ASTM D7139-09(2013)e1
(Terminology)Standard Terminology for Cotton Fibers
Standard Terminology for Cotton Fibers
SCOPE
1.1 This standard is the compilation of all terminology developed by Subcommittee D13.11 on Cotton Fibers.
1.2 This terminology is unique to the Cotton Fibers industry. Meanings of the same terms used outside the industry can be found in other compilations or in dictionaries of general usage.
1.3 In addition to being a specialized dictionary, D7139 is also a tool for managing the Subcommittee’s terminology. This includes finding, eliminating, and preventing redundancies, that is, where two or more terms relating to the same concept are defined in different words.
1.4 Terms listed are under the jurisdiction of Subcommittee D13.11.
1.5 For definitions of other textile terms see Terminology D123.
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
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Designation: D7139 − 09 (Reapproved 2013)
Standard Terminology for
Cotton Fibers
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7139; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
ε NOTE—The terms “lot” and “lot sample” were removed editorially in September 2013.
1. Scope D2495 Test Method for Moisture in Cotton by Oven-Drying
D2496 Test Method for Seed Coat Fragments and Funiculi
1.1 This standard is the compilation of all terminology
in Cotton Fiber Samples (Withdrawn 1986)
developed by Subcommittee D13.11 on Cotton Fibers.
D2812 Test Method for Non-Lint Content of Cotton
1.2 ThisterminologyisuniquetotheCottonFibersindustry.
D3025 Practice for Standardizing Cotton Fiber Test Results
Meanings of the same terms used outside the industry can be
by Use of Calibration Cotton Standards
found in other compilations or in dictionaries of general usage.
D3990 Terminology Relating to Fabric Defects
D5332 Test Method for Fiber Length and Length Distribu-
1.3 In addition to being a specialized dictionary, D7139 is
also a tool for managing the Subcommittee’s terminology.This tion of Cotton Fibers (Withdrawn 2006)
D5426 Practices for Visual Inspection and Grading of Fab-
includes finding, eliminating, and preventing redundancies,
that is, where two or more terms relating to the same concept rics Used for Inflatable Restraints
D5867 Test Methods for Measurement of Physical Proper-
are defined in different words.
ties of Raw Cotton by Cotton Classification Instruments
1.4 Terms listed are under the jurisdiction of Subcommittee
D7642 Practice for Establishment of Calibration Cottons for
D13.11.
Cotton Classification Instruments
1.5 For definitions of other textile terms see Terminology
D7785 Test Method for Water in Lint Cotton by Oven
D123.
Evaporation Combined with Volumetric Karl Fischer
Titration
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3. Terminology
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
A-tuft, n—a single-pass process for aligning hook free fibers
D1440 Test Method for Length and Length Distribution of
on the Fibroliner FL-101. D5332
Cotton Fibers (Array Method)
D1442 Test Method for Maturity of Cotton Fibers (Sodium
amount, n—in cotton length testing with the Fibrograph
Hydroxide Swelling and Polarized Light Procedures)
(optical) or Length Analyzer (pneumatic), a measure of the
D1445 TestMethodforBreakingStrengthandElongationof
thickness, optical or pneumatic density, of the test beard,
Cotton Fibers (Flat Bundle Method)
proportional to the number of fibers present at various
D1447 Test Method for Length and Length Uniformity of
distances from the base of the comb(s) (Fibrograph) or the
Cotton Fibers by Photoelectric Measurement
specimen clamp jaws (Length Analyzer). D5867
D1448 Test Method for Micronaire Reading of Cotton Fi-
amount, n—in cotton length testing with the Fibrograph,a
bers
measureofthethickness,oropticaldensity,ofthetestbeard,
D1464 Practice for Differential Dyeing Behavior of Cotton
proportional to the number of fibers present at various
D1684 Practice for Lighting Cotton Classing Rooms for
distances from the base of the comb(s). D1447
Color Grading
B-tuft, n—a two-pass process for aligning hooked fibers on the
Fibroliner FL-101. D5332
ThisterminologyisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD13onTextiles
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.11 on Cotton Fibers.
blending plan, n—the instructions for mixing fibers during
Current edition approved July 1, 2013. Published September 2013. Originally
specimen preparation. D5332
approved in 2005. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as D7139–09(2013).
DOI: 10.1520/D7139-09R13E01.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
the ASTM website. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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D7139 − 09 (2013)
bound water, n—the amount of water in a test specimen that cotton waste, n—material removed from seed cotton, ginned
is hydrogen bonded to cellulose and expressed as a percent- lint, or stock in process by any cleaning or processing
age of the mass of the specimen. D7785 machinery and usually consisting of undesirable fibers or a
mixture of cotton fibers with foreign matter. D2495
calibration cotton standards, n—cotton samples taken from
blended bulk source on which fiber properties have been
differential dyeing behavior, n—of cotton, the tendency of
determined under the International Calibration Cotton Stan-
cotton fibers to absorb and retain selectively varying propor-
dards Program. D1448, D3025, D5867
tions of different dyes from a binary dye bath. D1464
calibration cotton standards, n—bales of cotton with estab-
elevator, n—a general term describing a mechanical device on
lished values of micronaire, length, uniformity index and
the Motion Control, Inc. Fiber Information System which
breaking tenacity (strength) for the purpose of calibrating
moves the specimen clamp while preparing the specimen or
cotton classification instruments for length, uniformity index
while taking a length/uniformity index or strength/
and breaking tenacity (strength). D7642
elongation measurement. D5867
candidate bale, n—bale of saw ginned cotton selected for
elongation at breaking force, n—in fiber strength testing of
potential use as a calibration cotton standard. D7642
cotton, the elongation corresponding to the maximum force,
and expressed as a percentage of the 1/8-in. (3.2-mm) gage
coefficient of length variation, n—a measure of fiber length
length. D1445, D5867
distribution. D1440, D5332
color grading, n—the act of identifying a specimen by a color
extra long staple cotton, n—also known as Pima cotton,
grade or color score that is specific to the color and the
cotton that is of the gossypium barbadense species which is
material graded. D1684
characterized by longer, stronger and finer fibers compared
to Upland cotton. D7642
color lamp, n—in color determination of cotton with a Color
Meter, a lamp with a specific energy output function used in
fanhead, n—the process of removing one half of the bands
conjunctionwithspecialtristimulusfilterstoobtainadesired
fromoneendofacottonbaletoexpand(swellout)thelayers
response function. D5867
of the bale in order to facilitate bale sampling. D7642
color meter, n—an instrument which measures the fiber
fanheading, n—the process of removing one half of the bands
samplecoloraspresentedintheviewingwindow,intermsof
fromoneendofacottonbaletoexpand(swellout)thelayers
the tristimulus values Y and Z and transmits these values to
of the bale in order to facilitate bale sampling. D7642
the IC/TC for further processing. D5867
Fiberweigh, n—an instrument having a capacity for weighing
color space, n—specific to this standard, the daylight color of
a 51-grain (3.30-g) specimen with a sensitivity of at least
opaque specimens are represented by points in a space in
0.2 % of the mass being weighed. D5867
terms of three color scales: reflectance, R , and the chroma-
d
ticity coordinates for redness or greenness, 6a, and yellow-
fibrogram, n—in testing cotton fibers for length, the curve
ness or blueness, 6b.
representingthesecondcumulationofthelengthdistribution
of the fibers sensed by the length measuring instrument in
comber/brusher, n—an instrument which prepares the test
scanning the fiber board. D5867
beard of fibers for length, length uniformity, strength, and
elongation measurements by combing the test specimen to
fibrogram, n—in cotton length testing with the Fibrograph,the
remove loose or unclamped fibers and paralleling the indi-
curve representing the second cumulation of the length
vidually clamped fibers, and by brushing the clamped fibers
distribution of the fibers sensed by the length measuring
to remove fiber crimp and smooth the test beard of cotton.
instrument in scanning the fiber board. D1447
D5867
Fibronaire, n—aninstrumentwhichdeterminesthemicronaire
control limits, n—predetermined ranges based on the variabil-
reading of raw cotton fibers using the “porous-plug” air flow
ity of past observations between which the instrument data
technique. D5867
for a test must fall to be considered valid. D5867
foreign matter, n—in cotton, non-lint material commonly
cotton, n—avegetableseedfiberconsistingofunicellularhairs
referred to as waste or trash such as dust, sand, seed-coat
attached to the seed of several species of the genus Gossy-
fragments, leaves, and stems normally present in raw and
pium of the family Malvaceae. D1445
partially processed cotton. D2812, D5426
cotton color diagram, n—a diagram showing the color ranges
free water, n—the amount of water in a test specimen that is
of standards officially established by the U.S. Department of
hydrogen bonded to other water in cellulose and expressed
Agriculture for the various grades of cotton in relation to
as a percentage of the mass of the specimen.
scalesofreflectance. R ,ontheverticalaxis,andyellowness,
d
DISCUSSION—Free water in cellulose freezes. A distinction of bound
+ b, on the horizontal axis. D5867
water into the freezing and non-freezing kinds is not necessary. Both
cotton maturity, n—the degree of fiber wall development. kinds of bound water, if present, come off the fibers since no residual
D1442 water can be detected. D7785
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D7139 − 09 (2013)
ginned lint, n—cotton fibers that have been separated from lumen, n—in vegetable fibers, the central canal of the fiber.
their seeds by ginning but not subjected to any further D1442
processing after ginning. (See lint cotton.) D2495
mature fibers, n—cotton fibers treated with sodium hydroxide
solution—fibers that have swollen into unconvoluted and
hooks, n—in fiber testing, curved or bent fiber ends caused by
almost rod-like shapes, where total wall width is equal to or
the carding or specimen preparation processes. D5332
greater than the lumen width. D1442
horseshoe, n—a length of sliver folded in a manner such that
mature fibers, n—cotton fibers observed under polarized
the two ends can be fed simultaneously into the needle field
light—fibers that appear yellow, yellow green, or green and
of the Fibroliner FL-101. D5332
are yellow or light yellow upon rotation to the subtractive
IC/TC, n—abbreviation for Intelligent Color/Trash
position (through 90°) and show little or no parallel extinc-
Coordinator. D5867
tion on removal of the selenite plate. (Compare immature
fibers.) D1442
IDT, n—abbreviation for Intelligent Data Terminal. D5867
maturity index, n—a relative indication of cotton fiber matu-
illumination, n—in lighting, the density or flux of light on a
rity.
unit area of surface. D1684
mean length, n—in testing of cotton fibers, the average length
immature fibers, n—(1) (cotton fibers treated with sodium
of all the fibers in the test specimen based on mass-length
hydroxide solution)—fibers that either (a) have swollen and
data. D1440,D1447
assumed a spiral form, or (b) remained flat, thinly outlined,
micronaire reading, n—a relative measurement of fiber fine-
and almost transparent. Total wall width is less than the
ness derived from the porous plug air-flow method. D1442,
lumen width.
D1448, D 5867D5867
(2) (cotton fibers observed under polarized light)—fibers
that appear purple, indigo, or blue, turn orange or yellow-
mote, n—a whole, immature cotton seed. D2496,
orange upon rotation to the subtractive position, and upon
D 5867D5867
removal of the selenite plate show parallel extinction.
non-lint content, n—that portion of a mass of cotton fiber
(Compare mature fibers.) D1442
which is essentially foreign matter. D2812
invisible waste, n—in cotton testing, weight loss due to dust,
number of pieces of trash, n—in testing cotton with the Trash
moisture, loose fibers, etc., carried away by the air stream
Meter, a number correlated with the total number of pieces
during the test. D2812
of trash on the surface of the sample of cotton over the
length (for cotton classification), n—an industry term for viewing window. D5867
upper half mean length reported in millimeters or inches.
one-percent length (L1 %N), n—in fiber testing, the length
D7642
exceeded by 1 % of the number of fibers in a test specimen.
D5332
length analyzer, n—an instrument which determines the
upper-half-mean length and length uniformity index of a test
percent area, n—in testing cotton with the Trash Meter, the
beard of cotton. D5867
ratio of total area of trash on the surface of a sample of
cotton to that of the area of the viewing window, expressed
length group, n—all fibers, or pulls, whose lengths fall within
inapercentageoftheareaoftheviewingwindow. D5867
a given length interval. D1440
pull, n—a group of fibers grasped by the forceps at one time
length interval, n—a class interval of ⁄8 in. (3 mm), usually
and drawn from the specimen in the combs. D1440
designated by its midpoint length in odd-numbered six-
teenths of an inch. D1440
ratch-setting by number (L1 % N), n—the basis for setting
roll spacing in the drafting zone, namely, the length ex-
lint, n—in loose cotton, fibers mostly of spinnable length. (See
ceeded by1%ofthe number of fibers in a test specimen.
also linters.) D2812
D5332
lint content, n—that portion of a mass of cotton fiber consist-
raw cotton, n—ginned lint that has not been subjected to any
ing of fiber, including normal moisture content, but exclud-
textilemanufacturingprocess.(Seealso ginned lint.) D2495
ing foreign matter. D2812
R and +b, n—for the purpose of this test method for color,the
d
lint cotton, n—loose cotton fibers in any form, either raw or
daylight color of opaque cotton specimens represented by
processed, free of seeds and not bound together in yarn or
points in a space as described by Hunter in terms of two
fabric. (See also ginned lint.) D2495
color scales: reflectance, R , and the chromaticity coordi-
d
nates for yellowness, + b. D5867
linters, n—the short fibrous material adhering to the cotton
seed after the spinnable lint has been removed by ginning reference standard, n—in cotton testing, a homogeneous lot
and which is subsequently recovered from the seed by a of cotton having a known or accepted value for one or more
process called “delinting.” D5867 physical properties. D3025
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D7139 − 09 (2013)
ringer cotton, n—bale of saw ginned c
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