliances. These appli-
standard fuel load are tested by the procedure specified in
ances transfer heat to the indoor environment through circula-
Annex A2.
tion of a liquid heat exchange media such as water or a
water-antifreeze mixture.
1.5 Distinguishing features of products covered by this
standard include:
1.2 The test method simulates hand loading of seasoned
cordwood or fueling with a specified biomass fuel and mea-
1.5.1 Manufacturers specify indoor or outdoor installation.
sures particulate emissions and delivered heating efficiency at
1.5.2 Afirebox with an access door for hand loading of fuel
specified heat output rates based on the appliance’s rated
or a hopper and automated feed system for delivery of
heating capacity.
particulate fuel such as wood pellets or solid biomass fuel to a
burn pot or combustion chamber.
1.3 Particulate emissions are measured by the dilution
tunnel method as specified in Test Method E2515. Delivered
1.5.3 Typically a thermostatic control device that controls
efficiency is determined by measurement of the usable heat
combustion air supply or fuel delivery, or both, to maintain the
output (determined through measurement of the flow rate and
liquid in the appliance within a predetermined temperature
temperature change of water circulated through a heat ex-
range provided sufficient fuel is available in the firebox or
changer external to the appliance) and the heat input (deter-
hopper.
mined from the mass of dry fuel burned and its higher heating
1.5.4 Achimney or vent that exhausts combustion products
value). Delivered efficiency does not attempt to account for
from the appliance.
pipeline loss.
1.6 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
1.4 Products covered by this test method include both
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
pressurizedandnon-pressurizedheatingappliancesintendedto
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
be fired with wood or automatically fed biomass fuels. These
and are not considered standard.
products are hydronic heating appliances which the manufac-
1.6.1 Exception—Metric units are used in 13.1, 13.4.3,
turerspecifiesforoutdoororindoorinstallation.Theyareoften
Tables 4-6, and A1.11.6.
connected to a heat exchanger by insulated pipes and normally
includeapumptocirculateheatedliquid.Theyareusedtoheat
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the
structures such as homes, barns, and greenhouses and can heat
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
domestic hot water, spas, or swimming pools.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
1.4.1 Hydronicheatingsystemsthatincorporateahighmass
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
heat storage system that is capable of storing the entire heat
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.8 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 on
Performance of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.54
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
on Solid Fuel Burning Appliances.
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
Current edition approved July 1, 2019. Published July 2019. Originally approved
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
in 2008. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as E2618–13. DOI: 10.1520/
E2618–13R19. Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E2618 − 13 (2019)
2. Referenced Documents 3.2.6 overall effıciency, also known as stack loss
2 effıciency—The efficiency for each test run as determined using
2.1 ASTM Standards:
the CSA B415.1-2010 Stack Loss Method (SLM)
D4442 Test Methods for Direct Moisture Content Measure-
ment of Wood and Wood-Based Materials 3.2.7 test fuel charge—a full load of fuel as specified in
E631 Terminology of Building Constructions Section 12 placed in the appliance at the start of the emission
E711 Test Method for Gross Calorific Value of Refuse- test run or the mass of fuel consumed by automatically fed
Derived Fuel by the Bomb Calorimeter (Withdrawn appliance during a test run.
2011)
3.2.8 test run—an individual emission test which encom-
E2515 Test Method for Determination of Particulate Matter
passes the time required to consume the mass of the test fuel
Emissions Collected by a Dilution Tunnel
charge.
2.2 Other Standards:
3.2.9 thermostatic control—a control device that opens,
CAN/CSA-B415.1-2010 PerformanceTestingofSolid-Fuel-
closes or modulates a circuit to control the rate of fuel
Burning Heating Appliances
consumption in response to the temperature of the heating
ASME Pressure Vessel Code
media in the heating appliance.
EN303–5 Pressure Vessel Code
NIST Traceable Methods
4. Summary of Test Method
2.3 Other Document:
Monograph 175 Temperature-Electromotive Force Refer-
4.1 Dilution Tunnel—Emissions are determined using the
ence Functions and Tables for the Letter-Designated
“dilution tunnel” method specified in Test Method E2515. The
Thermocouple Types Based on the ITS-90
flow rate in the dilution tunnel is maintained at a constant level
throughout the test cycle and accurately measured. Samples of
3. Terminology
the dilution tunnel flow stream are extracted at a constant flow
3.1 Definitions—Definitions are in accordance with Termi-
rate and drawn through high efficiency filters. The filters are
nology E631, unless otherwise indicated.
dried and weighed before and after the test to determine the
particulate emissions catch and this value is multiplied by the
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
ratio of tunnel flow to filter flow to determine the total
3.2.1 burn rate—the rate at which test fuel is consumed in
emissions produced in the test cycle.
an appliance measured in kilograms or pounds of fuel (dry
basis) per hour.
4.2 Effıciency:
3.2.2 delivered effıciency—the percentage of heat available
4.2.1 Delivered Effıciency—The efficiency test procedure
inatestfuelchargethatisdeliveredtoasimulatedheatingload
takes advantage of the fact that this type of appliance delivers
as specified in this test method. This test does not account for
heat through circulation of the heated liquid (water) from the
jacket losses or for transfer line losses which will vary with
appliance to a remote heat exchanger and back to the appli-
actual application.
ance. Measurements of the water temperature difference as it
enters and exits the heat exchanger along with the measured
3.2.3 firebox—thechamberintheapplianceinwhichthetest
flow rate allow for an accurate determination of the useful heat
fuel charge is placed and combusted.
output of the appliance. The input is determined by weight of
3.2.4 hydronic heating—a heating system in which a heat
the test fuel charge, adjusted for moisture content, multiplied
source supplies energy to a liquid heat exchange media such as
by the higher heating value. Additional measurements of the
water that is circulated to a heating load and returned to the
appliance weight and temperature at the beginning and end of
heat source through pipes.
a test cycle are used to correct for heat stored in the appliance.
3.2.5 manufacturer’s rated heat output capacity—the value
4.2.2 Overall Effıciency—OverallEfficiency(SLM)isdeter-
in Btu/h (MJ/h) that the manufacturer specifies a particular
minedusingtheCSAB415.1-2010StackLossMethodfordata
model of hydronic heating appliance is capable of supplying at
quality assurance purposes.
its design capacity as verified by testing, in accordance with
Section 12. 4.3 Operation—Appliance operation is conducted on a hot-
to-hot test cycle meaning that the appliance is brought to
operating temperature and a coal bed is established prior to the
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM addition of the test fuel charge and measurements are made for
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
each test fuel charge cycle. The measurements are made under
the ASTM website.
constantheatdrawconditionswithinpredeterminedranges.No
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
attempt is made to modulate the heat demand to simulate an
www.astm.org.
Available from Canadian Standards Association (CSA), 178 Rexdale Blvd.,
indoor thermostat cycling on and off in response to changes in
Toronto, ON M9W 1R3, Canada, http://www.csagroup.org.
the indoor environment. Four test categories are used. These
Available from American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), ASME
are:
International Headquarters, Two Park Ave., New York, NY 10016-5990, http://
www.asme.org. 4.3.1 Category I—A heat output of 15 % or less of Manu-
Available from European Committee for Standardization (CEN), Avenue
facturer’s Rated Heat Output Capacity.
Marnix 17, B-1000, Brussels, Belgium, http://www.cen.eu.
4.3.2 Category II—A heat output of 16 to 24 % of Manu-
Available from National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100
Bureau Dr., Stop 1070, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-1070, http://www.nist.gov. facturer’s Rated Heat Output Capacity.
E2618 − 13 (2019)
4.3.3 Category III—A heat output of 25 to 50 % of Manu- 6.6 Water Temperature Measurement—Thermocouples or
facturer’s Rated Heat Output Capacity. other temperature sensors to measure the water temperature at
4.3.4 Category IV—Manufacturer’s Rated Heat Output Ca- the inlet and outlet of the load side of the heat exchanger. Must
pacity. meet the calibration requirements specified in 10.1.
6.7 Wood Moisture Meter—Calibrated electrical resistance
5. Significance and Use
meter capable of measuring test fuel moisture to within 2 %
5.1 The measurement of particulate matter emission rates is
moisture content. Must meet the calibration requirements
an important test method widely used in the practice of air
specified in 10.4.
pollution control.
6.8 Flue Gas Temperature Measurement—Must meet the
5.1.1 These measurements, when approved by federal or
requirements of CSA B415.1-2010, Clause 6.2.2.
state agencies, are often required for the purpose of determin-
ing compliance with regulations and statutes.
6.9 Test Room Temperature Measurement—Must meet the
5.1.2 The measurements made before and after design
requirements of CSA B415.1-2010, Clause 6.2.1.
modifications are necessary to demonstrate the effectiveness of
6.10 Flue Gas Composition Measurement—Must meet the
design changes in reducing emissions and make this standard
requirements of CSA B415.1-2010, Clauses 6.3.1 through
an important tool in manufacturer’s research and development
6.3.3.
programs.
7. Hazards
5.2 Measurement of heating efficiency provides a uniform
basis for comparison of product performance that is useful to
7.1 These tests involve combustion of solid fuel and sub-
theconsumer.Itisalsorequiredtorelateemissionsproducedto
stantial release of heat and products of combustion. The
the useful heat production.
heating system also produces large quantities of very hot water
and the potential for steam production and system pressuriza-
5.3 This is a laboratory method and is not intended to be
tion. Pressurized (closed system) appliances must include an
fully representative of all actual field use. It is recognized that
appropriately ratedAmerican Society of Mechanical Engineers
users of hand-fired wood burning equipment have a great deal
(ASME) pressure relief device and a pressure vessel that
of influence over the performance of any wood-burning appli-
complies with the ASME Pressure Vessel Code or EN303-5
ance. Some compromises in realism have been made in the
pressure vessel code. Alternatively, a pressure vessel may be
interest of providing a reliable and repeatable test method.
installedopentotheatmospherewithastandpipeifallowedby
6. Apparatus
the manufacturer’s installation instructions. Appropriate pre-
cautions must be taken to protect personnel from burn hazards
6.1 Scale—A platform scale capable of weighing the appli-
and respiration of products of combustion.
ance under test and associated parts and accessories when
completely filled with water to an accuracy of 61.0 lb (60.5
8. Sampling, Test Specimens, and Test Appliances
kg).
8.1 Test specimens shall be supplied as complete appliances
6.2 Heat Exchanger—A water-to-water heat exchanger ca-
including all controls and accessories necessary for installation
pable of dissipating the expected heat output from the system
in the test facility. A full set of specifications and design and
under test.
assembly drawings shall be provided when the product is to be
6.3 Water Temperature Difference Measurement—AType-T
placed under certification of a third-party agency. The manu-
“special limits” thermopile with a minimum of five pairs of
facturer’s written installation and operating instructions are to
junctionsshallbeusedtomeasurethetemperaturedifferencein
be used as a guide in the set up and testing of the appliance.
waterenteringandleavingtheheatexchanger.Thetemperature
9. Preparation of Apparatus
difference measurement uncertainty of this type of thermopile
is equal to or less than 60.50 °F (60.25 °C). Other tempera-
9.1 The appliance is to be placed on a scale capable of
ture measurement methods may be used if the temperature
weighing the appliance fully loaded with a resolution of 61.0
difference measurement uncertainty is equal to or less than
lb (60.5 kg).
60.50 °F (60.25 °C).
9.2 The appliance shall be fitted with the type of chimney
6.4 Loa
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