ASTM E280-10
(Specification)Standard Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (4½ to 12-in. (114 to 305-mm)) Steel Castings
Standard Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (4<span class='unicode'>½</span> to 12-in. (114 to 305-mm)) Steel Castings
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Graded reference radiographs are intended to provide a guide enabling recognition of specific casting discontinuity types and relative severity levels that may be encountered during typical fabrication processes. Reference radiographs containing ungraded discontinuities are provided as a guide for recognition of a specific casting discontinuity type where severity levels may not be needed. These reference radiographs are intended as a basis from which manufacturers and purchasers may, by mutual agreement, select particular workmanship classes to serve as standards representing minimum levels of acceptability (see Sections 6 and 7).
Reference radiographs represented by this standard may be used, as agreed upon in a purchaser supplier agreement, for energy levels, thicknesses or both outside the range of this standard when determined applicable for the casting service application. Overlapping severity levels of similar discontinuity categories and energy level range of E186 reference radiographs may alternatively be used, as determined appropriate for the casting service application, if so agreed upon in a purchaser supplier agreement (see 5.1).
Procedures for evaluation of production radiographs using applicable reference radiographs of this standard are prescribed in Section 8; however, there may be manufacturing-purchaser issues involving specific casting service applications where it may be appropriate to modify or alter such requirements. Where such modifications may be appropriate for the casting application, all such changes shall be specifically called-out in the purchaser supplier agreement or contractual document. Section 9 addresses purchaser supplier requisites where weld repairs may be required.
SCOPE
1.1 These reference radiographs illustrate various categories, types, and severity levels of discontinuities occurring in steel castings that have section thicknesses of 4 ½ to 12 in. (114 to 305 mm). The reference radiograph films are an adjunct to this document and must be purchased separately from ASTM International, if needed (see 2.2). Categories and severity levels for each discontinuity type represented by these reference radiographs are described in 1.2.
Note 1—The basis of application for these reference radiographs requires a prior purchaser supplier agreement of radiographic examination attributes and classification criterion as described in Sections 4, 6, and 7 of this standard. Reference radiographs for other steel casting thicknesses may be found in Reference Radiograph standards E446 and E186. Reference radiograph E186 provides some overlap of severity levels for similar discontinuity categories within the same energy level range (see 4.2, 5.1, and 6.3).
1.2 These reference radiographs consist of two separate volumes as follows
1.2.1 Volume I: 2-MV X-rays and Cobalt-60—This includes cobalt-60 or equivalent isotope radiation and from 2-MV up to 4-MV X-rays. Set of 28 plates in 8½ by 11 in. (216 by 279 mm) ring binders.
1.2.2 Volume II: 4-MV to 30-MV X-rays—Set of 28 plates in 8 1/2 by 11 in. (216 by 279 mm) ring binders.
1.2.3 Unless otherwise specified in a purchaser supplier agreement (see 1.1), each volume is for comparison only with production radiographs produced with radiation energy levels within the thickness range covered by this standard. Each volume consists of three categories of graded discontinuities in increasing severity levels, and three categories of ungraded discontinuities. Reference radiographs containing ungraded discontinuities are provided as a guide for recognition of a specific casting discontinuity type where severity levels are not needed. Following is a list of discontinuity categories, types and severity levels for the adjunct reference radiographs of this standard:
1.2.3.1 Category A—Gas porosity; severity levels 1 through 5.
1.2.3.2 Category B—Sand and slag inclusions; severity levels 1 through 5.
1.2.3.3 Category C—S...
General Information
Relations
Buy Standard
Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E280 −10
StandardReference Radiographs for
1
1
Heavy-Walled (4 ⁄2 to 12-in. (114 to 305-mm)) Steel Castings
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E280; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope needed. Following is a list of discontinuity categories, types
and severity levels for the adjunct reference radiographs of this
2
1.1 These reference radiographs illustrate various
standard:
categories, types, and severity levels of discontinuities occur-
1.2.3.1 Category A—Gas porosity; severity levels 1 through
1
ring in steel castings that have section thicknesses of 4 ⁄2 to 12
5.
in. (114 to 305 mm). The reference radiograph films are an
1.2.3.2 Category B—Sand and slag inclusions; severity
adjunct to this document and must be purchased separately
levels 1 through 5.
from ASTM International, if needed (see 2.2). Categories and
1.2.3.3 Category C—Shrinkage; three types:
severity levels for each discontinuity type represented by these
(1) Ca Linear Shrinkage—Severity levels 1 through 5
reference radiographs are described in 1.2.
(called Type 1 in previous revisions).
NOTE 1—The basis of application for these reference radiographs
(2) Cb Feathery Shrinkage—Severity levels 1 through 5
requires a prior purchaser supplier agreement of radiographic examination
(called Type 2 in previous revisions).
attributes and classification criterion as described in Sections 4, 6, and 7
(3) Cc Sponge Shrinkage—Severity levels 1 through 5
of this standard. Reference radiographs for other steel casting thicknesses
(called Type 3 in previous revisions).
may be found in Reference Radiograph standards E446 and E186.
Reference radiograph E186 provides some overlap of severity levels for 1.2.3.4 Category D—Crack; one illustration D5 in pre-1972
similar discontinuity categories within the same energy level range (see
documents.
4.2, 5.1, and 6.3).
1.2.3.5 Category E—Hot tear; one illustration D3 in pre-
1.2 These reference radiographs consist of two separate 1972 documents.
volumes as follows
1.2.3.6 Category F—Insert; one illustration EB2 in pre-
1.2.1 Volume I: 2-MV X-rays and Cobalt-60—This includes 1972 documents.
cobalt-60 or equivalent isotope radiation and from 2-MV up to
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
1
4-MV X-rays. Set of 28 plates in 8 ⁄2 by 11 in. (216 by 279
as the standard. SI values are shown for information only.
mm) ring binders.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
1.2.2 Volume II: 4-MV to 30-MV X-rays—Set of 28 plates in
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1
8 ⁄2 by 11 in. (216 by 279 mm) ring binders.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
1.2.3 Unless otherwise specified in a purchaser supplier
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
agreement (see 1.1), each volume is for comparison only with
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
production radiographs produced with radiation energy levels
within the thickness range covered by this standard. Each
2. Referenced Documents
volume consists of three categories of graded discontinuities in
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
increasing severity levels, and three categories of ungraded
E94 Guide for Radiographic Examination
discontinuities. Reference radiographs containing ungraded
1
E186 Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (2 to 4 ⁄2-in.
discontinuities are provided as a guide for recognition of a
(50.8 to 114-mm)) Steel Castings
specific casting discontinuity type where severity levels are not
E242 Reference Radiographs for Appearances of Radio-
graphic Images as Certain Parameters are Changed
E446 Reference Radiographs for Steel Castings Up to 2 in.
1
These reference radiographs are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee
(50.8 mm) in Thickness
E07 on Nondestructive Testing and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittees
E07.02 on Reference Radiological Images and E07.93 on Illustration Monitoring.
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2010. Published February 2010. Originally
´1
3
approved in 1965. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as E280 - 98(2004) . For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
DOI: 10.1520/E0280-10. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
2
ForASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications see related Reference Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Radiographs SE 280 in Section V of that Code. the AST
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´1
Designation:E280–98 (Reapproved 2004) Designation: E280 – 10
Standard Reference Radiographs for
1
Heavy-Walled (4 ⁄2 to 12-in. [114(114 to 305-mm])305-mm))
1
Steel Castings
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E280; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1
´ NOTE—Editorial changes were made throughout in January 2004.
1. Scope
1.1These reference radiographs
2
1
1.1 These reference radiographs for heavy-walled steel castings are applicable to nominal section thicknesses of 4 ⁄2 to 12 in.
[114 to 305 mm] and consists of two sets as follows:
1.1.12-MV X rays and Cobalt-60—This includes cobalt-60 or equivalent isotope radiation and from 2 MV up to 4 MV X rays.
1
Set of 28 plates in 8 ⁄2 by 11 in. [216 by 279 mm] ring binders.
1.1.24-MV to 30-MV X rays.
1.1.3Each set consists of three categories of graded discontinuities in increasing severity levels, and three categories of ungraded
discontinuities furnished as examples only, as follows:
1.1.3.1illustrate various categories, types, and severity levels of discontinuities occurring in steel castings that have section
1
thicknesses of 4 ⁄2 to 12 in. (114 to 305 mm). The reference radiograph films are an adjunct to this document and must be purchased
separately from ASTM International, if needed (see 2.2). Categories and severity levels for each discontinuity type represented by
these reference radiographs are described in 1.2.
NOTE 1—The basis of application for these reference radiographs requires a prior purchaser supplier agreement of radiographic examination attributes
and classification criterion as described in Sections 4, 6, and 7 of this standard. Reference radiographs for other steel casting thicknesses may be found
in Reference Radiograph standards E446 and E186. Reference radiograph E186 provides some overlap of severity levels for similar discontinuity
categories within the same energy level range (see 4.2, 5.1, and 6.3).
1.2 These reference radiographs consist of two separate volumes as follows
1.2.1 Volume I: 2-MV X-rays and Cobalt-60—This includes cobalt-60 or equivalent isotope radiation and from 2-MV up to
1
4-MV X-rays. Set of 28 plates in 8 ⁄2 by 11 in. (216 by 279 mm) ring binders.
1
1.2.2 Volume II: 4-MV to 30-MV X-rays—Set of 28 plates in 8 ⁄2 by 11 in. (216 by 279 mm) ring binders.
1.2.3 Unless otherwise specified in a purchaser supplier agreement (see 1.1), each volume is for comparison only with
production radiographs produced with radiation energy levels within the thickness range covered by this standard. Each volume
consists of three categories of graded discontinuities in increasing severity levels, and three categories of ungraded discontinuities.
Reference radiographs containing ungraded discontinuities are provided as a guide for recognition of a specific casting
discontinuity type where severity levels are not needed. Following is a list of discontinuity categories, types and severity levels
for the adjunct reference radiographs of this standard:
1.2.3.1 Category A—Gas porosity; severity levels 1 through 5.
1.1.3.2
1.2.3.2 Category B—Sand and slag inclusions; severity levels 1 through 5.
1.1.3.3
1.2.3.3 Category C—Shrinkage; 3 types: —Shrinkage; three types:
(1) Type 1—Severity levels 1 through 5. Ca Linear Shrinkage—Severity levels 1 through 5 (calledType 1 in previous revisions).
1
These reference radiographs are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nondestructive Testing and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittees E07.02
on Reference Radiographs.
Current edition approved January 1, 2004. Published February 2004. Originally approved in 1965. Last previous edition approved in 1998 as E280-98. DOI:
10.1520/E0280-98R04E01.on Reference Radiological Images and E07.93 on Illustration Monitoring.
´1
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2010. Published February 2010. Originally approved in 1965. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as E280 - 98(2004) . DOI:
10.1520/E0280-10.
2
For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications see related Reference Radiographs SE 280 in Section V of that Code.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
--------------------
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.