ASTM D7566-24a

Standard Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuel Containing Synthesized Hydrocarbons

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the manufacture of aviation turbine fuel that consists of conventional and synthetic blending components.  
1.2 See Appendix X2 for an expanded description of the procedure for the production and blending of synthetic blend components.  
1.3 This specification applies only at the point of batch origination, as follows:  
1.3.1 Aviation turbine fuel manufactured, certified, and released to all the requirements of Table 1 of this specification (D7566), meets the requirements of Specification D1655 and shall be regarded as Specification D1655 turbine fuel. Duplicate testing is not necessary; the same data may be used for both D7566 and D1655 compliance. Once the fuel is released to this specification (D7566) the unique requirements of this specification are no longer applicable: any recertification shall be done in accordance with Table 1 of Specification D1655.  
1.3.2 Any location at which blending of synthetic blending components specified in Annex A1 (FT SPK), Annex A2 (HEFA SPK), Annex A3 (SIP), Annex A4 synthesized paraffinic kerosine plus aromatics (SPK/A), Annex A5 (ATJ), Annex A6 catalytic hydrothermolysis jet (CHJ), Annex A7 (HC-HEFA SPK), or Annex A8 (ATJ-SKA) with D1655 fuel (which may on the whole or in part have originated as D7566 fuel) or with conventional blending components takes place shall be considered batch origination in which case all of the requirements of Table 1 of this specification (D7566) apply and shall be evaluated. Short form conformance test programs commonly used to ensure transportation quality are not sufficient. The fuel shall be regarded as D1655 turbine fuel after certification and release as described in 1.3.1.  
1.3.3 Once a fuel is redesignated as D1655 aviation turbine fuel, it can be handled in the same fashion as the equivalent refined D1655 aviation turbine fuel.  
1.4 This specification defines the minimum property requirements for aviation turbine fuel that contain synthesized hydrocarbons and lists acceptable additives for use in civil operated engines and aircrafts. Specification D7566 is directed at civil applications, and maintained as such, but may be adopted for military, government, or other specialized uses.  
1.5 This specification can be used as a standard in describing the quality of aviation turbine fuel from production to the aircraft. However, this specification does not define the quality assurance testing and procedures necessary to ensure that fuel in the distribution system continues to comply with this specification after batch certification. Such procedures are defined elsewhere, for example in ICAO 9977, EI/JIG Standard 1530, JIG 1, JIG 2, API 1543, API 1595, and ATA-103, and IATA Guidance Material for Sustainable Aviation Fuel Management.  
1.6 This specification does not include all fuels satisfactory for aviation turbine engines. Certain equipment or conditions of use may permit a wider, or require a narrower, range of characteristics than is shown by this specification.  
1.7 While aviation turbine fuels defined by Table 1 of this specification can be used in applications other than aviation turbine engines, requirements for such other applications have not been considered in the development of this specification.  
1.8 Synthetic blending components and blends of synthetic blending components with conventional petroleum-derived fuels in this specification have been evaluated and approved in accordance with the principles established in Practice D4054.  
1.9 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.11 This internati...

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 14-Mar-2024
• ICS: 75.160.20 - Liquid fuels
• Technical Committee: D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
• Drafting Committee: D02.J0.06 - Synthetic Aviation Turbine Fuels

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM D7566-24 - Standard Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuel Containing Synthesized Hydrocarbons
• Effective Date: 15-Mar-2024
• Referred By: ASTM D4529-17 - Standard Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combustion of Aviation Fuels
• Effective Date: 15-Mar-2024
• Referred By: ASTM D8305-19 - Standard Test Method for The Determination of Total Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Total Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Aviation Turbine Fuels and other Kerosene Range Fuels by Supercritical Fluid Chromatography
• Effective Date: 15-Mar-2024
• Referred By: ASTM D7974-21 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Farnesane, Saturated Hydrocarbons, and Hexahydrofarnesol Content of Synthesized Iso-Paraffins (SIP) Fuel for Blending with Jet Fuel by Gas Chromatography
• Effective Date: 15-Mar-2024
• Referred By: ASTM D7042-21a - Standard Test Method for Dynamic Viscosity and Density of Liquids by Stabinger Viscometer (and the Calculation of Kinematic Viscosity)
• Effective Date: 15-Mar-2024
• Referred By: ASTM D4054-23 - Standard Practice for Evaluation of New Aviation Turbine Fuels and Fuel Additives
• Effective Date: 15-Mar-2024
• Referred By: ASTM D7945-23 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Dynamic Viscosity and Derived Kinematic Viscosity of Liquids by Constant Pressure Viscometer
• Effective Date: 15-Mar-2024
• Referred By: ASTM D1655-24 - Standard Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels
• Effective Date: 15-Mar-2024
• Referred By: ASTM D8302-20 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Cycloparaffin Content in Saturated ATJ-SPK Jet Fuel Gas Chromatography
• Effective Date: 15-Mar-2024

Overview

ASTM D7566-24a is the internationally recognized standard specification for aviation turbine fuels containing synthesized hydrocarbons, issued by ASTM International. This specification sets forth the requirements for the manufacture, certification, and release of aviation turbine fuel blends that include both conventional petroleum-derived and synthetic blending components. The standard is primarily directed at aviation fuels intended for use in civil aircraft, with potential application for military and governmental purposes.

ASTM D7566-24a plays a vital role in enabling the safe and effective use of sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) and other alternative jet fuels. It ensures that fuels derived from various synthetic processes, such as Fischer-Tropsch (FT), Hydroprocessed Esters and Fatty Acids (HEFA), and Alcohol-to-Jet (ATJ), among others, meet rigorous quality and performance criteria comparable to traditional Jet A and Jet A-1 fuel.

Key Topics

Main Aspects Covered in ASTM D7566-24a:

• Scope and Applicability: Specifies minimum property requirements and processes for batch origin and certification of aviation turbine fuel containing synthesized hydrocarbons.
• Fuel Types and Blending: Addresses the blending of synthetic components such as FT SPK, HEFA SPK, SIP, SPK/A, ATJ, CHJ, HC-HEFA SPK, and ATJ-SKA with conventional Jet A or Jet A-1 fuels.
• Testing and Certification: Stipulates that certification to ASTM D7566 ensures compliance with ASTM D1655, streamlining the certification process for synthetic jet fuel blends.
• Composition and Additives: Lists permissible additives and outlines requirements for aromatics, sulfur content, volatility, lubricity, combustion, corrosion, thermal stability, and the absence of contaminants.
• Quality and Safety: Mandates handling, storage, and distribution best practices to guarantee product integrity up to the point of batch origination.
• International Relevance: Developed in accordance with WTO-standardized procedures, ensuring global applicability for aviation fuel quality.
• Referenced Methods: Includes alignment with key test methods and documentation from organizations such as ICAO, IATA, API, EI/JIG, and others.

Applications

Aviation turbine fuels conforming to ASTM D7566-24a underpin the growing use of sustainable aviation fuel (SAF), supporting the aviation industry's transition toward lower emissions. The standard enables:

• Civil Aviation: Primary use in civil aircraft turbines, supporting both conventional and alternative fuel sources.
• Sustainable Aviation Fuels (SAF): Certification pathway for alternative jet fuels produced from renewable resources such as biomass, waste, natural gas, and other feedstocks.
• Operational Flexibility: Allows for fuel blend optimization based on feedstock availability and process capabilities, fostering innovation in synthetic fuel production.
• Global Fuel Supply Chain: Supports international fuel certification, batch traceability, and harmonized quality across the aviation sector.
• Environmental and Regulatory Compliance: Facilitates compliance with sustainability initiatives and emissions reduction goals by providing a robust specification for SAF blends.

Related Standards

Organizations and stakeholders can reference the following related standards and documents for further guidance:

• ASTM D1655 – Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels (conventional Jet A and Jet A-1)
• ASTM D4054 – Practice for Evaluation of New Aviation Turbine Fuels and Fuel Additives
• ICAO 9977 – Manual on Civil Aviation Jet Fuel Supply
• EI/JIG 1530, JIG 1, JIG 2 – Quality Assurance Requirements for Aviation Fuels
• API 1543, API 1595 – Procedures for fuel documentation and storage
• ATA-103 – Jet Fuel Quality Control at Airports
• IATA Guidance – Sustainable Aviation Fuel Management

By adhering to ASTM D7566-24a, aviation industry stakeholders ensure that their supply of aviation turbine fuel containing synthesized hydrocarbons meets internationally accepted quality, safety, and performance standards. This is key to facilitating the broader adoption of SAF and maintaining operational excellence in global aviation.

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D7566 − 24a
Standard Specification for
Aviation Turbine Fuel Containing Synthesized
Hydrocarbons
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7566; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope* 1.3.3 Once a fuel is redesignated as D1655 aviation turbine
fuel, it can be handled in the same fashion as the equivalent
1.1 This specification covers the manufacture of aviation
refined D1655 aviation turbine fuel.
turbine fuel that consists of conventional and synthetic blend-
1.4 This specification defines the minimum property re-
ing components.
quirements for aviation turbine fuel that contain synthesized
1.2 See Appendix X2 for an expanded description of the
hydrocarbons and lists acceptable additives for use in civil
procedure for the production and blending of synthetic blend
operated engines and aircrafts. Specification D7566 is directed
components.
at civil applications, and maintained as such, but may be
adopted for military, government, or other specialized uses.
1.3 This specification applies only at the point of batch
origination, as follows:
1.5 This specification can be used as a standard in describ-
ing the quality of aviation turbine fuel from production to the
1.3.1 Aviation turbine fuel manufactured, certified, and
aircraft. However, this specification does not define the quality
released to all the requirements of Table 1 of this specification
assurance testing and procedures necessary to ensure that fuel
(D7566), meets the requirements of Specification D1655 and
in the distribution system continues to comply with this
shall be regarded as Specification D1655 turbine fuel. Dupli-
specification after batch certification. Such procedures are
cate testing is not necessary; the same data may be used for
defined elsewhere, for example in ICAO 9977, EI/JIG Stan-
both D7566 and D1655 compliance. Once the fuel is released
dard 1530, JIG 1, JIG 2, API 1543, API 1595, and ATA-103,
to this specification (D7566) the unique requirements of this
and IATA Guidance Material for Sustainable Aviation Fuel
specification are no longer applicable: any recertification shall
Management.
be done in accordance with Table 1 of Specification D1655.
1.6 This specification does not include all fuels satisfactory
1.3.2 Any location at which blending of synthetic blending
for aviation turbine engines. Certain equipment or conditions
components specified in Annex A1 (FT SPK), Annex A2
of use may permit a wider, or require a narrower, range of
(HEFA SPK), Annex A3 (SIP), Annex A4 synthesized paraf-
characteristics than is shown by this specification.
finic kerosine plus aromatics (SPK/A), Annex A5 (ATJ),
Annex A6 catalytic hydrothermolysis jet (CHJ), Annex A7
1.7 While aviation turbine fuels defined by Table 1 of this
(HC-HEFA SPK), or Annex A8 (ATJ-SKA) with D1655 fuel
specification can be used in applications other than aviation
(which may on the whole or in part have originated as D7566
turbine engines, requirements for such other applications have
fuel) or with conventional blending components takes place
not been considered in the development of this specification.
shall be considered batch origination in which case all of the
1.8 Synthetic blending components and blends of synthetic
requirements of Table 1 of this specification (D7566) apply and
blending components with conventional petroleum-derived
shall be evaluated. Short form conformance test programs
fuels in this specification have been evaluated and approved in
commonly used to ensure transportation quality are not suffi-
accordance with the principles established in Practice D4054.
cient. The fuel shall be regarded as D1655 turbine fuel after
certification and release as described in 1.3.1. 1.9 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
standard.
1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Subcommittee D02.J0.06 on Synthetic Aviation Turbine Fuels.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Current edition approved March 15, 2024. Published April 2024. Originally
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
approved in 2009. Last previous edition approved in 2024 as D7566 – 24. DOI:
10.1520/D7566-24A. mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D7566 − 24a
1.11 This international standard was developed in accor- D2710 Test Method for Bromine Index of Petroleum Hydro-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard- carbons by Electrometric Titration
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
D2887 Test Method for Boiling Range Distribution of Pe-
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom- troleum Fractions by Gas Chromatography
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
D2892 Test Method for Distillation of Crude Petroleum
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
(15-Theoretical Plate Column)
D3227 Test Method for (Thiol Mercaptan) Sulfur in
2. Referenced Documents
Gasoline, Kerosine, Aviation Turbine, and Distillate Fuels
2.1 ASTM Standards:
(Potentiometric Method)
D56 Test Method for Flash Point by Tag Closed Cup Tester
D3240 Test Method for Undissolved Water In Aviation
D86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products and
Turbine Fuels
Liquid Fuels at Atmospheric Pressure
D3241 Test Method for Thermal Oxidation Stability of
D93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens
Aviation Turbine Fuels
Closed Cup Tester
D3242 Test Method for Acidity in Aviation Turbine Fuel
D129 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Gen-
D3338 Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combus-
eral High Pressure Decomposition Device Method) (With-
tion of Aviation Fuels
drawn 2023)
D3343 Test Method for Estimation of Hydrogen Content of
D130 Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper from Petro-
Aviation Fuels
leum Products by Copper Strip Test
D3701 Test Method for Hydrogen Content of Aviation
D156 Test Method for Saybolt Color of Petroleum Products
Turbine Fuels by Low Resolution Nuclear Magnetic
(Saybolt Chromometer Method)
Resonance Spectrometry
D240 Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid Hy-
D3828 Test Methods for Flash Point by Small Scale Closed
drocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter
Cup Tester
D323 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products
D3948 Test Method for Determining Water Separation Char-
(Reid Method)
acteristics of Aviation Turbine Fuels by Portable Separom-
D381 Test Method for Gum Content in Fuels by Jet Evapo-
eter
ration
D4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and API
D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent
Gravity of Liquids by Digital Density Meter
and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-
D4054 Practice for Evaluation of New Aviation Turbine
ity)
Fuels and Fuel Additives
D1266 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Lamp
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and
Method)
Petroleum Products
D1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, or API
D4171 Specification for Fuel System Icing Inhibitors
Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Prod-
D4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, Liquid
ucts by Hydrometer Method
Fuels, and Lubricants
D1319 Test Method for Hydrocarbon Types in Liquid Petro-
D4176 Test Method for Free Water and Particulate Contami-
leum Products by Fluorescent Indicator Adsorption
nation in Distillate Fuels (Visual Inspection Procedures)
D1322 Test Method for Smoke Point of Kerosene and
D4294 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum and Petroleum
Aviation Turbine Fuel
Products by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spec-
D1405 Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combus-
trometry
tion of Aviation Fuels
D4306 Practice for Aviation Fuel Sample Containers for
D1655 Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels
Tests Affected by Trace Contamination
D1840 Test Method for Naphthalene Hydrocarbons in Avia-
D4529 Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combus-
tion Turbine Fuels by Ultraviolet Spectrophotometry
tion of Aviation Fuels
D2276 Test Method for Particulate Contaminant in Aviation
D4625 Test Method for Middle Distillate Fuel Storage
Fuel by Line Sampling
Stability at 43 °C (110 °F)
D2386 Test Method for Freezing Point of Aviation Fuels
D4629 Test Method for Trace Nitrogen in Liquid Hydrocar-
D2425 Test Method for Hydrocarbon Types in Middle Dis-
bons by Syringe/Inlet Oxidative Combustion and Chemi-
tillates by Mass Spectrometry
luminescence Detection
D2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by
D4809 Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid
Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry
Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter (Precision
D2624 Test Methods for Electrical Conductivity of Aviation
Method)
and Distillate Fuels
D4865 Guide for Generation and Dissipation of Static Elec-
tricity in Petroleum Fuel Systems
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
D4952 Test Method for Qualitative Analysis for Active
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Sulfur Species in Fuels and Solvents (Doctor Test)
the ASTM website.
D4953 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Gasoline and
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
www.astm.org. Gasoline-Oxygenate Blends (Dry Method)
D7566 − 24a
D5001 Test Method for Measurement of Lubricity of Avia- Distillate Fuels—High Performance Liquid Chromato-
tion Turbine Fuels by the Ball-on-Cylinder Lubricity graph (HPLC) Method
D7945 Test Method for Determination of Dynamic Viscosity
Evaluator (BOCLE)
and Derived Kinematic Viscosity of Liquids by Constant
D5006 Test Method for Measurement of Fuel System Icing
Pressure Viscometer
Inhibitors (Ether Type) in Aviation Fuels
D7974 Test Method for Determination of Farnesane, Satu-
D5190 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Prod-
rated Hydrocarbons, and Hexahydrofarnesol Content of
ucts (Automatic Method) (Withdrawn 2012)
Synthesized Iso-Paraffins (SIP) Fuel for Blending with Jet
D5191 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Prod-
Fuel by Gas Chromatography
ucts and Liquid Fuels (Mini Method)
D8148 Test Method for Spectroscopic Determination of
D5291 Test Methods for Instrumental Determination of
Haze in Fuels
Carbon, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen in Petroleum Products
D8267 Test Method for Determination of Total Aromatic,
and Lubricants
Monoaromatic and Diaromatic Content of Aviation Tur-
D5452 Test Method for Particulate Contamination in Avia-
bine Fuels Using Gas Chromatography with Vacuum
tion Fuels by Laboratory Filtration
Ultraviolet Absorption Spectroscopy Detection (GC-
D5453 Test Method for Determination of Total Sulfur in
VUV)
Light Hydrocarbons, Spark Ignition Engine Fuel, Diesel
D8305 Test Method for The Determination of Total Aro-
Engine Fuel, and Engine Oil by Ultraviolet Fluorescence
matic Hydrocarbons and Total Polynuclear Aromatic Hy-
D5972 Test Method for Freezing Point of Aviation Fuels
drocarbons in Aviation Turbine Fuels and other Kerosene
(Automatic Phase Transition Method)
Range Fuels by Supercritical Fluid Chromatography
D6045 Test Method for Color of Petroleum Products by the
E29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to
Automatic Tristimulus Method
Determine Conformance with Specifications
D6304 Test Method for Determination of Water in Petro-
2.2 Energy Institute Standards:
leum Products, Lubricating Oils, and Additives by Cou-
EI 1550 Handbook on Equipment Used for the Maintenance
lometric Karl Fischer Titration
and Delivery of Clean Aviation Fuel
D6379 Test Method for Determination of Aromatic Hydro-
EI 1583 Laboratory Tests and Minimum Performance Levels
carbon Types in Aviation Fuels and Petroleum
for Aviation Fuel Filter Monitors
Distillates—High Performance Liquid Chromatography
EI/JIG 1530 Quality Assurance Requirements for the
Method with Refractive Index Detection
Manufacture, Storage and Distribution of Aviation Fuels
D6469 Guide for Microbial Contamination in Fuels and Fuel
to Airports
Systems
IP 12 Determination of Specific Energy
D6866 Test Methods for Determining the Biobased Content
IP 16 Determination of the Freezing Point of Aviation
of Solid, Liquid, and Gaseous Samples Using Radiocar-
Fuels—Manual Method
bon Analysis
IP 30 Detection of Mercaptans, Hydrogen Sulfide, Elemen-
D7042 Test Method for Dynamic Viscosity and Density of tal Sulfur and Peroxides—Doctor Test Method
Liquids by Stabinger Viscometer (and the Calculation of IP 34 Determination of Flash Point—Pensky-Martens
Closed Cup Method
Kinematic Viscosity)
IP 69 Vapour Pressure-Reid Method (St-B-9)
D7111 Test Method for Determination of Trace Elements in
IP 71, Section 1 Petroleum Products—Transparent and
Middle Distillate Fuels by Inductively Coupled Plasma
Opaque Liquids—Determination of Kinematic Viscosity
Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES)
and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity
D7153 Test Method for Freezing Point of Aviation Fuels
IP 123 Petroleum Products—Determination of Distillation
(Automatic Laser Method)
Characteristics at Atmospheric Pressure
D7154 Test Method for Freezing Point of Aviation Fuels
IP 154 Petroleum Products—Corrosiveness to Copper—
(Automatic Fiber Optical Method)
Copper Strip Test
D7236 Test Method for Flash Point by Small Scale Closed
IP 156 Petroleum Products and Related Materials—
Cup Tester (Ramp Method)
Determination of Hydrocarbon Types—Fluorescent Indi-
D7344 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products
cator Adsorption Method
and Liquid Fuels at Atmospheric Pressure (Mini Method)
IP 160 Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Products—
D7345 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products
Laboratory Determination of Density—Hydrometer
and Liquid Fuels at Atmospheric Pressure (Micro Distil-
Method
lation Method)
IP 170 Determination of Flash Point—Abel Closed-Cup
D7359 Test Method for Total Fluorine, Chlorine and Sulfur
Method
in Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Their Mixtures by Oxida-
IP 216 Particulate Contaminant in Aviation Fuel
tive Pyrohydrolytic Combustion followed by Ion Chroma-
IP 225 Determination of Copper in Light Petroleum
tography Detection (Combustion Ion Chromatography-
CIC)
D7524 Test Method for Determination of Static Dissipater 4
Available from Energy Institute, 61 New Cavendish St., London, WIG 7AR,
Additives (SDA) in Aviation Turbine Fuel and Middle U.K., http://www.energyinst.org.uk.
D7566 − 24a
Distillates—Spectrophotometric Method IP 598 Petroleum Products—Determination of the Smoke
IP 227 Corrosiveness to Silver of Aviation Turbine Fuels— Point of Kerosine, Manual and Automated Method
Silver Strip Method
2.3 ANSI Standard:
IP 274 Determination of Electrical Conductivity of Aviation
ANSI 863 Report of Test Results
and Distillate Fuels
2.4 API Standards:
IP 299 Determination of Bromine Index—Electrometric
API 1543 Documentation, Monitoring and Laboratory Test-
Titration Method
ing of Aviation Fuel During Shipment from Refinery to
IP 323 Determination of Thermal Oxidation Stability of Gas
Airport
Turbine Fuels
API 1595 Design, Construction, Operation, Maintenance,
IP 336 Petroleum Products—Determination of Sulfur
and Inspection of Aviation Pre-Airfield Storage Termi-
Content—Energy-Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spec-
nals
trometry
2.5 Joint Inspection Group Standards:
IP 342 Petroleum Products—Determination of Thiol (Mer-
JIG 1 Aviation Fuel Quality Control & Operating Standards
captan) Sulfur in Light and Middle Distillate Fuels—
for Into-Plane Fuelling Services
Potentiometric Method
JIG 2 Aviation Fuel Quality Control & Operating Standards
IP 354 Determination of the Acid Number of Aviation Fuels-
for Airport Depots & Hydrants
Colour-Indicator Titration Method
2.6 IATA Guidance:
IP 365 Crude Petroleum and Petroleum Products—
9680 IATA Guidance Material on Microbiological Contami-
Determination of Density—Oscillating U-tube Method
nation in Aircraft Fuel Tanks
IP 379 Determination of Organically Bound Trace
IATA Guidance Material for Sustainable Aviation Fuel
Nitrogen—Oxidative Combustion and Chemilumines-
Management
cence Method 9
2.7 UOP Test Methods:
IP 394 Liquid Petroleum Products—Vapour Pressure—Part
UOP 389 Trace Metals in Oils by Wet Ash/ICP-AES
1: Determination of Air Saturated Vapour Pressure
2.8 U.S. Department of Defense Specifications:
(ASVP) and Calculated Dry Vapour Pressure Equivalent
MIL-PRF-25017 Inhibitor, Corrosion/Lubricity Improver,
(DVPE)
Fuel Soluble
IP 406 Petroleum Products—Determination of Boiling
QDS-25017 Qualified Data Set for MIL-PRF-25017
Range Distribution by Gas Chromatography
(Inhibitor, Corrosion/Lubricity Improver, Fuel Soluble)
IP 423 Determination of Particulate Contaminant in Aviation
2.9 Other Standards:
Turbine Fuels by Laboratory Filtration
ATA-103 Standard for Jet Fuel Quality Control at Airports
IP 435 Determination of the Freezing Point of Aviation
Defence Standard 91-091 Turbine Fuel, Aviation Kerosine
Turbine Fuels by the Automatic Phase Transition Method
Type, Jet A-1
IP 436 Determination of Aromatic Hydrocarbon Types in
ICAO 9977 Manual on Civil Aviation Jet Fuel Supply
Aviation Fuels and Petroleum Distillates—High Perfor-
AFRL-RQ-WP-TR-2013-0271 Determination of the Mini-
mance Liquid Chromatography Method with Refractive
mum Use Level of Fuel System Icing Inhibitor (FSII) in
Index Detection
JP-8 that will Provide Adequate Icing Inhibition and
IP 438 Determination of Water—Coulometric Karl Fischer 14
Biostatic Protection for Air Force Aircraft
Titration Method
IP 475 Petroleum Liquids—Manual Sampling
IP 523 Determination of Flash Point—Rapid Equilibrium
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
Closed Cup Method 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
Available from American Petroleum Institute (API), 1220 L. St., NW,
IP 524 Determination of Flash/No Flash—Rapid Equilib-
Washington, DC 20005-4070, http://www.api.org.
rium Closed Cup Method 7
Available from Joint Inspection Group (JIG), http://www.jigonline.com.
IP 528 Determination for the Freezing Point of Aviation Available from International Air Transport Association (IATA). Head Office:
800 Place Victoria, PO Box 113, Montreal, H4Z 1M1, Quebec, Canada. Executive
Turbine Fuels—Automatic Fibre Optic Method
Office: 33, Route de l’Aeroport, PO Box 416, 1215 Geneva, 15 Airport, Switzerland.
IP 529 Determination of the Freezing Point of Aviation
www.iata.org.
Fuels—Automatic Laser Method
Available from ASTM International, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Cus-
tomer Service at [e-mail].
IP 534 Determination of Flash Point—Small Scale Closed
Available from the Standardization Document Order Desk, 700 Robbins,
Cup Ramp Method
Avenue, Building 4D, Philadelphia PA 19111-5094 (http://assist.daps.dla.mil).
IP 540 Determination of the Existent Gum Content of Avia- 11
Available from Air Transport Association of America, Inc. (ATA) d/b/a
tion Turbine Fuel—Jet Evaporation Method Airlines for America, 1301 Pennsylvania Ave. NW, Suite 1100, Washington, D.C.
20004, http://www.airlines.org.
IP 585 Determination of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME),
Available from Defence Equipment and Support, UK Defence
Derived from Bio-diesel Fuel, in Aviation Turbine Fuel—
Standardization, Kentigern House, 65 Brown Street, Glasgow, G2 8EX (http://
GC-MS with Selective Ion Monitoring/Scan Detection
www.dstan.mod.uk).
Available from International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), 999 Uni-
Method
versity St., Montreal, Quebec H3C 5H7, Canada, http://www.icao.int.
IP 590 Determination of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME)
Available from Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC), 8725 John J.
in Aviation Turbine Fuel—HPLC Evaporative Light Scat-
Kingman Rd., Ft. Belvoir, VA 22060-6218, http://www.dtic.mil/dtic, accession
tering Detector Method number ADA595127.
D7566 − 24a
3. General cessed jet fuel including, but not limited to, trace organics,
nitrogen compounds, water, dissolved air, etc.
3.1 This specification, unless otherwise provided, prescribes
4.2.12 synthesized paraffınic kerosine plus aromatics
the required properties of aviation turbine fuel at the time and
(SPK/A), n—synthetic blending component that is comprised
place of batch origination.
of synthesized paraffinic kerosine (SPK) to which synthesized
aromatics have been added.
4. Terminology
4.2.13 synthesized catalytic hydrothermolysis jet (CHJ),
4.1 Definitions:
n—synthetic blending component that is comprised essentially
4.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this specification, refer
of normal paraffins, cycloparaffins, isoparaffins, and aromatics.
to Terminology D4175.
4.1.2 conventional hydrocarbons, n—hydrocarbons derived
4.2.14 synthesized paraffınic kerosine from hydroprocessed
from the following conventional sources: crude oil, natural gas hydrocarbons, esters and fatty acids (HC-HEFA SPK),
liquid condensates, heavy oil, shale oil, and oil sands.
n—synthetic blending component that is comprised of bio-
derived hydrocarbons and free fatty acids and fatty acid esters
4.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
(for example, fatty acid methyl esters) that have been hydro-
4.2.1 alcohol-to-jet synthetic kerosene with aromatics (ATJ-
processed to saturate the hydrocarbon molecules and to remove
SKA), n—a synthetic blending component starting from alcohol
essentially all oxygen.
that is produced by an initial dehydration followed by a
bifurcated production stream, with one stream consisting of
5. Classification
oligomerization, hydrogenation and fractionation and the other
5.1 Two grades of aviation turbine fuels are provided, as
consisting of aromatization and fractionation, and with both
follows:
streams then blended.
5.1.1 Jet A and Jet A-1—Relatively high flash point distil-
4.2.2 alcohol-to-jet synthetic paraffınic kerosene (ATJ-
lates of the kerosine type.
SPK), n—an SPK produced starting from alcohol or olefin and
5.2 Jet A and Jet A-1 represent two grades of kerosine fuel
processed through the following steps: dehydration (applicable
that differ in freezing point. Other grades would be suitably
only to alcohol starting material), oligomerization,
identified.
hydrogenation, and fractionation (Annex A5).
4.2.3 batch origination, n—location at which fuel is certi-
6. Materials and Manufacture
fied as D7566.
6.1 Aviation turbine fuel, except as otherwise defined in this
4.2.4 conventional blending component, n—blending
specification, shall consist of the following blends of compo-
streams derived from conventional hydrocarbons.
nents or fuels:
4.2.5 hydroprocessed, adj—conventional chemical process-
6.1.1 Conventional blending components or Jet A or Jet A-1
ing in which hydrogen is reacted with organic compounds in
fuel certified to Specification D1655; with up to 50 % by
the presence of a catalyst to remove impurities such as oxygen,
volume of the synthetic blending component defined in Annex
sulfur, nitrogen; to saturate unsaturated hydrocarbons; or to
A1.
alter the molecular structure of the hydrocarbon molecules.
6.1.2 Conventional blending components or Jet A or Jet A-1
fuel certified to Specification D1655; with up to 50 % by
4.2.6 identified incidental materials, n—chemicals and com-
positions that have defined upper content limits in an aviation volume of the synthetic blending component defined in Annex
A2.
fuel specification but are not approved additives.
4.2.7 metrological method, n—tube deposit rating methods
NOTE 1—The ability to add 50 % of Annex A1 or Annex A2 blending
components (SPK) to Jet A or Jet A-1 is also limited by the physical
employing an optical-based deposit thickness measurement
properties of the fuel with which it is being blended. Practice has shown
and mapping technique described in the D3241 annexes.
that density, or aromatic content, or both, of the refined fuel often limit the
4.2.8 synthesized hydrocarbons, n—hydrocarbons derived
amount of SPK that can be added to the final blend to less than 50 %.
from alternative sources such as coal, natural gas, biomass,
6.1.3 Conventional blending components or Jet A or Jet A-1
fatty acid esters and fatty acids, and hydrogenated fats and oils
fuel certified to Specification D1655; with up to 10 % by
by processes such as gasification, Fischer-Tropsch synthesis,
volume of the synthetic blending component defined in Annex
hydrothermal conversion, and hydroprocessing.
A3.
4.2.9 synthetic blending component, n—synthesized hydro-
NOTE 2—The ability to add 10 % of Annex A3 blending components
carbons that meet the requirements of one of the annexes,
(SIP) to Jet A or Jet A-1 may also be limited by the physical properties of
Annex A1 – Annex A8.
the fuel with which it is being blended. It is possible in extreme cases that
viscosity of the refined fuel may limit the amount of SIP that can be added
4.2.10 synthesized iso-paraffıns (SIP), n—synthetic blend-
to the final blend to less than 10 %.
ing component that is comprised essentially of iso-paraffins.
6.1.4 Conventional blending components or Jet A or Jet A-1
4.2.11 synthesized paraffınic kerosine (SPK), n—synthetic
fuel certified to Specification D1655; with up to 50 % by
blending component that is comprised essentially of iso-
volume of the synthetic blending component defined in Annex
paraffins, normal paraffins, and cycloparaffins.
A4.
4.2.11.1 Discussion—Trace materials are permitted pro-
vided they are components that normally occur in hydropro- NOTE 3—The ability to add 50 % of Annex A4 blending components
D7566 − 24a
(SPK/A) to Jet A or Jet A-1 may also be limited by the physical properties
synthetic blend components blended in accordance with 6.1.1
of the fuel with which it is being blended. The density, or aromatic
and 6.1.4, respectively.
content, or both, of the refined fuel may limit the amount of SPK/A that
7.2.2 The 8.0 mm /s max at –20 °C viscosity requirement
can be added to the final blend to less than 50 %.
applies to each batch of fuel containing the Annex A5 synthetic
6.1.5 Conventional blending components or Jet A or Jet A-1
blend component blended at less than or equal to 30 % by
fuel certified to Specification D1655; with up to 50 % by
volume in accordance with 6.1.5.
volume of the synthetic blending component defined in Annex
7.2.3 The 8.0 mm /s max at –20 °C viscosity requirement
A5.
and the 12 mm /s max at –40 °C viscosity requirement apply to
6.1.6 Conventional blending components or Jet A or Jet A-1
each batch of fuel containing synthetic blend components
fuel certified to Specification D1655; with up to 50 % by
specified in Annex A2, Annex A3, Annex A6, Annex A7, or
volume of the synthetic blending component defined in Annex
Annex A8 blended in accordance with 6.1.2, 6.1.3, 6.1.6, 6.1.7,
A6.
or 6.1.8, respectively.
6.1.7 Conventional blending components or Jet A or Jet A-1
7.2.4 The 8.0 mm /s max at –20 °C viscosity requirement
fuel certified to Specification D1655; with up to 10 % by
and the 12 mm /s max at –40 °C viscosity requirement apply to
volume of the synthetic blending component defined in Annex
each batch of fuel containing the Annex A5 synthetic blend
A7.
component as specified in Annex A5 blended at greater than
6.1.8 Conventional blending components or Jet A or Jet A-1
30 % by volume in accordance with 6.1.5.
fuel certified to Specification D1655; with up to 50 % by
7.3 The requirements of Table 1 apply only for each batch
volume of the synthetic blending component defined in Annex
of fuel produced in accordance with this specification. The
A8.
requirements of Table 1 of Specification D1655 shall be
6.2 Fuels used in certified engines and aircraft are ultimately
applied if conventionally-derived jet fuel is mixed with the
approved by the certifying authority subsequent to formal
residue of a D7566 semi-synthetic aviation turbine fuel in
submission of evidence to the authority as part of the type
tankage or equipment remaining from a previous batch of
certification program for that aircraft and engine model.
certified final blended product, for example in a tank heel.
Additives to be used as supplements to an approved fuel must
also be similarly approved on an individual basis (see X1.2.4). 7.4 Test results shall not exceed the maximum or be less
than the minimum values specified in Table 1, Tables A1.1 and
6.3 Additives—Only additives approved by the aviation
A1.2, Tables A2.1 and A2.2, Tables A3.1 and A3.2, Tables
industry (including the aircraft certifying authority) are permit-
A4.1 and A4.2, Tables A5.1 and A5.2, Tables A6.1 and A6.2,
ted in the fuel on which an aircraft is operated. The additives
Tables A7.1 and A7.2 and Tables A8.1 and A8.2. No allowance
approved for use in D7566 jet fuel are shown in Table 1 and
shall be made for the precision of the test methods. To
Table 2 and may be used within the concentration limits shown
determine conformance to the specification requirement, a test
in the tables subject to any restrictions described in the table
15 result may be rounded to the same number of significant figures
footnotes.
as in Table 1, Tables A1.1 and A1.2, Tables A2.1 and A2.2,
6.4 Guidance material is presented in Appendix X3 con-
Tables A3.1 and A3.2, Tables A4.1 and A4.2, Tables A5.1 and
cerning the need to control processing additives in jet fuel
A5.2, Tables A6.1 and A6.2, Tables A7.1 and A7.2, and Tables
production.
A8.1 and A8.2 using Practice E29. Where multiple determina-
tions are made, the average result, rounded in accordance with
6.5 From the point of manufacture to the point of blending
Practice E29, shall be used.
to meet this specification, the synthetic blending component
shall be handled and transported in the same manner as finished
8. Workmanship, Finish, and Appearance
jet fuel in order to maintain product integrity. Appropriate
management of change measures shall be used at manufactur-
8.1 The aviation turbine fuel specified in this specification
ing locations, distribution, and storage to maintain product
shall be visually free of undissolved water, sediment, and
integrity (see Appendix X3).
suspended matter. The odor of the fuel shall not be nauseating
or irritating. If the fuel has an odor similar to that of “rotten
7. Detailed Requirements
egg,” please refer to X1.12.5 for further discussion. No
7.1 The aviation turbine fuel shall conform to the require-
substance of known dangerous toxicity under usual conditions
ments prescribed in Table 1 unless otherwise noted in 7.2,
of handling and use shall be present, except as permitted in this
Annex A1, Annex A2, Annex A3, Annex A4, Annex A5,
specification.
Annex A6, Annex A7, or Annex A8, whichever is applicable.
7.2 The viscosity requirement of Table 1 applies to each
9. Sampling
batch of fuel in accordance with the following requirements:
9.1 Because of the importance of proper sampling proce-
7.2.1 The 8.0 mm /s max at –20 °C viscosity requirement
dures in establishing fuel quality, use the appropriate proce-
applies to each batch of fuel containing Annex A1 or Annex A4
dures in Practice D4057 or IP 475 to obtain a representative
sample from the batch of fuel for specification compliance
Supporting data (Guidelines for Approval or Disapproval of Additives) have
testing. This requirement is met by producing fuel as a discrete
been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may be obtained by requesting
batch then testing it for specification compliance. This require-
Research Report RR:D02-1125. Contact ASTM Customer Service at
[e-mail]. ment is not satisfied by averaging online analysis results.
D7566 − 24a
A
TABLE 1 Detailed Requirements of Aviation Turbine Fuels Containing Synthesized Hydrocarbons
B
Property Jet A or Jet A-1 Test Method
COMPOSITION
Acidity, total mg KOH/g Max 0.10 D3242/IP 354
Aromatics:
One of the following requirements shall be met:
C, D E F
1. Aromatics, volume percent 8 to 25 D1319 or IP 156, D8267, or D8305
or
C, D
2. Aromatics, volume percent 8.4 to 26.5 D6379/IP 436
G
Sulfur, mercaptan, mass percent Max 0.003 D3227/IP 342
Sulfur, total mass percent Max 0.30 D1266, D2622, D4294, D5453, or IP 336
VOLATILITY
Distillation
H I J, K J H
Distillation temperature, °C: D86, D2887/IP 406, D7344, D7345, IP 123
10 % recovered, temperature (T10) Max 205
50 % recovered, temperature (T50) Report
90 % recovered, temperature (T90) Report
Final boiling point, temperature Max 300
D, L
T50 minus T10 Min 15
D, L
T90 minus T10 Min 40
Distillation residue, percent Max 1.5
Distillation loss, percent Max 1.5
M N N N N N
Flash point, °C Min 38 D56, D3828, D7236, IP 170, IP 523, IP 534
Density at 15 °C, kg/m 775 to 840 D1298, IP 160, D4052, IP 365
FLUIDITY
O
Freezing point, °C Max –40 Jet A D5972/IP 435, D7153/IP 529, D7154 or IP 528, or D2386/IP 16
O
–47 Jet A-1
VISCOSITY
One of the following requirements shall be met (which-
ever is applicable):
1. The following requirement shall be met for semi-
synthetic jet fuel containing Annex A1 or Annex A4 syn-
thesized components blended in accordance with 6.1.1
or 6.1.4, respectively:
2 P Q
Viscosity –20 °C, mm /s Max 8.0 D445 or IP 71, Section 1, D7042, D7945
or
2. The following requirement shall be met for semi-
synthetic jet fuel containing Annex A5 synthetic blend
components blended at less than or equal to 30 % by
volume in accordance with 6.1.5:
2 P Q
Viscosity –20 °C, mm /s Max 8.0 D445 or IP 71, Section 1, D7042, D7945
or
3. The following requirements shall be met for semi-
synthetic jet fuel containing Annex A2, or Annex A3, or
Annex A6, or Annex A7, or Annex A8 synthetic blend
components blended in accordance with 6.1.2, or 6.1.3,
or 6.1.6, or 6.1.7, or 6.1.8, respectively:
2 P Q
Viscosity –20 °C, mm /s Max 8.0 D445 or IP 71, Section 1, D7042, D7945
and
2 P R R Q
Viscosity –40 °C, mm /s Max 12 D445 or IP 71, Section 1, D7042, D7945
or
4. The following requirements shall be met for semi-
synthetic jet fuel containing Annex A5 synthetic blend
components blended at greater than 30 % by volume in
accordance with 6.1.5:
2 P Q
Viscosity –20 °C, mm /s Max 8.0 D445 or IP 71, Section 1, D7042, D7945
and
2 P R R Q
Viscosity –40 °C, mm /s Max 12 D445 or IP 71, Section 1, D7042, D7945
LUBRICITY
S
Lubricity mm Max 0.85 D5001
COMBUSTION
T
Net heat of combustion, MJ/kg Min 42.8 D4529, D3338, D4809 or IP 12
One of the following requirements shall be met:
(1) Smoke point, mm, or Min 25.0 D1322/IP 598
(2) Smoke point, mm, and Min 18.0 D1322/IP 598
U
Naphthalenes, volume, percent Max 3.0 D1840 or D8305
CORROSION
Copper strip, 2 h at 100 °C Max No. 1 D130 or IP 154
V
THERMAL STABILITY
W W
2.5 h at control temperature of 260 °C, min D3241 /IP 323
Filter pressure drop, mm Hg Max 25
Tube rating: One of the following
X
requirements shall be met:
(1) Annex A1 VTR, VTR Color Code Less than 3
No peacock or
abnormal color deposits
D7566 − 24a
TABLE 1 Continued
B
Property Jet A or Jet A-1 Test Method
(2) Annex A2 ITR or Annex A3 ETR, Max 85
or Annex A4 MWETR,
nm avg over area of 2.5 mm
CONTAMINANTS
Existent gum, mg/100 mL Max 7 D381, IP 540
S
Microseparometer, Rating D3948
Without electrical conductivity additive Min 85
With electrical conductivity additive Min 70
ADDITIVES See 6.3
Y
Electrical conductivity, pS/m D2624/IP 274
A
For compliance of test results against the requirements of Table 1, see 7.3.
B
The test methods indicated in this table are referred to in Section 11. The referee test methods are italicized where applicable.
C
Minimum aromatics contents are based on current experience with the approved blends of synthetic blending components with conventional petroleum-derived fuels and
those levels were established from what is typical for refined jet fuel. Research is ongoing on the actual need for aromatics.
D
The minimum aromatics and distillation slope criteria only apply to aviation turbine fuels containing synthesized hydrocarbons produced to this specification and are not
applicable to conventional aviation turbine fuels produced to Specification D1655. Some batches of aviation turbine fuels produced to Specification D1655 may not meet
the minimum aromatics and distillation slope criteria specified in Table 1 of this specification.
E
In analyzing aviation turbine fuel by Test Method D1319 or IP 156, users shall not report results obtained using any of the following lot numbers of Fluorescent Indicator
Dyed Gel: 3000000975, 3000000976, 3000000977, 3000000978, 3000000979, and 3000000980.
F
Results from Test Method D8305 shall be bias-corrected using the bias-correction equation for total aromatics in Section 13 (Precision and Bias) of Test Method D8305.
The bias-corrected aromatics result shall also be used in Test Method D3338.
G
The mercaptan sulfur determination may be waived if the fuel is considered sweet by the doctor test described in Test Method D4952 or IP 30.
H
D86 or IP 123 distillation of jet fuel is run at Group 4 conditions, except Group 3 condenser temperature is used.
I
Distillation property criteria are specified in D86 or IP 123 scale units. D2887 or IP 406 results shall be converted to estimated D86 or IP 123 results by application of
the correlation in Appendix X4 of D2887 or Annex G of IP 406 for comparison with the specified property criteria. Distillation residue and loss limits provide control of the
distillation process during the D86 and IP 123 test methods and do not apply to D2887 or IP 406. Distillation residue and loss shall be reported as “not applicable” (N/A)
when reporting D2887 or IP 406 results.
J
Results from Test Methods D7344 and D7345 shall be bias-corrected.
K
Data supporting inclusion of the D7344 methodology is on file at ASTM International Headquarters and can be obtained by requesting Research Reports RR:D02-1621
and RR:D02-1855. Contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail].
L
These distillation slope limits are based on current experience with the approved blends of synthetic blending components with conventional petroleum-derived fuels and
these values were established from what is typical for refined jet fuel. Research is ongoing on the actual requirements for distillation slope.
M
A higher minimum flash point specification may be agreed upon between purchaser and supplier.
N
Relative to Test Method D56, results obtained by Test Method: D93 can be up to 1.5 °C higher; IP 170, IP 534 and D7236 can be up to 0.5 °C higher; D3828 (IP 523)
can be up to 0.5 °C lower (a research report is pending being filed at ASTM and is available at the Energy Institute as ILS2019_MMS_1).
O
Other freezing points may be agreed upon between supplier and purchaser.
P 2
1 mm /s = 1 cSt.
Q
Test Method D7042 results shall be converted to bias-corrected kinematic viscosity results by the application of the correction described in Test Method D7042, section
15.4.4.
R
D445 or IP 71, Section 1 allows measuring the viscosity at –40 °C, however the precision values were determined down to –20 °C. Data correlating test results at –40 °C
for D445 and other related ASTM test methods is provided in Research Report RR:D02-1776, Evaluation of Synthesized Iso-Paraffins produced from Hydroprocessed
Fermented Sugars (SIP Fuels), prepared by TOTAL New Energies, Amyris, Inc. and the United States Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL), Final Version, February
2014.
S
At point of manufacture.
T
For all grades use either Eq 1 or Table 1 in Test Method D4529 or Eq 2 in Test Method D3338 or IP 12. Test Method D4809 may be used as an alternative.
U
Results from Test Method D8305 shall be bias-corrected using the bias-correction equation for total polynuclear aromatics in Section 13 (Precision and Bias) of Test
Method D8305.
V
In analyzing aviation turbine fuel by Test Method D3241 or IP 323, users shall not report results obtained using a 230 Mk IV instrument containing an inline internal
non-consumable fuel filter located upstream of the 0.45 μm pre-filter.
W
D3241/IP 323 Thermal Stability is a critical aviation fuel test, the results of which are used to assess the suitability of jet fuel for aviation operational safety and regulatory
compliance. The integrity of D3241/IP 323 testing requires that heater tubes (test coupons) meet the requirements of D3241 Table 2 and give equivalent D3241 results
to the heater tubes supplied by the original equipment manufacturer (OEM). A test protocol to demonstrate equivalence of heater tubes from other suppliers is on file at
ASTM International Headquarters and can be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1550. Heater tubes and filter kits, manufactured by the OEM (PAC, 8824
Fallbrook Drive, Houston, TX 77064) were used in the development of the D3241/IP 323 test method. Heater tube and filter kits, manufactured by Falex (Falex Corporation,
1020 Airpark Dr., Sugar Grove, IL, 60554-9585) were demonstrated to give equivalent results (see D3241 for research report references). These historical facts should
not be construed as an endorsement or certification by ASTM International.
X
Tube deposit ratings shall be measured by D3241 Annex A2 ITR or Annex A3 ETR or Annex A4 MWETR, when available. If the Annex A2 ITR device reports “N/A” for
a tube’s volume measurement, the test shall be a failure and the value reported as >85 nm. Visual rating of the heater tube by the method in D3241 Annex A1 is not required
when Annex A2 ITR or Annex A3 ETR or Annex A4 MWETR deposit thickness measurements are reported. In case of dispute between results from visual and metrological
methods, the referee shall be considered the Annex A3 ETR method if available, otherwise Annex A2 ITR or Annex A4 MWETR. Data supporting the inclusion of the Annex
A4 MWETR has been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-2072. Contact ASTM Customer Service at
[e-mail].
Y
If electrical conductivity additive is used, the conductivity shall not exceed 600 pS/m at the point of use of the fuel. When electrical conductivity additive is specified by
-12 -1 -1
the purchaser, the conductivity shall be 50 pS ⁄m to 600 pS/m under the conditions at point of delivery. (1 pS/m = 1 × 10 Ω m )
9.2 A number of jet fuel properties, including thermal are very sensitive to trace contamination, which can originate
stability, water separation, electrical conductivity, and others,
D7566 − 24a
TABLE 2 Detailed Requirements for Additives in Aviation Turbine Fuels
Additive Dosage
Fuel Performance Enhancing Additives
A,B C
Antioxidants 24.0 mg/L max
One of the following:
2,6 ditertiary-butyl phenol
2,6 ditertiary-butyl-4-methyl phenol
2,4 dimethyl-6-tertiary-butyl-phenol
75 % minimum, 2,6 ditertiary-butyl phenol plus
25 % maximum mixed tertiary and tritertiary butyl-phenols
55 % minimum 2,4 dimethyl-6-tertiary-butyl phenol plus
15 % minimum 2,6 ditertiary-butyl-4-methyl phenol,
remainder as monomethyl and dimethyl tertiary-butyl phenols
72 % minimum 2,4 dimethyl-6-tertiary-butyl phenol plus
28 % maximum monomethyl and dimethyl-tertiary-butyl-phenols
A
Metal Deactivators
N,N-disalicylidene-1,2-propane diamine
C,D
On initial blending 2.0 mg/L max
After field reblending cumulative concentration 5.7 mg/L max
E, F, G, H I
Fuel System Icing Inhibitors 0.07 % by volume min
Diethylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether (see Specification D4171 Type III) 0.15 % by volume max
Fuel Handling and Maintenance Additives
J
Electrical Conductivity Improvers
One of the following:
K L
AvGuard SDA
On initial blending 3 mg/L max
After field reblending, cumulative concentration 5 mg/L max
L, M
Stadis 450
On initial blending 3 mg/L max
After field reblending, cum
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D7566 − 24 D7566 − 24a
Standard Specification for
Aviation Turbine Fuel Containing Synthesized
Hydrocarbons
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7566; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope*
1.1 This specification covers the manufacture of aviation turbine fuel that consists of conventional and synthetic blending
components.
1.2 See Appendix X2 for an expanded description of the procedure for the production and blending of synthetic blend components.
1.3 This specification applies only at the point of batch origination, as follows:
1.3.1 Aviation turbine fuel manufactured, certified, and released to all the requirements of Table 1 of this specification (D7566),
meets the requirements of Specification D1655 and shall be regarded as Specification D1655 turbine fuel. Duplicate testing is not
necessary; the same data may be used for both D7566 and D1655 compliance. Once the fuel is released to this specification
(D7566) the unique requirements of this specification are no longer applicable: any recertification shall be done in accordance with
Table 1 of Specification D1655.
1.3.2 Any location at which blending of synthetic blending components specified in Annex A1 (FT SPK), Annex A2 (HEFA SPK),
Annex A3 (SIP), Annex A4 synthesized paraffinic kerosine plus aromatics (SPK/A), Annex A5 (ATJ), Annex A6 catalytic
hydrothermolysis jet (CHJ), Annex A7 (HC-HEFA SPK), or Annex A8 (ATJ-SKA) with D1655 fuel (which may on the whole or
in part have originated as D7566 fuel) or with conventional blending components takes place shall be considered batch origination
in which case all of the requirements of Table 1 of this specification (D7566) apply and shall be evaluated. Short form conformance
test programs commonly used to ensure transportation quality are not sufficient. The fuel shall be regarded as D1655 turbine fuel
after certification and release as described in 1.3.1.
1.3.3 Once a fuel is redesignated as D1655 aviation turbine fuel, it can be handled in the same fashion as the equivalent refined
D1655 aviation turbine fuel.
1.4 This specification defines the minimum property requirements for aviation turbine fuel that contain synthesized hydrocarbons
and lists acceptable additives for use in civil operated engines and aircrafts. Specification D7566 is directed at civil applications,
and maintained as such, but may be adopted for military, government, or other specialized uses.
1.5 This specification can be used as a standard in describing the quality of aviation turbine fuel from production to the aircraft.
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.J0.06 on Synthetic Aviation Turbine Fuels.
Current edition approved March 1, 2024March 15, 2024. Published April 2024. Originally approved in 2009. Last previous edition approved in 20232024 as
D7566 – 23b.D7566 – 24. DOI: 10.1520/D7566-24.10.1520/D7566-24A.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D7566 − 24a
However, this specification does not define the quality assurance testing and procedures necessary to ensure that fuel in the
distribution system continues to comply with this specification after batch certification. Such procedures are defined elsewhere, for
example in ICAO 9977, EI/JIG Standard 1530, JIG 1, JIG 2, API 1543, API 1595, and ATA-103, and IATA Guidance Material for
Sustainable Aviation Fuel Management.
1.6 This specification does not include all fuels satisfactory for aviation turbine engines. Certain equipment or conditions of use
may permit a wider, or require a narrower, range of characteristics than is shown by this specification.
1.7 While aviation turbine fuels defined by Table 1 of this specification can be used in applications other than aviation turbine
engines, requirements for such other applications have not been considered in the development of this specification.
1.8 Synthetic blending components and blends of synthetic blending components with conventional petroleum-derived fuels in
this specification have been evaluated and approved in accordance with the principles established in Practice D4054.
1.9 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.11 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D56 Test Method for Flash Point by Tag Closed Cup Tester
D86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products and Liquid Fuels at Atmospheric Pressure
D93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Tester
D129 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (General High Pressure Decomposition Device Method) (Withdrawn 2023)
D130 Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper from Petroleum Products by Copper Strip Test
D156 Test Method for Saybolt Color of Petroleum Products (Saybolt Chromometer Method)
D240 Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter
D323 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products (Reid Method)
D381 Test Method for Gum Content in Fuels by Jet Evaporation
D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)
D1266 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Lamp Method)
D1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Products by
Hydrometer Method
D1319 Test Method for Hydrocarbon Types in Liquid Petroleum Products by Fluorescent Indicator Adsorption
D1322 Test Method for Smoke Point of Kerosene and Aviation Turbine Fuel
D1405 Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combustion of Aviation Fuels
D1655 Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels
D1840 Test Method for Naphthalene Hydrocarbons in Aviation Turbine Fuels by Ultraviolet Spectrophotometry
D2276 Test Method for Particulate Contaminant in Aviation Fuel by Line Sampling
D2386 Test Method for Freezing Point of Aviation Fuels
D2425 Test Method for Hydrocarbon Types in Middle Distillates by Mass Spectrometry
D2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry
D2624 Test Methods for Electrical Conductivity of Aviation and Distillate Fuels
D2710 Test Method for Bromine Index of Petroleum Hydrocarbons by Electrometric Titration
D2887 Test Method for Boiling Range Distribution of Petroleum Fractions by Gas Chromatography
D2892 Test Method for Distillation of Crude Petroleum (15-Theoretical Plate Column)
D3227 Test Method for (Thiol Mercaptan) Sulfur in Gasoline, Kerosine, Aviation Turbine, and Distillate Fuels (Potentiometric
Method)
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.
D7566 − 24a
D3240 Test Method for Undissolved Water In Aviation Turbine Fuels
D3241 Test Method for Thermal Oxidation Stability of Aviation Turbine Fuels
D3242 Test Method for Acidity in Aviation Turbine Fuel
D3338 Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combustion of Aviation Fuels
D3343 Test Method for Estimation of Hydrogen Content of Aviation Fuels
D3701 Test Method for Hydrogen Content of Aviation Turbine Fuels by Low Resolution Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
Spectrometry
D3828 Test Methods for Flash Point by Small Scale Closed Cup Tester
D3948 Test Method for Determining Water Separation Characteristics of Aviation Turbine Fuels by Portable Separometer
D4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and API Gravity of Liquids by Digital Density Meter
D4054 Practice for Evaluation of New Aviation Turbine Fuels and Fuel Additives
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products
D4171 Specification for Fuel System Icing Inhibitors
D4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
D4176 Test Method for Free Water and Particulate Contamination in Distillate Fuels (Visual Inspection Procedures)
D4294 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum and Petroleum Products by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry
D4306 Practice for Aviation Fuel Sample Containers for Tests Affected by Trace Contamination
D4529 Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combustion of Aviation Fuels
D4625 Test Method for Middle Distillate Fuel Storage Stability at 43 °C (110 °F)
D4629 Test Method for Trace Nitrogen in Liquid Hydrocarbons by Syringe/Inlet Oxidative Combustion and Chemiluminescence
Detection
D4809 Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter (Precision Method)
D4865 Guide for Generation and Dissipation of Static Electricity in Petroleum Fuel Systems
D4952 Test Method for Qualitative Analysis for Active Sulfur Species in Fuels and Solvents (Doctor Test)
D4953 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Gasoline and Gasoline-Oxygenate Blends (Dry Method)
D5001 Test Method for Measurement of Lubricity of Aviation Turbine Fuels by the Ball-on-Cylinder Lubricity Evaluator
(BOCLE)
D5006 Test Method for Measurement of Fuel System Icing Inhibitors (Ether Type) in Aviation Fuels
D5190 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products (Automatic Method) (Withdrawn 2012)
D5191 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products and Liquid Fuels (Mini Method)
D5291 Test Methods for Instrumental Determination of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen in Petroleum Products and Lubricants
D5452 Test Method for Particulate Contamination in Aviation Fuels by Laboratory Filtration
D5453 Test Method for Determination of Total Sulfur in Light Hydrocarbons, Spark Ignition Engine Fuel, Diesel Engine Fuel,
and Engine Oil by Ultraviolet Fluorescence
D5972 Test Method for Freezing Point of Aviation Fuels (Automatic Phase Transition Method)
D6045 Test Method for Color of Petroleum Products by the Automatic Tristimulus Method
D6304 Test Method for Determination of Water in Petroleum Products, Lubricating Oils, and Additives by Coulometric Karl
Fischer Titration
D6379 Test Method for Determination of Aromatic Hydrocarbon Types in Aviation Fuels and Petroleum Distillates—High
Performance Liquid Chromatography Method with Refractive Index Detection
D6469 Guide for Microbial Contamination in Fuels and Fuel Systems
D6866 Test Methods for Determining the Biobased Content of Solid, Liquid, and Gaseous Samples Using Radiocarbon Analysis
D7042 Test Method for Dynamic Viscosity and Density of Liquids by Stabinger Viscometer (and the Calculation of Kinematic
Viscosity)
D7111 Test Method for Determination of Trace Elements in Middle Distillate Fuels by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic
Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES)
D7153 Test Method for Freezing Point of Aviation Fuels (Automatic Laser Method)
D7154 Test Method for Freezing Point of Aviation Fuels (Automatic Fiber Optical Method)
D7236 Test Method for Flash Point by Small Scale Closed Cup Tester (Ramp Method)
D7344 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products and Liquid Fuels at Atmospheric Pressure (Mini Method)
D7345 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products and Liquid Fuels at Atmospheric Pressure (Micro Distillation
Method)
D7359 Test Method for Total Fluorine, Chlorine and Sulfur in Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Their Mixtures by Oxidative
Pyrohydrolytic Combustion followed by Ion Chromatography Detection (Combustion Ion Chromatography-CIC)
D7524 Test Method for Determination of Static Dissipater Additives (SDA) in Aviation Turbine Fuel and Middle Distillate
Fuels—High Performance Liquid Chromatograph (HPLC) Method
D7945 Test Method for Determination of Dynamic Viscosity and Derived Kinematic Viscosity of Liquids by Constant Pressure
Viscometer
D7566 − 24a
D7974 Test Method for Determination of Farnesane, Saturated Hydrocarbons, and Hexahydrofarnesol Content of Synthesized
Iso-Paraffins (SIP) Fuel for Blending with Jet Fuel by Gas Chromatography
D8148 Test Method for Spectroscopic Determination of Haze in Fuels
D8267 Test Method for Determination of Total Aromatic, Monoaromatic and Diaromatic Content of Aviation Turbine Fuels
Using Gas Chromatography with Vacuum Ultraviolet Absorption Spectroscopy Detection (GC-VUV)
D8305 Test Method for The Determination of Total Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Total Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons in
Aviation Turbine Fuels and other Kerosene Range Fuels by Supercritical Fluid Chromatography
E29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to Determine Conformance with Specifications
2.2 Energy Institute Standards:
EI 1550 Handbook on Equipment Used for the Maintenance and Delivery of Clean Aviation Fuel
EI 1583 Laboratory Tests and Minimum Performance Levels for Aviation Fuel Filter Monitors
EI/JIG 1530 Quality Assurance Requirements for the Manufacture, Storage and Distribution of Aviation Fuels to Airports
IP 12 Determination of Specific Energy
IP 16 Determination of the Freezing Point of Aviation Fuels—Manual Method
IP 30 Detection of Mercaptans, Hydrogen Sulfide, Elemental Sulfur and Peroxides—Doctor Test Method
IP 34 Determination of Flash Point—Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Method
IP 69 Vapour Pressure-Reid Method (St-B-9)
IP 71, Section 1 Petroleum Products—Transparent and Opaque Liquids—Determination of Kinematic Viscosity and Calculation
of Dynamic Viscosity
IP 123 Petroleum Products—Determination of Distillation Characteristics at Atmospheric Pressure
IP 154 Petroleum Products—Corrosiveness to Copper—Copper Strip Test
IP 156 Petroleum Products and Related Materials—Determination of Hydrocarbon Types—Fluorescent Indicator Adsorption
Method
IP 160 Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Products—Laboratory Determination of Density—Hydrometer Method
IP 170 Determination of Flash Point—Abel Closed-Cup Method
IP 216 Particulate Contaminant in Aviation Fuel
IP 225 Determination of Copper in Light Petroleum Distillates—Spectrophotometric Method
IP 227 Corrosiveness to Silver of Aviation Turbine Fuels—Silver Strip Method
IP 274 Determination of Electrical Conductivity of Aviation and Distillate Fuels
IP 299 Determination of Bromine Index—Electrometric Titration Method
IP 323 Determination of Thermal Oxidation Stability of Gas Turbine Fuels
IP 336 Petroleum Products—Determination of Sulfur Content—Energy-Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry
IP 342 Petroleum Products—Determination of Thiol (Mercaptan) Sulfur in Light and Middle Distillate Fuels—Potentiometric
Method
IP 354 Determination of the Acid Number of Aviation Fuels-Colour-Indicator Titration Method
IP 365 Crude Petroleum and Petroleum Products—Determination of Density—Oscillating U-tube Method
IP 379 Determination of Organically Bound Trace Nitrogen—Oxidative Combustion and Chemiluminescence Method
IP 394 Liquid Petroleum Products—Vapour Pressure—Part 1: Determination of Air Saturated Vapour Pressure (ASVP) and
Calculated Dry Vapour Pressure Equivalent (DVPE)
IP 406 Petroleum Products—Determination of Boiling Range Distribution by Gas Chromatography
IP 423 Determination of Particulate Contaminant in Aviation Turbine Fuels by Laboratory Filtration
IP 435 Determination of the Freezing Point of Aviation Turbine Fuels by the Automatic Phase Transition Method
IP 436 Determination of Aromatic Hydrocarbon Types in Aviation Fuels and Petroleum Distillates—High Performance Liquid
Chromatography Method with Refractive Index Detection
IP 438 Determination of Water—Coulometric Karl Fischer Titration Method
IP 475 Petroleum Liquids—Manual Sampling
IP 523 Determination of Flash Point—Rapid Equilibrium Closed Cup Method
IP 524 Determination of Flash/No Flash—Rapid Equilibrium Closed Cup Method
IP 528 Determination for the Freezing Point of Aviation Turbine Fuels—Automatic Fibre Optic Method
IP 529 Determination of the Freezing Point of Aviation Fuels—Automatic Laser Method
IP 534 Determination of Flash Point—Small Scale Closed Cup Ramp Method
IP 540 Determination of the Existent Gum Content of Aviation Turbine Fuel—Jet Evaporation Method
IP 585 Determination of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME), Derived from Bio-diesel Fuel, in Aviation Turbine Fuel—GC-MS
with Selective Ion Monitoring/Scan Detection Method
IP 590 Determination of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) in Aviation Turbine Fuel—HPLC Evaporative Light Scattering
Detector Method
Available from Energy Institute, 61 New Cavendish St., London, WIG 7AR, U.K., http://www.energyinst.org.uk.
D7566 − 24a
IP 598 Petroleum Products—Determination of the Smoke Point of Kerosine, Manual and Automated Method
2.3 ANSI Standard:
ANSI 863 Report of Test Results
2.4 API Standards:
API 1543 Documentation, Monitoring and Laboratory Testing of Aviation Fuel During Shipment from Refinery to Airport
API 1595 Design, Construction, Operation, Maintenance, and Inspection of Aviation Pre-Airfield Storage Terminals
2.5 Joint Inspection Group Standards:
JIG 1 Aviation Fuel Quality Control & Operating Standards for Into-Plane Fuelling Services
JIG 2 Aviation Fuel Quality Control & Operating Standards for Airport Depots & Hydrants
2.6 IATA Guidance:
9680 IATA Guidance Material on Microbiological Contamination in Aircraft Fuel Tanks
IATA Guidance Material for Sustainable Aviation Fuel Management
2.7 UOP Test Methods:
UOP 389 Trace Metals in Oils by Wet Ash/ICP-AES
2.8 U.S. Department of Defense Specifications:
MIL-PRF-25017 Inhibitor, Corrosion/Lubricity Improver, Fuel Soluble
QDS-25017 Qualified Data Set for MIL-PRF-25017 (Inhibitor, Corrosion/Lubricity Improver, Fuel Soluble)
2.9 Other Standards:
ATA-103 Standard for Jet Fuel Quality Control at Airports
Defence Standard 91-091 Turbine Fuel, Aviation Kerosine Type, Jet A-1
ICAO 9977 Manual on Civil Aviation Jet Fuel Supply
AFRL-RQ-WP-TR-2013-0271 Determination of the Minimum Use Level of Fuel System Icing Inhibitor (FSII) in JP-8 that will
Provide Adequate Icing Inhibition and Biostatic Protection for Air Force Aircraft
3. General
3.1 This specification, unless otherwise provided, prescribes the required properties of aviation turbine fuel at the time and place
of batch origination.
4. Terminology
4.1 Definitions:
4.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this specification, refer to Terminology D4175.
4.1.2 conventional hydrocarbons, n—hydrocarbons derived from the following conventional sources: crude oil, natural gas liquid
condensates, heavy oil, shale oil, and oil sands.
4.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
4.2.1 alcohol-to-jet synthetic kerosene with aromatics (ATJ-SKA), n—a synthetic blending component starting from alcohol that
is produced by an initial dehydration followed by a bifurcated production stream, with one stream consisting of oligomerization,
hydrogenation and fractionation and the other consisting of aromatization and fractionation, and with both streams then blended.
4.2.2 alcohol-to-jet synthetic paraffınic kerosene (ATJ-SPK), n—an SPK produced starting from alcohol or olefin and processed
through the following steps: dehydration (applicable only to alcohol starting material), oligomerization, hydrogenation, and
fractionation (Annex A5).
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
Available from American Petroleum Institute (API), 1220 L. St., NW, Washington, DC 20005-4070, http://www.api.org.
Available from Joint Inspection Group (JIG), http://www.jigonline.com.
Available from International Air Transport Association (IATA). Head Office: 800 Place Victoria, PO Box 113, Montreal, H4Z 1M1, Quebec, Canada. Executive Office:
33, Route de l’Aeroport, PO Box 416, 1215 Geneva, 15 Airport, Switzerland. www.iata.org.
Available from ASTM International, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail].
Available from the Standardization Document Order Desk, 700 Robbins, Avenue, Building 4D, Philadelphia PA 19111-5094 (http://assist.daps.dla.mil).
Available from Air Transport Association of America, Inc. (ATA) d/b/a Airlines for America, 1301 Pennsylvania Ave. NW, Suite 1100, Washington, D.C. 20004,
http://www.airlines.org.
Available from Defence Equipment and Support, UK Defence Standardization, Kentigern House, 65 Brown Street, Glasgow, G2 8EX (http://www.dstan.mod.uk).
Available from International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), 999 University St., Montreal, Quebec H3C 5H7, Canada, http://www.icao.int.
Available from Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC), 8725 John J. Kingman Rd., Ft. Belvoir, VA 22060-6218, http://www.dtic.mil/dtic, accession number
ADA595127.
D7566 − 24a
4.2.3 batch origination, n—location at which fuel is certified as D7566.
4.2.4 conventional blending component, n—blending streams derived from conventional hydrocarbons.
4.2.5 hydroprocessed, adj—conventional chemical processing in which hydrogen is reacted with organic compounds in the
presence of a catalyst to remove impurities such as oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen; to saturate unsaturated hydrocarbons; or to alter the
molecular structure of the hydrocarbon molecules.
4.2.6 identified incidental materials, n—chemicals and compositions that have defined upper content limits in an aviation fuel
specification but are not approved additives.
4.2.7 metrological method, n—tube deposit rating methods employing an optical-based deposit thickness measurement and
mapping technique described in the D3241 annexes.
4.2.8 synthesized hydrocarbons, n—hydrocarbons derived from alternative sources such as coal, natural gas, biomass, fatty acid
esters and fatty acids, and hydrogenated fats and oils by processes such as gasification, Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, hydrothermal
conversion, and hydroprocessing.
4.2.9 synthetic blending component, n—synthesized hydrocarbons that meet the requirements of one of the annexes, Annex A1
– Annex A8.
4.2.10 synthesized iso-paraffıns (SIP), n—synthetic blending component that is comprised essentially of iso-paraffins.
4.2.11 synthesized paraffınic kerosine (SPK), n—synthetic blending component that is comprised essentially of iso-paraffins,
normal paraffins, and cycloparaffins.
4.2.11.1 Discussion—
Trace materials are permitted provided they are components that normally occur in hydroprocessed jet fuel including, but not
limited to, trace organics, nitrogen compounds, water, dissolved air, etc.
4.2.12 synthesized paraffınic kerosine plus aromatics
(SPK/A), n—synthetic blending component that is comprised of synthesized paraffinic kerosine (SPK) to which synthesized
aromatics have been added.
4.2.13 synthesized catalytic hydrothermolysis jet (CHJ), n—synthetic blending component that is comprised essentially of normal
paraffins, cycloparaffins, isoparaffins, and aromatics.
4.2.14 synthesized paraffınic kerosine from hydroprocessed hydrocarbons, esters and fatty acids (HC-HEFA SPK), n—synthetic
blending component that is comprised of bio-derived hydrocarbons and free fatty acids and fatty acid esters (for example, fatty
acid methyl esters) that have been hydroprocessed to saturate the hydrocarbon molecules and to remove essentially all oxygen.
5. Classification
5.1 Two grades of aviation turbine fuels are provided, as follows:
5.1.1 Jet A and Jet A-1—Relatively high flash point distillates of the kerosine type.
5.2 Jet A and Jet A-1 represent two grades of kerosine fuel that differ in freezing point. Other grades would be suitably identified.
6. Materials and Manufacture
6.1 Aviation turbine fuel, except as otherwise defined in this specification, shall consist of the following blends of components or
fuels:
D7566 − 24a
6.1.1 Conventional blending components or Jet A or Jet A-1 fuel certified to Specification D1655; with up to 50 % by volume of
the synthetic blending component defined in Annex A1.
6.1.2 Conventional blending components or Jet A or Jet A-1 fuel certified to Specification D1655; with up to 50 % by volume of
the synthetic blending component defined in Annex A2.
NOTE 1—The ability to add 50 % of Annex A1 or Annex A2 blending components (SPK) to Jet A or Jet A-1 is also limited by the physical properties
of the fuel with which it is being blended. Practice has shown that density, or aromatic content, or both, of the refined fuel often limit the amount of SPK
that can be added to the final blend to less than 50 %.
6.1.3 Conventional blending components or Jet A or Jet A-1 fuel certified to Specification D1655; with up to 10 % by volume of
the synthetic blending component defined in Annex A3.
NOTE 2—The ability to add 10 % of Annex A3 blending components (SIP) to Jet A or Jet A-1 may also be limited by the physical properties of the fuel
with which it is being blended. It is possible in extreme cases that viscosity of the refined fuel may limit the amount of SIP that can be added to the final
blend to less than 10 %.
6.1.4 Conventional blending components or Jet A or Jet A-1 fuel certified to Specification D1655; with up to 50 % by volume of
the synthetic blending component defined in Annex A4.
NOTE 3—The ability to add 50 % of Annex A4 blending components (SPK/A) to Jet A or Jet A-1 may also be limited by the physical properties of the
fuel with which it is being blended. The density, or aromatic content, or both, of the refined fuel may limit the amount of SPK/A that can be added to
the final blend to less than 50 %.
6.1.5 Conventional blending components or Jet A or Jet A-1 fuel certified to Specification D1655; with up to 50 % by volume of
the synthetic blending component defined in Annex A5.
6.1.6 Conventional blending components or Jet A or Jet A-1 fuel certified to Specification D1655; with up to 50 % by volume of
the synthetic blending component defined in Annex A6.
6.1.7 Conventional blending components or Jet A or Jet A-1 fuel certified to Specification D1655; with up to 10 % by volume of
the synthetic blending component defined in Annex A7.
6.1.8 Conventional blending components or Jet A or Jet A-1 fuel certified to Specification D1655; with up to 50 % by volume of
the synthetic blending component defined in Annex A8.
6.2 Fuels used in certified engines and aircraft are ultimately approved by the certifying authority subsequent to formal submission
of evidence to the authority as part of the type certification program for that aircraft and engine model. Additives to be used as
supplements to an approved fuel must also be similarly approved on an individual basis (see X1.2.4).
6.3 Additives—Only additives approved by the aviation industry (including the aircraft certifying authority) are permitted in the
fuel on which an aircraft is operated. The additives approved for use in D7566 jet fuel are shown in Table 1 and Table 2 and may
be used within the concentration limits shown in the tables subject to any restrictions described in the table footnotes.
6.4 Guidance material is presented in Appendix X3 concerning the need to control processing additives in jet fuel production.
6.5 From the point of manufacture to the point of blending to meet this specification, the synthetic blending component shall be
handled and transported in the same manner as finished jet fuel in order to maintain product integrity. Appropriate management
of change measures shall be used at manufacturing locations, distribution, and storage to maintain product integrity (see Appendix
X3).
Supporting data (Guidelines for Approval or Disapproval of Additives) have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may be obtained by requesting Research
Report RR:D02-1125. Contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail].
D7566 − 24a
A
TABLE 1 Detailed Requirements of Aviation Turbine Fuels Containing Synthesized Hydrocarbons
B
Property Jet A or Jet A-1 Test Method
COMPOSITION
Acidity, total mg KOH/g Max 0.10 D3242/IP 354
Aromatics:
One of the following requirements shall be met:
C, D E F
1. Aromatics, volume percent 8 to 25 D1319 or IP 156, D8267, or D8305
or
C, D
2. Aromatics, volume percent 8.4 to 26.5 D6379/IP 436
G
Sulfur, mercaptan, mass percent Max 0.003 D3227/IP 342
Sulfur, total mass percent Max 0.30 D1266, D2622, D4294, D5453, or IP 336
VOLATILITY
Distillation
H I J, K J H
Distillation temperature, °C: D86, D2887/IP 406, D7344, D7345, IP 123
10 % recovered, temperature (T10) Max 205
50 % recovered, temperature (T50) Report
90 % recovered, temperature (T90) Report
Final boiling point, temperature Max 300
D, L
T50 minus T10 Min 15
D, L
T90 minus T10 Min 40
Distillation residue, percent Max 1.5
Distillation loss, percent Max 1.5
M N N N N N
Flash point, °C Min 38 D56,D3828, D7236, IP 170, IP 523, IP 534
Density at 15 °C, kg/m 775 to 840 D1298, IP 160, D4052, IP 365
FLUIDITY
O
Freezing point, °C Max –40 Jet A D5972/IP 435, D7153/IP 529, D7154 or IP 528, or D2386/IP 16
O
–47 Jet A-1
VISCOSITY
One of the following requirements shall be met
(whichever is applicable):
1. The following requirement shall be met for semi-
synthetic jet fuel containing Annex A1 or Annex A4 syn-
thesized components blended in accordance with 6.1.1
or 6.1.4, respectively:
2 P Q
Viscosity –20 °C, mm /s Max 8.0 D445 or IP 71, Section 1,D7042, D7945
or
2. The following requirement shall be met for semi-
synthetic jet fuel containing Annex A5 synthetic blend
components blended at less than or equal to 30 % by
volume in accordance with 6.1.5:
2 P Q
Viscosity –20 °C, mm /s Max 8.0 D445 or IP 71, Section 1,D7042, D7945
or
3. The following requirements shall be met for semi-
synthetic jet fuel containing Annex A2, or Annex A3, or
Annex A6, or Annex A7, or Annex A8 synthetic blend
components blended in accordance with 6.1.2, or 6.1.3,
or 6.1.6, or 6.1.7, or 6.1.8, respectively:
2 P Q
Viscosity –20 °C, mm /s Max 8.0 D445 or IP 71, Section 1,D7042, D7945
and
2 P R R Q
Viscosity –40 °C, mm /s Max 12 D445 or IP 71, Section 1, D7042, D7945
or
4. The following requirements shall be met for semi-
synthetic jet fuel containing Annex A5 synthetic blend
components blended at greater than 30 % by volume in
accordance with 6.1.5:
2 P Q
Viscosity –20 °C, mm /s Max 8.0 D445 or IP 71, Section 1,D7042, D7945
and
2 P R R Q
Viscosity –40 °C, mm /s Max 12 D445 or IP 71, Section 1, D7042, D7945
LUBRICITY
S
Lubricity mm Max 0.85 D5001
COMBUSTION
T
Net heat of combustion, MJ/kg Min 42.8 D4529, D3338, D4809 or IP 12
One of the following requirements shall be met:
(1) Smoke point, mm, or Min 25.0 D1322/IP 598
(2) Smoke point, mm, and Min 18.0 D1322/IP 598
U
Naphthalenes, volume, percent Max 3.0 D1840 or D8305
CORROSION
Copper strip, 2 h at 100 °C Max No. 1 D130 or IP 154
V
THERMAL STABILITY
W W
2.5 h at control temperature of 260 °C, min D3241 /IP 323
Filter pressure drop, mm Hg Max 25
Tube rating: One of the following
X
requirements shall be met:
(1) Annex A1 VTR, VTR Color Code Less than 3
No peacock or
abnormal color deposits
D7566 − 24a
TABLE 1 Continued
B
Property Jet A or Jet A-1 Test Method
(2) Annex A2 ITR or Annex A3 ETR, Max 85
or Annex A4 MWETR,
nm avg over area of 2.5 mm
CONTAMINANTS
Existent gum, mg/100 mL Max 7 D381, IP 540
S
Microseparometer, Rating D3948
Without electrical conductivity additive Min 85
With electrical conductivity additive Min 70
ADDITIVES See 6.3
Y
Electrical conductivity, pS/m D2624/IP 274
A
For compliance of test results against the requirements of Table 1, see 7.3.
B
The test methods indicated in this table are referred to in Section 11. The referee test methods are italicized where applicable.
C
Minimum aromatics contents are based on current experience with the approved blends of synthetic blending components with conventional petroleum-derived fuels and
those levels were established from what is typical for refined jet fuel. Research is ongoing on the actual need for aromatics.
D
The minimum aromatics and distillation slope criteria only apply to aviation turbine fuels containing synthesized hydrocarbons produced to this specification and are not
applicable to conventional aviation turbine fuels produced to Specification D1655. Some batches of aviation turbine fuels produced to Specification D1655 may not meet
the minimum aromatics and distillation slope criteria specified in Table 1 of this specification.
E
In analyzing aviation turbine fuel by Test Method D1319 or IP 156, users shall not report results obtained using any of the following lot numbers of Fluorescent Indicator
Dyed Gel: 3000000975, 3000000976, 3000000977, 3000000978, 3000000979, and 3000000980.
F
Results from Test Method D8305 shall be bias-corrected using the bias-correction equation for total aromatics in Section 13 (Precision and Bias) of Test Method D8305.
The bias-corrected aromatics result shall also be used in Test Method D3338.
G
The mercaptan sulfur determination may be waived if the fuel is considered sweet by the doctor test described in Test Method D4952 or IP 30.
H
D86 or IP 123 distillation of jet fuel is run at Group 4 conditions, except Group 3 condenser temperature is used.
I
Distillation property criteria are specified in D86 or IP 123 scale units. D2887 or IP 406 results shall be converted to estimated D86 or IP 123 results by application of
the correlation in Appendix X4 of D2887 or Annex G of IP 406 for comparison with the specified property criteria. Distillation residue and loss limits provide control of the
distillation process during the D86 and IP 123 test methods and do not apply to D2887 or IP 406. Distillation residue and loss shall be reported as “not applicable” (N/A)
when reporting D2887 or IP 406 results.
J
Results from Test Methods D7344 and D7345 shall be bias-corrected.
K
Data supporting inclusion of the D7344 methodology is on file at ASTM International Headquarters and can be obtained by requesting Research Reports RR:D02-1621
and RR:D02-1855. Contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail].
L
These distillation slope limits are based on current experience with the approved blends of synthetic blending components with conventional petroleum-derived fuels and
these values were established from what is typical for refined jet fuel. Research is ongoing on the actual requirements for distillation slope.
M
A higher minimum flash point specification may be agreed upon between purchaser and supplier.
N
Relative to Test Method D56, results obtained by Test Method: D93 can be up to 1.5 °C higher; IP 170, IP 534 and D7236 can be up to 0.5 °C higher; D3828 (IP 523)
can be up to 0.5 °C lower (a research report is pending being filed at ASTM and is available at the Energy Institute as ILS2019_MMS_1).
O
Other freezing points may be agreed upon between supplier and purchaser.
P 2
1 mm /s = 1 cSt.
Q
Test Method D7042 results shall be converted to bias-corrected kinematic viscosity results by the application of the correction described in Test Method D7042, section
15.4.4.
R
D445 or IP 71, Section 1 allows measuring the viscosity at –40 °C, however the precision values were determined down to –20 °C. Data correlating test results at –40 °C
for D445 and other related ASTM test methods is provided in Research Report RR:D02-1776, Evaluation of Synthesized Iso-Paraffins produced from Hydroprocessed
Fermented Sugars (SIP Fuels), prepared by TOTAL New Energies, Amyris, Inc. and the United States Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL), Final Version, February
2014.
S
At point of manufacture.
T
For all grades use either Eq 1 or Table 1 in Test Method D4529 or Eq 2 in Test Method D3338 or IP 12. Test Method D4809 may be used as an alternative.
U
Results from Test Method D8305 shall be bias-corrected using the bias-correction equation for total polynuclear aromatics in Section 13 (Precision and Bias) of Test
Method D8305.
V
In analyzing aviation turbine fuel by Test Method D3241 or IP 323, users shall not report results obtained using a 230 Mk IV instrument containing an inline internal
non-consumable fuel filter located upstream of the 0.45 μm pre-filter.
W
D3241/IP 323 Thermal Stability is a critical aviation fuel test, the results of which are used to assess the suitability of jet fuel for aviation operational safety and regulatory
compliance. The integrity of D3241/IP 323 testing requires that heater tubes (test coupons) meet the requirements of D3241 Table 2 and give equivalent D3241 results
to the heater tubes supplied by the original equipment manufacturer (OEM). A test protocol to demonstrate equivalence of heater tubes from other suppliers is on file at
ASTM International Headquarters and can be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1550. Heater tubes and filter kits, manufactured by the OEM (PAC, 8824
Fallbrook Drive, Houston, TX 77064) were used in the development of the D3241/IP 323 test method. Heater tube and filter kits, manufactured by Falex (Falex Corporation,
1020 Airpark Dr., Sugar Grove, IL, 60554-9585) were demonstrated to give equivalent results (see D3241 for research report references). These historical facts should
not be construed as an endorsement or certification by ASTM International.
X
Tube deposit ratings shall be measured by D3241 Annex A2 ITR or Annex A3 ETR,ETR or Annex A4 MWETR, when available. If the Annex A2 ITR device reports “N/A”
for a tube’s volume measurement, the test shall be a failure and the value reported as >85 nm. Visual rating of the heater tube by the method in D3241 Annex A1 is not
required when Annex A2 ITR or Annex A3 ETR or Annex A4 MWETR deposit thickness measurements are reported. In case of dispute between results from visual and
metrological methods, the referee shall be considered the Annex A3 ETR method if available, otherwise Annex A2 ITR.ITR or Annex A4 MWETR. Data supporting the
inclusion of the Annex A4 MWETR has been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-2072. Contact ASTM
Customer Service at [e-mail].
Y
If electrical conductivity additive is used, the conductivity shall not exceed 600 pS/m at the point of use of the fuel. When electrical conductivity additive is specified by
-12 -1 -1
the purchaser, the conductivity shall be 50 pS ⁄m to 600 pS/m under the conditions at point of delivery. (1 pS/m = 1 × 10 m )
7. Detailed Requirements
7.1 The aviation turbine fuel shall conform to the requirements prescribed in Table 1 unless otherwise noted in 7.2, Annex A1,
Annex A2, Annex A3, Annex A4, Annex A5, Annex A6, Annex A7, or Annex A8, whichever is applicable.
7.2 The viscosity requirement of Table 1 applies to each batch of fuel in accordance with the following requirements:
D7566 − 24a
TABLE 2 Detailed Requirements for Additives in Aviation Turbine Fuels
Additive Dosage
Fuel Performance Enhancing Additives
A,B C
Antioxidants 24.0 mg/L max
One of the following:
2,6 ditertiary-butyl phenol
2,6 ditertiary-butyl-4-methyl phenol
2,4 dimethyl-6-tertiary-butyl-phenol
75 % minimum, 2,6 ditertiary-butyl phenol plus
25 % maximum mixed tertiary and tritertiary butyl-phenols
55 % minimum 2,4 dimethyl-6-tertiary-butyl phenol plus
15 % minimum 2,6 ditertiary-butyl-4-methyl phenol,
remainder as monomethyl and dimethyl tertiary-butyl phenols
72 % minimum 2,4 dimethyl-6-tertiary-butyl phenol plus
28 % maximum monomethyl and dimethyl-tertiary-butyl-phenols
A
Metal Deactivators
N,N-disalicylidene-1,2-propane diamine
C,D
On initial blending 2.0 mg/L max
After field reblending cumulative concentration 5.7 mg/L max
E, F, G, H I
Fuel System Icing Inhibitors 0.07 % by volume min
Diethylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether (see Specification D4171 Type III) 0.15 % by volume max
Fuel Handling and Maintenance Additives
J
Electrical Conductivity Improvers
One of the following:
K L
AvGuard SDA
On initial blending 3 mg/L max
After field reblending, cumulative concentration 5 mg/L max
L, M
Stadis 450
On initial blending 3 mg/L max
After field reblending, cumulative concentration 5 mg/L max
If the additive concentration is unknown at time of retreatment,
additional concentration is restricted to 2 mg/L max
Leak Detection Additives 1 mg/kg max
N
Tracer A (LDTA-A)
E,O,P
Biocidal Additives
Q
Biobor JF
R
Corrosion Inhibitor/Lubricity Improvers
One of the following:
S
Innospec DCI-4A 23 mg/L max
Nalco 5403 23 mg/L max
Into-Plane Water Management
T
Kerojet Aquarius PRD 30568468 250 ppmv, max
A
The active ingredient of the additive must meet the composition specified.
B
Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1125. Contact ASTM Customer
Service at [e-mail].
C
Active ingredient (not including weight of solvent).
D
If copper contamination is suspected, initial treatment may exceed 2.0 mg/L but cumulative total must be below 5.7 mg/L.
E
The quantity shall be declared by the fuel supplier and agreed to by the purchaser.
F
DiEGME content can by analyzed by Test Method D5006.
G
DiEGME is not suitable for use in systems that will later use EI 1583 filter monitors, which are commonly used at the point of aircraft fueling. Additional guidance is
provided in EI 1550 Chapter 9.
H
Some aircraft require higher levels than 0.07 % by volume.
I
The lower FSII concentration limit allowable in Jet Fuel is based on research by the US Air Force as documented in report AFRL-RQ-WP-TR-2013-0271. Some engines
and aircraft as certificated require higher minimum concentrations of icing inhibitor than the lower limit in this Jet Fuel specification. When fueling an aircraft, the fuel should
be additized to the concentration levels specified in the appropriate engine and aircraft manual.
J
If electrical conductivity improver is used, the conductivity shall not exceed 600 pS/m at the point of use of the fuel. When electrical conductivity additive is specified by
-12 -1 -1
the purchaser, the conductivity shall be 50 pS ⁄m to 600 pS/m under the conditions at point of delivery. (1 pS/m = 1 × 10 m )
K
AvGuard is a trademark of Afton Chemical Corporation, 500 Spring Street Richmond, VA 23219. Supporting documentation for this additive is found in RR:D02-1861.
Contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail].
L
Electrical conductivity improver content can be analyzed by Test Method D7524.
M
Stadis 450 is a registered trademark marketed by Innospec Inc., Innospec Manufacturing Park, Oil Sites Road, Ellesmere Port, Cheshire, CH65 4EY, UK.
N
Tracer A (LDTA-A) is a registered trademark of Praxair Services, Inc., Tucson, AZ 85705.
O
Biocidal additives are available for controlled usage. Where such an additive is used in the fuel, the approval status of the additive and associated conditions must be
checked for the specific aircraft and engines to be operated.
P
Refer to the Aircraft Maintenance Manual (AMM) to determine if the following biocide is approved for use and for the appropriate use and dosage.
Q
Biobor JF is a registered trademark of Hammonds Fuel Additives, Inc., 6951 W. Little York, Houston, TX 77040.
R
More information concerning minimum treat rates of corrosion inhibitor/lubricity improver additives is contained in X1.10.2.
S
Innospec DCI-4A is available from Innospec Inc., Innospec Manufacturing Park, Oil
...