ASTM E280-98(2004)e1
(Specification)Standard Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (4 ½ to 12-in. [114 to 305-mm]) Steel Castings
Standard Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (4 ½ to 12-in. [114 to 305-mm]) Steel Castings
SCOPE
1.1 These reference radiographs for heavy-walled steel castings are applicable to nominal section thicknesses of 4 ½ to 12 in. [114 to 305 mm] and consists of two sets as follows:
1.1.1 2-MV X rays and Cobalt-60This includes cobalt-60 or equivalent isotope radiation and from 2 MV up to 4 MV X rays. Set of 28 plates in 81/2 by 11 in. [216 by 279 mm] ring binders.
1.1.2 4-MV to 30-MV X rays.
1.1.3 Each set consists of three categories of graded discontinuities in increasing severity levels, and three categories of ungraded discontinuities furnished as examples only, as follows:
1.1.3.1 Category A-Gas porosity; severity levels 1 through 5.
1.1.3.2 Category B-Sand and slag inclusions; severity levels 1 through 5.
1.1.3.3. Category C-Shrinkage; 3 types:
(1) Type 1-Severity levels 1 through 5.
(2) Type 2-Severity levels 1 through 5.
(3) Type 3-Severity levels 1 through 5.
1.1.3.4 Category D-Crack; one illustration D5 in pre-1972 documents.
1.1.3.5 Category E-Hot tear; one illustration D3 in pre-1972 documents.
1.1.3.6 Category F-Insert; one illustration EB2 in pre-1972 documents.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
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Designation: E280 – 98 (Reapproved 2004)
Standard Reference Radiographs for
Heavy-Walled (4 ⁄2 to 12-in. [114 to 305-mm]) Steel Castings
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E280; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
´ NOTE—Editorial changes were made throughout in January 2004.
1. Scope priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
2 bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.1 These reference radiographs for heavy-walled steel
castings are applicable to nominal section thicknesses of 4 ⁄2 to
2. Referenced Documents
12 in. [114 to 305 mm] and consists of two sets as follows:
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1.1 2-MV X rays and Cobalt-60—This includes cobalt-60
E94 Guide for Radiographic Examination
or equivalent isotope radiation and from 2 MV up to 4 MV X
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
rays. Set of 28 plates in 8 ⁄2 by 11 in. [216 by 279 mm] ring
2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:
binders.
ReferenceRadiographsforHeavy-Walled(4 ⁄2to12-in.[114
1.1.2 4-MV to 30-MV X rays.
to 305-mm]) Steel Castings:
1.1.3 Each set consists of three categories of graded discon-
Volume I, 2-MV X Rays and Cobalt-60
tinuities in increasing severity levels, and three categories of
Volume II, 4-MV to 30-MV X Ray
ungraded discontinuities furnished as examples only, as fol-
lows:
3. Terminology
1.1.3.1 Category A—Gas porosity; severity levels 1 through
3.1 Definitions—for definitions of terms used in this docu-
5.
ment, see Terminology E1316, section D.
1.1.3.2 Category B—Sand and slag inclusions; severity
levels 1 through 5.
4. Significance and Use
1.1.3.3 Category C—Shrinkage; 3 types:
4.1 These reference radiographs are reproductions of origi-
(1) Type 1—Severity levels 1 through 5.
nalradiographsandaresuppliedasameansforestablishingthe
(2) Type 2—Severity levels 1 through 5.
categories and severity levels of discontinuities in steel cast-
(3) Type 3—Severity levels 1 through 5.
ings that may be revealed by radiographic examination. They
1.1.3.4 Category D—Crack; one illustration D5 in pre-1972
may be used in accordance with contractual specifications.
documents.
4.2 Radiographs for evaluation are to be compared with
1.1.3.5 Category E—Hot tear; one illustration D3 in pre-
thesereferenceradiographsforclassificationonthebasisofthe
1972 documents.
category and severity level of the discontinuity.
1.1.3.6 Category F—Insert; one illustration EB2 in pre-
4.3 The use of this document is not intended to be restricted
1972 documents.
to the specific energy level or to the absolute thickness limits
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
that are contained in the document title. The title is intended to
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
be descriptive, not restrictive. The document may be used
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
where there is no other applicable document, for other energy
These reference radiographs are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee
E07 on Nondestructive Testing and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
E07.02 on Reference Radiographs. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Current edition approved January 1, 2004. Published February 2004. Originally Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
approved in 1965. Last previous edition approved in 1998 as E280 - 98. DOI: the ASTM website.
10.1520/E0280-98R04E01. Available from ASTM Headquarters.
2 5
ForASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications see related Reference Order RRE028001.
Radiographs SE 280 in Section V of that Code. Order RRE028002.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
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E280 – 98 (2004)
levels or thicknesses, or both, for which agreement has been of greater severity than the reference radiograph, that part of
reached between purchaser and manufacture. the casting shall be rejected.
8.3 An area of like size to the reference radiograph shall be
5. Method of Preparation
the unit area by which the production radiograph is evaluated,
5.1 The original radiographs used to prepare the accompa-
and any such area or any area that shares a discontinuity with
nying reference radiographs were produced on high contrast,
an adjacent film area shall meet the requirements as defined for
fine grain film by the respective use of radiation energies stated
acceptability. When the area of interest of a production
in 1.1.1 and 1.1.2. The radiographs were made with a penet-
radiograph is less than the unit area, such area of interest shall
rameter sensitivity as determined byASTM penetrameters (see
be prorated to the reference radiographic area.
Guide E94) of 2-2T. The reproductions have been prepared to
8.4 When two or more categories of discontinuity are
an optical density of 2.00 to 2.25 and they have retained
present in the same production radiograph, the predominating
substantially the contrast of the original radiographs.
discontinuities, if unacceptable, shall govern without regard to
5.2 Film Deterioration—Radiographic films are subject to
the other categories of discontinuities, and the casting rejected
wear and tear from handling and use. The extent to which the
until satisfactorily repaired.
image deteriorates over time is a function of storage condi-
8.5 When two or more categories of discontinuity are
tions, care in handling and amount of use. Reference radio-
present to an extent equal to the maximum permissible level as
graph films are no exception and may exhibit a loss in image
shown in the pertinent standards for each category, then that
quality over time. The ra
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