ASTM D9-12

Standard Terminology Relating to Wood and Wood-Based Products

SCOPE
1.1 This terminology covers a repository of definitions essential for the business of Committee D07.  
1.2 The following criteria shall be followed by Subcommittee D07.91 in selecting terms and associated definitions for inclusion in this terminology.  
1.2.1 Terms and associated definitions shall be selected if they are in general use in the conduct of the standards over which D07 has jurisdiction.  
1.2.2 Terms and associated definitions in general industrial or technical use that are not unique to wood or wood-based products are not included.  
1.2.3 Terms and associated definitions that are unique to a single D07 standard and defined therein or generally understood or adequately defined in other readily available sources may not be included in this terminology.  
1.3 When a term is used in an ASTM document for which Committee D07 is responsible, it is included in this terminology only when judged an essential term by Subcommittee D07.91.  
1.4 A definition is a single sentence with additional information included in discussion notes.  
1.5 Terms and definitions shall be reviewed every 5 years; the year of last review is appended.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 14-Oct-2012
• ICS: 01.040.79 - Wood technology (Vocabularies)
• ICS: 79.040 - Wood, sawlogs and sawn timber
• Technical Committee: D07 - Wood
• Drafting Committee: D07.91 - Terminology and Editorial

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM D9-09ae1 - Standard Terminology Relating to Wood and Wood-Based Products
• Effective Date: 15-Oct-2012
• Referred By: ASTM D245-22 - Standard Practice for Establishing Structural Grades and Related Allowable Properties for Visually Graded Lumber
• Effective Date: 15-Oct-2012
• Referred By: ASTM D6874-22a - Standard Test Methods for Nondestructive Evaluation of the Stiffness of Wood and Wood-Based Materials Using Transverse Vibration or Stress Wave Propagation
• Effective Date: 15-Oct-2012
• Referred By: ASTM D8223-19 - Standard Practice for Evaluation of Fire-Retardant Treated Laminated Veneer Lumber
• Effective Date: 15-Oct-2012
• Referred By: ASTM D7199-20 - Standard Practice for Establishing Characteristic Values for Reinforced Glued Laminated Timber (Glulam) Beams Using Mechanics-Based Models
• Effective Date: 15-Oct-2012
• Referred By: ASTM D6782-19 - Standard Test Methods for Standardization and Calibration of In-Line Dry Lumber Moisture Meters
• Effective Date: 15-Oct-2012
• Referred By: ASTM D7147-21 - Standard Specification for Testing and Establishing Allowable Loads of Joist Hangers
• Effective Date: 15-Oct-2012
• Referred By: ASTM D5536-17(2023) - Standard Practice for Sampling Forest Trees for Determination of Clear Wood Properties
• Effective Date: 15-Oct-2012
• Referred By: ASTM D5516-18 - Standard Test Method for Evaluating the Flexural Properties of Fire-Retardant Treated Softwood Plywood Exposed to Elevated Temperatures
• Effective Date: 15-Oct-2012
• Referred By: ASTM D4933-16(2021) - Standard Guide for Moisture Conditioning of Wood and Wood-Based Materials
• Effective Date: 15-Oct-2012
• Referred By: ASTM D1990-19 - Standard Practice for Establishing Allowable Properties for Visually-Graded Dimension Lumber from In-Grade Tests of Full-Size Specimens
• Effective Date: 15-Oct-2012
• Referred By: ASTM G113-22 - Standard Terminology Relating to Natural and Artificial Weathering Tests of Nonmetallic Materials
• Effective Date: 15-Oct-2012
• Referred By: ASTM D7381-07(2021)e1 - Standard Practice for Establishing Allowable Stresses for Round Timbers for Piles from Tests of Full-Size Material
• Effective Date: 15-Oct-2012
• Referred By: ASTM D25-12(2022) - Standard Specification for Round Timber Piles
• Effective Date: 15-Oct-2012
• Referred By: ASTM D6815-22a - Standard Specification for Evaluation of Duration of Load and Creep Effects of Wood and Wood-Based Products
• Effective Date: 15-Oct-2012

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D9 − 12
Standard Terminology Relating to
1
Wood and Wood-Based Products
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D9; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
The definitions contained herein constitute a lexicon of terms of general interest. Definitions in
more specialized wood product or process use will be found in other standards.These include Practice
D245, Terminology D907, Terminology D1038, Nomenclature D1165, Terminology D1554, Termi-
nology F547, Practice D2555, and Terminology C274.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2
1.1 This terminology covers a repository of definitions 2.1 ASTM Standards:
essential for the business of Committee D07. C274 Terminology of Structural Sandwich Constructions
D143 Test Methods for Small Clear Specimens of Timber
1.2 The following criteria shall be followed by Subcommit-
D245 Practice for Establishing Structural Grades and Re-
tee D07.91 in selecting terms and associated definitions for
lated Allowable Properties for Visually Graded Lumber
inclusion in this terminology.
D907 Terminology of Adhesives
1.2.1 Terms and associated definitions shall be selected if
D1038 Terminology Relating to Veneer and Plywood
they are in general use in the conduct of the standards over
D1165 Nomenclature of Commercial Hardwoods and Soft-
which D07 has jurisdiction.
woods
1.2.2 Terms and associated definitions in general industrial
D1554 Terminology Relating to Wood-Base Fiber and Par-
or technical use that are not unique to wood or wood-based
ticle Panel Materials
products are not included.
D2016 Methods of Test for Moisture Content of Wood
1.2.3 Terms and associated definitions that are unique to a
3
(Withdrawn 1987)
single D07 standard and defined therein or generally under-
D2555 PracticeforEstablishingClearWoodStrengthValues
stood or adequately defined in other readily available sources
F547 Terminology of Nails for Use with Wood and Wood-
may not be included in this terminology.
Base Materials
1.3 When a term is used in an ASTM document for which
Committee D07 is responsible, it is included in this terminol-
3. Terminology
ogy only when judged an essential term by Subcommittee
allowable properties—mechanical properties of materials as
D07.91.
prepared for design use.
1.4 A definition is a single sentence with additional infor-
DISCUSSION—Allowablepropertiesofwoodareidentifiedwithstress-
mation included in discussion notes. grade descriptions and reflect the orthotropic structure of wood. Often
considered synonymous with allowable unit stresses, working stresses,
1.5 Terms and definitions shall be reviewed every 5 years;
and design stresses.
the year of last review is appended.
1 2
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D07 on Wood For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D07.91 on Terminology and contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
Editorial. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved Oct. 15, 2012. Published November 2012. Originally the ASTM website.
3
approved in 1907. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D9– 09AE01. DOI: The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
10.1520/D0009-12. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

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D9−12
American Softwood Lumber Standard—avoluntaryproduct burl—(1) a hard, woody outgrowth on a tree, more or less
standard of the U.S. Department of Commerce which serves rounded in form, usually resulting from the entwined growth
as a basis for the preparation and revision of industry- of a cluster of adventitious buds; and
sponsored grading rules for lumber. (2) in wood or veneer, a localized severe distortion of the
grain generally rounded in outline, usually resulting from
American standard lumber—lumber conforming to the basic
1
overgrowth of dead branch stubs, varying from ⁄2 in. to
provisions of the American Softwood Lumber Standard.
several inches in diameter; frequently includes one or more
clusters of several small contiguous conical protuberances,
annual ring—thegrowthlayerproducedbythetreeinasingle
eachusuallyhavingacoreofpithbutnoappreciableamount
growth year, including earlywood and latewood.
of end grain (in tangential view) surrounding it.
bark pocket—the layer of a tree outside the cambium com-
cambium—the layer of cells that lies be
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´1
Designation: D9 − 09a D9 − 12
Standard Terminology Relating to
1
Wood and Wood-Based Products
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D9; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript
epsilon («) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1
εNOTE—Editorial corrections were made throughout in March 2010.
INTRODUCTION
The definitions contained herein constitute a lexicon of terms of general interest. Definitions in
more specialized wood product or process use will be found in other standards. These include Practice
D245, Terminology D907, Terminology D1038, Nomenclature D1165, Terminology D1554, Termi-
nology F547, Practice D2555, and Terminology C274.
1. Scope
1.1 This terminology covers a repository of definitions essential for the business of Committee D07.
1.2 The following criteria shall be followed by Subcommittee D07.91 in selecting terms and associated definitions for inclusion
in this terminology.
1.2.1 Terms and associated definitions shall be selected if they are in general use in the conduct of the standards over which
D07 has jurisdiction.
1.2.2 Terms and associated definitions in general industrial or technical use that are not unique to wood or wood-based products
are not included.
1.2.3 Terms and associated definitions that are unique to a single D07 standard and defined therein or generally understood or
adequately defined in other readily available sources may not be included in this terminology.
1.3 When a term is used in an ASTM document for which Committee D07 is responsible, it is included in this terminology only
when judged an essential term by Subcommittee D07.91.
1.4 A definition is a single sentence with additional information included in discussion notes.
1.5 Terms and definitions shall be reviewed every 5 years; the year of last review is appended.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C274 Terminology of Structural Sandwich Constructions
D143 Test Methods for Small Clear Specimens of Timber
D245 Practice for Establishing Structural Grades and Related Allowable Properties for Visually Graded Lumber
D907 Terminology of Adhesives
D1038 Terminology Relating to Veneer and Plywood
D1165 Nomenclature of Commercial Hardwoods and Softwoods
D1554 Terminology Relating to Wood-Base Fiber and Particle Panel Materials
3
D2016 Methods of Test for Moisture Content of Wood (Withdrawn 1987)
D2555 Practice for Establishing Clear Wood Strength Values
F547 Terminology of Nails for Use with Wood and Wood-Base Materials
1
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D07 on Wood and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D07.91 on Terminology and Editorial.
Current edition approved Nov. 15, 2009Oct. 15, 2012. Published January 2010November 2012. Originally approved in 1907. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as
D9 – 09.D9– 09AE01. DOI: 10.1520/D0009-09AE01.10.1520/D0009-12.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D9 − 12
3. Terminology
allowable properties—mechanical properties of materials as prepared for design use.
DISCUSSION—
Allowable properties of wood are identified with stress-grade descriptions and reflect the orthotropic structure of wood. Often considered synonymous
with allowable unit stresses, working stresses, and design stresses.
American Softwood Lumber Standard—a voluntary product standard of the U.S. Department of Commerce which serves as a
basis for the preparation and revision of industry-sponsored grading rules for lumber.
American standard lumber—lumber conforming to the basic provisions of the American Softwood Lumber Standard.
annual ring—the growth layer produced by the tree in a single growth year, including earlywood and latewood.
bark pocket—the layer of a tree outside the cambium comprising the inner bark and the outer bark.
bark product—an opening between annual growth rings that contains bark.
DISCUSSION—
Bark pockets appear as dark streaks on rad
...