ASTM E446-98(2004)e1

Standard Reference Radiographs for Steel Castings Up to 2 in. [51 mm] in Thickness

SCOPE
1.1 These reference radiographs illustrate various types and degrees of discontinuities occurring in steel castings that have section thicknesses up to 2 in. [51 mm] (Note 1).
Note 1-Reference radiographs previously used for this thickness range carried the designation E 71, but included a now rarely used gamma source, that is, radium. The current document is also updated by inclusion of several recognized shrinkage or C categories and by elimination of the crack and hot tear categories except for one example of each of these discontinuity types. Reference radiographs for thicker sections may be found in E 186 and E 280.
1.2 These reference illustrations consist of three separate sets (Note 2) as follows: (1) medium voltage (nominal 250-kVp) X rays. (2) 1-MV X rays and Iridium-192 radiation, and (3) 2-MV to 4-MV X rays and cobalt-60 radiation. Each set is for comparison only with radiographs produced with equivalent radiation. It should be recognized that each energy level is not applicable to the entire thickness range covered by this document. Each set consists of 6 categories of graded discontinuities in increasing severity level and 4 categories of ungraded discontinuities furnished as examples only, as follows:
1.2.1 Category A-Gas porosity; severity levels 1 through 5.
1.2.2 Category B-Sand and slag inclusions; severity levels 1 through 5.
1.2.3 Category C-Shrinkage; 4 types:
1.2.3.1 CA-Severity levels 1 through 5.
1.2.3.2 CB-Severity levels 1 through 5.
1.2.3.3 CC-Severity levels 1 through 5.
1.2.3.4 CD-Severity levels 1 through 5.
1.2.4 Category D-Crack; 1 illustration.
1.2.5 Category E-Hot tear; 1 illustration.
1.2.6 Category F-Insert; 1 illustration.
1.2.7 Category G-Mottling; 1 illustration.
Note 2-The illustrations consist of the following:
Volume I: Medium Voltage (Nominal 250 kVp) X-Ray Reference Radiographs-Set of 34 illustrations (5 by 7 in.) in a 15 by 17-in. ring binder.
Volume II: 1-MV X Rays and Iridium-192 Reference Radiographs-Set of 34 illustrations (5 by 7 in.) in a 15 by 17-in. ring binder.
Volume III: 2-MV to 4-MV  X Rays and Cobalt-60 Reference Radiographs-Set of 34 illustrations (5 by 7 in.) in a 15 by 17-in. ring binder.
Note 3-Although Category G-Mottling is listed for all three volumes, the appearance of mottling is dependent on the level of radiation energy. Mottling appears reasonably prominent in Volume I; however, because of the higher radiation energy levels mottling may not be apparent in Volume II nor Volume III.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 31-Dec-2003
• ICS: 77.040.20 - Non-destructive testing of metals
• ICS: 77.140.80 - Iron and steel castings
• Technical Committee: E07 - Nondestructive Testing
• Drafting Committee: E07.02 - Reference Radiological Images

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM E446-98 - Standard Reference Radiographs for Steel Castings Up to 2 in. (51 mm) in Thickness
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2004
• Replaced By: ASTM E446-10 - Standard Reference Radiographs for Steel Castings Up to 2 in. (50.8 mm) in Thickness
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2010
• Referred By: ASTM E1030/E1030M-21 - Standard Practice for Radiographic Examination of Metallic Castings
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2004
• Referred By: ASTM A660/A660M-21 - Standard Specification for Centrifugally Cast Carbon Steel Pipe for High-Temperature Service
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2004
• Referred By: ASTM A476/A476M-00(2022) - Standard Specification for Ductile Iron Castings for Paper Mill Dryer Rolls
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2004
• Referred By: ASTM A395/A395M-99(2022) - Standard Specification for Ferritic Ductile Iron Pressure-Retaining Castings for Use at Elevated Temperatures
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2004
• Referred By: ASTM A703/A703M-20a - Standard Specification for Steel Castings, General Requirements, for Pressure-Containing Parts
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2004
• Referred By: ASTM B367-22 - Standard Specification for Titanium and Titanium Alloy Castings
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2004
• Referred By: ASTM A436-84(2020) - Standard Specification for Austenitic Gray Iron Castings
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2004
• Referred By: ASTM A985/A985M-21 - Standard Specification for Steel Investment Castings General Requirements, for Pressure-Containing Parts
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2004
• Referred By: ASTM A781/A781M-21 - Standard Specification for Castings, Steel and Alloy, Common Requirements, for General Industrial Use
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2004
• Referred By: ASTM A451/A451M-20 - Standard Specification for Centrifugally Cast Austenitic Steel Pipe for High-Temperature Service
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2004
• Referred By: ASTM B752/B752M-22 - Standard Specification for Castings, Zirconium-Base, Corrosion Resistant, for General Application
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2004
• Referred By: ASTM A426/A426M-18 - Standard Specification for Centrifugally Cast Ferritic Alloy Steel Pipe for High-Temperature Service
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2004
• Referred By: ASTM A957/A957M-21 - Standard Specification for Investment Castings, Steel and Alloy, Common Requirements, for General Industrial Use
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2004

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
´1
Designation: E446 – 98 (Reapproved 2004)
Standard Reference Radiographs for
Steel Castings Up to 2 in. [51 mm] in Thickness
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E446; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
´ NOTE—Editorial changes were made throughout the standard in January 2004.
1. Scope 1.2.6 Category F—Insert; 1 illustration.
2 1.2.7 Category G—Mottling; 1 illustration.
1.1 These reference radiographs illustrate various types
and degrees of discontinuities occurring in steel castings that
NOTE 2—The illustrations consist of the following:
have section thicknesses up to 2 in. [51 mm] (Note 1).
Volume I: Medium Voltage (Nominal 250 kVp) X-Ray Reference
Radiographs—Set of 34 illustrations (5 by 7 in.) in a 15 by 17-in. ring
NOTE 1—Reference radiographs previously used for this thickness
binder.
range carried the designation E71, but included a now rarely used gamma
Volume II: 1-MV X Rays and Iridium-192 Reference Radiographs—Set
source, that is, radium. The current document is also updated by inclusion
of 34 illustrations (5 by 7 in.) in a 15 by 17-in. ring binder.
of several recognized shrinkage or C categories and by elimination of the
Volume III: 2-MV to 4-MV X Rays and Cobalt-60 Reference
crack and hot tear categories except for one example of each of these
Radiographs—Set of 34 illustrations (5 by 7 in.) in a 15 by 17-in. ring
discontinuity types. Reference radiographs for thicker sections may be
binder.
found in E186 and E280.
NOTE 3—AlthoughCategoryG–Mottlingislistedforallthreevolumes,
the appearance of mottling is dependent on the level of radiation energy.
1.2 These reference illustrations consist of three separate
Mottling appears reasonably prominent in Volume I; however, because of
sets (Note 2) as follows: (1) medium voltage (nominal 250-
the higher radiation energy levels mottling may not be apparent inVolume
kVp) X rays. (2) 1-MV X rays and Iridium-192 radiation, and
II nor Volume III.
(3) 2-MV to 4-MV X rays and cobalt-60 radiation. Each set is
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
for comparison only with radiographs produced with equiva-
as the standard.
lent radiation. It should be recognized that each energy level is
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
not applicable to the entire thickness range covered by this
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
document. Each set consists of 6 categories of graded discon-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
tinuities in increasing severity level and 4 categories of
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
ungraded discontinuities furnished as examples only, as fol-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
lows:
1.2.1 Category A—Gas porosity; severity levels 1 through
2. Referenced Documents
5.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.2.2 Category B—Sand and slag inclusions; severity levels
E94 Guide for Radiographic Examination
1 through 5.
E186 Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (2 to 412-
1.2.3 Category C—Shrinkage; 4 types:
in. [51 to 114-mm]) Steel Castings
1.2.3.1 CA—Severity levels 1 through 5.
E242 Reference Radiographs for Appearances of Radio-
1.2.3.2 CB—Severity levels 1 through 5.
graphic Images as Certain Parameters Are Changed
1.2.3.3 CC—Severity levels 1 through 5.
E280 Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (412 to
1.2.3.4 CD—Severity levels 1 through 5.
12-in. [114 to 305-mm]) Steel Castings
1.2.4 Category D—Crack; 1 illustration.
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
1.2.5 Category E—Hot tear; 1 illustration.
2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:
Reference Radiographs for Steel Castings Up to 2 in. [51
1 mm] in Thickness:
These reference radiographs are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee
E07 on Nondestructive Testing and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
E07.02 on Reference Radiographs.
Current edition approved January 1, 2004. Published February 2004. Originally For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
approved in 1972. Last previous edition approved in 1998 as E446 – 98. DOI: contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
10.1520/E0446-98R04E01. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
ForASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications see related Reference the ASTM website.
Radiographs SE-446 in Section V of that Code. Available from ASTM Headquarters.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
´1
E446 – 98 (2004)
Volume I, Medium Voltage (Nominal 250 kVp) X Rays to individual castings or specific areas of castings. The deter-
Volume II, 1-MV X Rays and Iridium-192 mination of the applicable radiographic classification shall be
Volume III, 2-MV to 4-MV X Rays and Cobalt-60 based on an evaluation of the casting applications, design, and
service requirements. In these evaluations, consideration shall
3. Terminology
be given to such factors as pressure, temperature, section
thickness, applicable design safety factor (preferably based on
3.1 Definitions—for definitions of terms used in this docu-
stress analysis), vibration, shock, resistance to corrosion,
ment, see Terminology E1316, section D.
involvement of penetrating radiations or radiation products,
4. Significance and Use
and involvement of dangerous gases or liquids.
6.2 For each portion of casting radiographed, the severity
4.1 These reference radiographs are intended to provide a
level for each class of discontinuity category should be clearly
guide enabling recognition of discontinuities and their differ-
specified. Thus, Severity Level 2 might be specified for
entiation both as to type and severity level, where applicable.
shrinkage, Category CA, and Severity Level 3 for Gas Poros-
4.2 They also provide example radiographic illustrations of
ity, Category A, since the latter are generally much less
discontinuities, that are ungraded, for reference in acceptance
deleterious to tensile properties.
standards, specifications and drawings.
4.3 Sets of reference radiographs from which purchasers
7. Classification Specifications
and suppliers may, by mutual agreement, select particular
illustrations to serve as standards representing minimum ac-
7.1 The applicable radiographic severity classification
ceptability are provided. At the same time, the standards so
should be designated by the contracting agency in formal
established may be unambiguously identified by alphabetic
specifications or on drawings and in specific contracts or
defect category (or type) designation and severity level.
orders. The specifications, drawings, contracts, or order should
4.4 The use of this document is not intended to be restricted
also designate the sampling plan for the castings to be
to the specific energy level or to the absolute thickness limits
radiographed and the extent of radiographic coverage, radio-
that are contained in the document title. The title is intended to
graphic practice to be followed (Guide E94), image quality
be descriptive and not restrictive. The document may be used,
desired (Note 4) as well as the severity of the acceptable
where there is no other applicable document, for other energy
discontinuity for the graded categories.
levels or thicknesses or both, for which it is found to be
NOTE 4—For description of sensitivity or quality levels, see Guide E94
applicable and for which agreement has been reached between
and Reference Radiographs E242.
purchaser and manufacturer.
8. Procedure for Evaluation
5. Method of Preparation
8.1 C
...