iTeh StandardsiTeh Standards
EURUSD
Your shopping cart is empty.
ASTM

ASTM C583-05

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Modulus of Rupture of Refractory Materials at Elevated Temperatures

Standard Test Method for Modulus of Rupture of Refractory Materials at Elevated Temperatures

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Measuring the modulus of rupture of refractories at elevated temperatures has become a widely accepted means to evaluate materials at service temperatures. Many consumer companies have specifications based on this type of test.  
This test method is limited to furnaces operating under oxidizing conditions. However, with modifications for atmosphere control in other test furnaces, the major criteria of this test procedure may be employed without change.  
This test method is designed for progressive application of a force or stress on a specimen supported as a simple beam with center-point loading. Test apparatus designed for the progressive application of a strain may yield different results, especially since refractory materials will reach a semiplastic state at elevated temperatures where Hooke’law does not apply, that is, stress is then not proportional to strain.  
This test method applies to fired dense refractory brick and shapes, chemically bonded brick and shapes, shapes formed from castables, plastics, or ramming materials, and any other refractory that can be formed to the required specimen dimension.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the high-temperature modulus of rupture of refractory brick or monolithic refractories in an oxidizing atmosphere and under action of a force or stress that is increased at a constant rate.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
28-Feb-2005
ICS
81.080 - Refractories
Technical Committee
C08 - Refractories
Drafting Committee
C08.01 - Strength
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM C583-00 - Standard Test Method for Modulus of Rupture of Refractory Materials at Elevated Temperatures
Effective Date
01-Mar-2005
Replaced By
ASTM C583-05(2009) - Standard Test Method for Modulus of Rupture of Refractory Materials at Elevated Temperatures
Effective Date
01-Sep-2009
Referred By
ASTM C1099-07(2019) - Standard Test Method for Modulus of Rupture of Carbon-Containing Refractory Materials at Elevated Temperatures
Effective Date
01-Mar-2005
Referred By
ASTM C865-22 - Standard Practice for Firing Refractory Concrete Specimens
Effective Date
01-Mar-2005

Buy Standard

ASTM C583-05 - Standard Test Method for Modulus of Rupture of Refractory Materials at Elevated TemperaturesASTM C583-05 - Standard Test Method for Modulus of Rupture of Refractory Materials at Elevated Temperatures
PreviousNext
Standard
ASTM C583-05 - Standard Test Method for Modulus of Rupture of Refractory Materials at Elevated Temperatures
English language
4 pages
sale 15% off
Preview
sale 15% off
Preview

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:C 583–05
Standard Test Method for
Modulus of Rupture of Refractory Materials at Elevated
1
Temperatures
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 583; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3.4 This test method applies to fired dense refractory brick
and shapes, chemically bonded brick and shapes, shapes
1.1 This test method covers determination of the high-
formed from castables, plastics, or ramming materials, and any
temperature modulus of rupture of refractory brick or mono-
other refractory that can be formed to the required specimen
lithic refractories in an oxidizing atmosphere and under action
dimension.
of a force or stress that is increased at a constant rate.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
4. Apparatus
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
4.1 Use either an electrically heated or gas-fired furnace
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
(Note 1). A typical cross section of the furnace containing the
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bearing edges is shown in Fig. 1. At least one pair of lower
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
bearing edges, made from volume-stable refractory material
2. Referenced Documents (Note 2), shall be installed in the furnace on 5-in. (127-mm)
2
centers. A thrust column, containing the top bearing edge that
2.1 ASTM Standards:
is made from volume-stable refractory material, shall extend
E 220 Test Method for Calibration of Thermocouples by
outside the furnace where means are provided for applying a
Comparison Techniques
load. The lower bearing edges and the bearing end of the
3. Significance and Use support column shall have rounded bearing surfaces having
1
about a ⁄4-in. (6-mm) radius (Note 3). The lower bearing
3.1 Measuring the modulus of rupture of refractories at
surfaces may be made adjustable, but must attain the standard
elevated temperatures has become a widely accepted means to
3
span of 5 6 ⁄32 in. (127 6 2 mm). The length of the lower
evaluate materials at service temperatures. Many consumer
1
bearing surfaces shall exceed the specimen width by about ⁄4
companies have specifications based on this type of test.
in. The load shall be applied to the upper bearing edge by any
3.2 This test method is limited to furnaces operating under
suitablemeans.Instrumentationformeasuringtheloadshallbe
oxidizing conditions. However, with modifications for atmo-
accurate to 1 %. The thrust column shall be maintained in
sphere control in other test furnaces, the major criteria of this
vertical alignment and all bearing surfaces parallel in both
test procedure may be employed without change.
horizontal directions.
3.3 This test method is designed for progressive application
of a force or stress on a specimen supported as a simple beam
NOTE 1—The test furnace can be so constructed so that a number of
with center-point loading. Test apparatus designed for the
specimens may be heated and tested at the same time. Bearing edges and
progressive application of a strain may yield different results, loading devices may be provided for a number of individual specimens,
but a more practical method is to provide means to move individual
especially since refractory materials will reach a semiplastic
specimens successively onto a single set of bearing edges for breaking.
state at elevated temperatures where Hooke’s law does not
The use of a separate holding furnace for specimens to be transferred into
apply, that is, stress is then not proportional to strain.
the test furnace for breaking is also satisfactory.
NOTE 2—A minimum of 90 % alumina content is recommended as a
suitable refractory.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C08 on
NOTE 3—All bearing surfaces should be checked periodically to main-
Refractories and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C08.01 on Strength.
tain a round surface.
Current edition approved March 1, 2005. Published March 2005. Originally
published as C 583 – 65. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as C 583 – 00.
4.2 It is recommended that the furnace temperature be
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
controlled with calibrated platinum-rhodium/platinum thermo-
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
couples connected to a program-controller recorder (see Test
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. Method E 220). Temperature differential within
...

Questions, Comments and Discussion

Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.

This May Also Interest You

ASTM
ASTM C456-18(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Hydration Resistance of Basic Bricks and Shapes

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
2.1 This test method compares relative resistance to hydration of basic refractory brick and shapes in laboratory tests.  
2.2 This test method allows an estimate to be made of the relative potential for hydration.  
2.3 The test method is used in industry and in some cases it is used for specification purposes.  
2.4 The results must be carefully used as a means of predicting whether or not basic brick or shapes will hydrate under actual conditions of storage or service.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers measurement of the relative resistance of basic brick and shapes to hydration.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    3 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM C492-92(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Hydration of Granular Dead-Burned Refractory Dolomite

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The hydration of dead-burned dolomite grains is an important aspect of both manufacturing and using such grains. Moisture from any source will cause the grains to partially disintegrate, eventually making the dead-burned dolomite unfit for use. This test method may prove useful for determining, in a relative manner, which grains are more resistant to hydration than others.  
3.2 Data from one laboratory might help in establishing internal limits for determining whether a particular batch of grain is suitable for refractory production. However, this test method takes great care to run, and is not recommended as a quality control test. Possibly, a specification might be developed between two parties if sufficient care in establishing the bias between the laboratories is carried out.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the amount of hydration of a granular dead-burned refractory dolomite when exposed to moist air.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    2 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM C830-00(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Apparent Porosity, Liquid Absorption, Apparent Specific Gravity, and Bulk Density of Refractory Shapes by Vacuum Pressure

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Apparent porosity, water absorption, apparent specific gravity, and bulk density are primary properties of refractory shapes. These properties are widely used in the evaluation and comparison of product quality and as part of the criteria for selection and use of refractory products in a variety of industrial applications. These test methods are used for determining any or all of these properties and are particularly useful for testing hydratable products.  
3.2 These test methods are primary standard methods that are suitable for use in quality control, research and development, establishing criteria for and evaluating compliance with specifications, and providing data for design purposes.  
3.3 Fundamental assumptions inherent in these test methods are:  
3.3.1 The test specimens conform to the requirements for size, configuration, and original faces,  
3.3.2 The open pores of the test specimens are fully impregnated with liquid during the vacuum-pressure treatment, and  
3.3.3 The blotting of the saturated test specimens is performed as specified in a consistent and uniform manner to avoid withdrawing liquid from the pores.  
3.3.4 Deviation from any of these assumptions adversely affects the test results.  
3.4 In laboratory studies involving castable specimen, a bias was noted between formed 2 in. by 2 in. by 2 in. (50 mm by 50 mm by 50 mm) and specimens quartered from larger 9 in. by 4.5 in. by 2.5 in. (228 mm by 114 mm by 64 mm) cast specimens. Additionally, an error in the apparent porosity determination was found on castables whenever the specimens were heated to 1500 °F (816 °C) and then exposed to water as a saturation media. The error was attributed to reactivity of cement with water and subsequent re-hydration of cement phases. The higher the cement level of the castable, the greater the error noted. It was concluded that an error in porosity values could occur for refractory materials having a potential to form hydrated species with water. T...
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the following properties of refractory shapes:  
1.1.1 Apparent porosity,  
1.1.2 Liquid absorption,  
1.1.3 Apparent specific gravity, and  
1.1.4 Bulk density.  
1.2 These test methods are applicable to all refractory shapes except those that chemically react with both water and mineral spirits. When testing a material capable of hydration or other chemical reaction with water but which does not chemically react with mineral spirits, mineral spirits is substituted for water and appropriate corrections for the density differences are applied when making calculations.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3.1 Exception—The apparatus used in this standard is only available in SI units.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: Test Methods C20 cover procedures for testing properties of refractories that are not attacked by water.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    5 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM C134-95(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Size, Dimensional Measurements, and Bulk Density of Refractory Brick and Insulating Firebrick

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Refractory brick are used as modular units in furnace construction and should not deviate significantly from the intended configuration with respect to size, bulk density, flat surfaces, and right angles. These test methods are particularly suited for use under field conditions and provide a means to determine whether the brick meets the requirements considered necessary to assure a satisfactory refractory construction.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover procedures for measuring size, dimensional measurement, bulk density, warpage, and squareness of rectangular dense refractory brick and rectangular insulating firebrick. More precise determination of bulk density of refractory brick can be made by Test Methods C20. Stack height is generally determined only for dense refractories.  
Note 1: Test Methods C830 and Test Method C914 are also used to determine bulk density of refractory brick, by different procedures.  
1.2 The test methods appear in the following order:    
Sections    
Size and Bulk Density  
4 through 7    
Warpage of Refractory Brick  
8 through 10    
Squareness of Refractory Brick  
11 through 14  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    4 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM C1223-19(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Testing of Glass Exudation from AZS Fusion-Cast Refractories

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method was developed for use both by manufacturers as a process control tool for the production of AZS fusion-cast refractories, and by glass manufacturers in the selection of refractories and design of glass-melting furnaces.  
4.2 The results may be considered as representative of the potential for an AZS refractory (specifically, in the tested region) to contribute to glass defect formation during the furnace production operation.  
4.3 The procedures and results may be applied to other refractory types or applications (that is, reheat furnace skid rail brick) in which glass exudation is considered to be important.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for causing the exudation of a glassy phase to the surface of fusion-cast specimens by subjecting them to temperatures corresponding to glass furnace operating temperatures.  
1.2 This test method covers a procedure for measuring the exudate as the percent of volume increase of the specimen after cooling.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3.1 Exception—The balance required for this test method uses only SI units (Section 7).  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    4 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM C604-18(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for True Specific Gravity of Refractory Materials by Gas-Comparison Pycnometer

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The true specific gravity of a material is the ratio of its true density, determined at a specific temperature, to the true density of water, determined at a specific temperature. Thus, the true specific gravity of a material is a primary property which is related to chemical and mineralogical composition.  
4.2 This test method is particularly useful for hydratable materials that are not suitable for test with Test Method C135.  
4.3 For refractory raw materials and products, the true specific gravity is a useful value for: classification, detecting differences in chemical composition between supposedly like samples, indicating mineralogical phases or phase changes, calculating total porosity when the bulk density is known, and for any other test method that requires this value for the calculation of results.  
4.4 This test method is a primary standard method which is suitable for use in specifications, quality control, and research and development. It can also serve as a referee test method in purchasing contracts or agreements.  
4.5 Fundamental assumptions inherent in this test method are the following:  
4.5.1 The sample is representative of the material in general,  
4.5.2 The total sample has been reduced to the particle size specified,  
4.5.3 No contamination has been introduced during processing of the sample,  
4.5.4 The ignition of the sample has eliminated all free or combined water without inducing sintering or alteration,  
4.5.5 An inert gas (helium) has been used in the test, and  
4.5.6 The test method has been conducted in a meticulous manner.  
4.5.7 Deviation from any of these assumptions negates the usefulness of the results.  
4.6 In interpreting the results of this test method, it must be recognized that the specified sample particle size is significantly finer than specified for Test Method C135. Even this finer particle size for the sample does not preclude the presence of some closed pores, and the amount of residual close...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the true specific gravity of solid materials, and is particularly useful for materials that easily hydrate which are not suitable for test with Test Method C135. This test method may be used as an alternate for Test Methods C135, C128, and C188 for determining true specific gravity.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.2.1 Exception—In 7.3, the equivalent SI unit is expressed in parentheses.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    3 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM C987-10(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Vapor Attack on Refractories for Furnace Superstructures

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
2.1 This test method provides a guide for evaluating the resistance of refractories in glass-melting furnace superstructures to vapor attack. This test method may also be useful for evaluating refractories in other applications where vapor attack occurs.  
2.2 An electric-heated furnace is recommended. Water vapor and other atmospheric components in a gas- or fuel-fired furnace may participate in the chemical and physical reactions being studied. Results may differ, therefore, depending upon the nature and type of firing employed.  
2.3 The degree of correlation between this test method and service performance is not fully determinable. This is intended to be an accelerated test method that generates a substantial degree of reaction in a relatively short amount of time. This acceleration may be accomplished by changing the composition and/or concentration of the reactants, increasing temperatures, or by performing the test in an isothermal environment.  
2.4 Since the test method may not accurately simulate the service environment, observed results of this test method may not be representative of those found in service. It is imperative that the user understand and consider how the results of this test method may differ from those encountered in service. This is particularly likely if the reaction products, their nature, or their degree differ from those normally found in the actual service environment.  
2.5 It is incumbent upon the user to understand that this is an aggressive, accelerated test method and to be careful in interpreting the results. If, for example, the reaction species have never been found in a real-world furnace, then this test method should not necessarily be considered valid to evaluate the refractory in question.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for comparing the behavior of refractories in contact with vapors under conditions intended to simulate the environment within a glass-melting or other type of furnace when refractories are exposed to vapors from raw batch, molten glass, fuel, fuel contaminants, or other sources. This procedure is intended to accelerate service conditions for the purpose of determining in a relatively short time the interval resistance to fluxing, bloating, shrinkage, expansion, mineral conversion, disintegration, or other physical changes that may occur.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    3 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM C1407-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Calculating Areas, Volume, and Linear Change of Refractory Shapes

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Fireclay steel-teeming nozzles and sleeves are classified by volume reheat change. Bloating of some refractories results in irregular reheat dimensions, which are difficult to measure. This practice determines the volume without depending upon physical linear measurements.  
3.2 Blast furnace checkers that have irregular cross-sections are classified by “creep properties.” This practice determines the average cross-sectional area.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the methods of calculating areas, volumes, and linear changes of irregularly shaped refractory specimens.  
1.2 The specimens must have a constant cross-sectional area over a length (L).  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    2 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    2 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM C467-14(2023)(Classification)
Standard Classification of Mullite Refractories

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The mullite content of an alumina-silica refractory material has an important influence on volume stability, load-bearing properties, and its satisfactory use in refractory applications. This classification is considered useful for purchase specifications and quality control.
SCOPE
1.1 This classification covers refractory products consisting predominantly of mullite (3Al2O3·2SiO2) crystals that are formed by either converting any of the sillimanite group of minerals, or synthesizing from appropriate materials in a melt or sinter process.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    2 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM C863-00(2022)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Evaluating Oxidation Resistance of Silicon Carbide Refractories at Elevated Temperatures

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The oxidation of silicon carbide refractories at elevated temperatures is an important consideration in the application of these refractories. The product of oxidation is amorphous silica or cristobalite, depending upon the temperature at which oxidation takes place. This oxide formation is associated with expansion and degradation of strength. The quantity of water vapor in the atmosphere greatly affects the rate of oxidation.  
3.2 The test, which creates and measures the expansion, is suitable for guidance in product development and relative comparison in application work where oxidation potential is of concern. The variability of the test is such that it is not recommended for use as a referee test.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the evaluation of the oxidation resistance of silicon carbide refractories at elevated temperatures in an atmosphere of steam. The steam is used to accelerate the test. Oxidation resistance is the ability of the silicon carbide (SiC) in the refractory to resist conversion to silicon dioxide (SiO2) and its attendant crystalline growth.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    2 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off