ASTM D4529-17
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combustion of Aviation Fuels
Standard Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combustion of Aviation Fuels
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is intended for use as a guide in cases where an experimental determination of heat of combustion is not available and cannot be made conveniently, and where an estimate is considered satisfactory. It is not intended as a substitute for experimental measurements of heat of combustion (Note 2).
Note 2: The procedures for the experimental determination of the gross and net heats of combustion are described in Test Methods D240 and D4809.
4.2 The net heat of combustion is a factor in the performance of all aviation fuels. Because the exhaust of aircraft engines contains uncondensed water vapors, the energy released by fuel in vaporizing water cannot be recovered and must be subtracted from gross heat of combustion determinations to calculate net heat of combustion. For high performance weight-limited aircraft, the net heat of combustion per unit mass and the mass of fuel loaded determine the total safe range. The proper operation of the aircraft engine also requires a certain minimum net energy of combustion per unit volume of fuel delivered.
4.3 Because the heat of combustion of hydrocarbon fuel-mixtures are slowly varying functions of the physical properties of the mixtures, the heat of combustion of the mixtures can often be estimated with adequate accuracy from simple field tests of density and aniline point temperature, without the elaborate apparatus needed for calorimetry.
4.4 The empirical quadratic equation for the net heat of combustion of a sulfur-free fuel was derived by the method of least squares from accurate measurements on fuels, most of which conformed to specifications for fuels found in Note 1 and were chosen to cover a range of values of properties. Those fuels not meeting specifications were chosen to extend the range of densities and aniline-point temperatures above and below the specification limits to avoid end effects. The sulfur correction was found by a simultaneous least-squares regression analysis of sulfur-...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the estimation of the net heat of combustion at constant pressure in metric (SI) units, megajoules per kilogram.
1.2 This test method is purely empirical, and it is applicable only to liquid hydrocarbon fuels derived by normal refining processes from conventional crude oil which conform to the requirements of specifications for aviation gasolines or aircraft turbine and jet engine fuels of limited boiling ranges and compositions as described in Note 1.
Note 1: The estimation of the net heat of combustion of a hydrocarbon fuel from its aniline point temperature and density is justifiable only when the fuel belongs to a well-defined class for which a relationship between these quantities has been derived from accurate experimental measurements on representative samples of that class. Even in this class, the possibility that the estimates can be in error by large amounts for individual fuels should be recognized. The JP-8 fuel, although not experimentally tested, has properties similar to JP-5 and Jet A fuels and can be considered in the same class. The classes of fuels used to establish the correlation presented in this test method are represented by the following applications:
Fuel
Specification
Aviation gasoline fuels:
Specification D910
Grades 80, UL82, UL87, 90, 91, UL91, 94, UL94, 100/100LL/100VLL
Specification D6227
Specification D7547
Specification D7592
Aviation turbine fuels:
Specification D6615
Jet B, JP-4
MIL-DTL-5624
JP-5
MIL-DTL-5624
JP-8
MIL-DTL-83133
Jet A, Jet A-1
Specification D1655
Specification D7223
Specification D7566
1.3 The net heat of combustion can also be estimated by Test Methods D1405 or D3338. Test Method D1405 requires calculation of one of four equations dependent on the fuel type with the precision equivalent to that of this test method, whereas Test ...
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D4529 − 17
Designation: 381/97
Standard Test Method for
1
Estimation of Net Heat of Combustion of Aviation Fuels
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4529; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* calculation of one of four equations dependent on the fuel type
with the precision equivalent to that of this test method,
1.1 This test method covers the estimation of the net heat of
whereas Test Method D3338 requires calculation of a single
combustion at constant pressure in metric (SI) units, mega-
equation for aviation fuel with a precision equivalent to that
joules per kilogram.
test method.
1.2 This test method is purely empirical, and it is applicable
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
only to liquid hydrocarbon fuels derived by normal refining
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
processes from conventional crude oil which conform to the
standard.
requirements of specifications for aviation gasolines or aircraft
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
turbine and jet engine fuels of limited boiling ranges and
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
compositions as described in Note 1.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
NOTE1—Theestimationofthenetheatofcombustionofahydrocarbon
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
fuel from its aniline point temperature and density is justifiable only when
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
the fuel belongs to a well-defined class for which a relationship between
these quantities has been derived from accurate experimental measure-
2. Referenced Documents
ments on representative samples of that class. Even in this class, the
2
possibility that the estimates can be in error by large amounts for
2.1 ASTM Standards:
individual fuels should be recognized. The JP-8 fuel, although not
D129 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Gen-
experimentally tested, has properties similar to JP-5 and Jet A fuels and
eral High Pressure Decomposition Device Method)
can be considered in the same class. The classes of fuels used to establish
the correlation presented in this test method are represented by the D240 Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid Hy-
following applications:
drocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter
Fuel Specification
D611 Test Methods for Aniline Point and Mixed Aniline
Point of Petroleum Products and Hydrocarbon Solvents
Aviation gasoline fuels: Specification D910
D910 Specification for Leaded Aviation Gasolines
Grades 80, UL82, UL87, 90, 91, UL91, Specification D6227
94, UL94, 100/100LL/100VLL Specification D7547
D941 Test Method for Density and Relative Density (Spe-
Specification D7592
cific Gravity) of Liquids by Lipkin Bicapillary Pycnom-
3
eter (Withdrawn 1993)
Aviation turbine fuels: Specification D6615
Jet B, JP-4 MIL-DTL-5624
D1217 Test Method for Density and Relative Density (Spe-
cific Gravity) of Liquids by Bingham Pycnometer
JP-5 MIL-DTL-5624
D1250 Guide for Use of the Petroleum Measurement Tables
JP-8 MIL-DTL-83133
D1266 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Lamp
Method)
Jet A, Jet A-1 Specification D1655
D1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, or API
Specification D7223
Specification D7566
Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Prod-
1.3 The net heat of combustion can also be estimated by ucts by Hydrometer Method
D1405 Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combus-
Test Methods D1405 or D3338. Test Method D1405 requires
tion of Aviation Fuels
1 2
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
SubcommitteeD02.05onPropertiesofFuels,PetroleumCokeandCarbonMaterial. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2017. Published February 2017. Originally the ASTM website.
3
approved in 1985. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as D4529 – 01(2011). The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
DOI: 10.1520/D4529-17. www.astm.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, P
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D4529 − 01 (Reapproved 2011) D4529 − 17
Designation: 381/97
Standard Test Method for
1
Estimation of Net Heat of Combustion of Aviation Fuels
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4529; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Scope*
1.1 This test method covers the estimation of the net heat of combustion at constant pressure in metric (SI) units, megajoules
per kilogram.
1.2 This test method is purely empirical, and it is applicable only to liquid hydrocarbon fuels derived by normal refining
processes from conventional crude oil which conform to the requirements of specifications for aviation gasolines or aircraft turbine
and jet engine fuels of limited boiling ranges and compositions as described in Note 1.
NOTE 1—The estimation of the net heat of combustion of a hydrocarbon fuel from its aniline point temperature and density is justifiable only when
the fuel belongs to a well-defined class for which a relationship between these quantities has been derived from accurate experimental measurements on
representative samples of that class. Even in this class, the possibility that the estimates can be in error by large amounts for individual fuels should be
recognized. The JP-8 fuel, although not experimentally tested, has properties similar to JP-5 and Jet A fuels and can be considered in the same class. The
classes of fuels used to establish the correlation presented in this test method are represented by the following applications:
Fuel Specification
Aviation gasoline fuels: Specification D910
Grades 80, 82, 100/130, and 115/145 Specification D6227
Grades 80, UL82, UL87, 90, 91, UL91, Specification D6227
94, UL94, 100/100LL/100VLL Specification D7547
Specification D7592
DEF STAN 91–90
NATO Code F-18
Aviation turbine fuels: MIL-DTL-5624
Aviation turbine fuels: Specification D6615
Jet B, JP-4 MIL-DTL-5624
JP-4, Avtag/FSII
NATO Code F-40
JP-5 MIL-DTL-5624
JP-5, Avcat/FSII MIL-DTL-5624
DEF STAN 91–86
NATO Code F-44
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.05 on Properties of Fuels, Petroleum Coke and Carbon Material.
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2011Jan. 1, 2017. Published April 2012February 2017. Originally approved in 1985. Last previous edition approved in 20062011 as
D4529 – 01(2006).(2011). DOI: 10.1520/D4529-01R11.10.1520/D4529-17.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D4529 − 17
JP-8, Avtur/FSII MIL-DTL-83133
JP-8 MIL-DTL-83133
DEF STAN 91–87
NATO Code F-34
Jet A, Jet A-1, Avtur Specification D1655
Jet A, Jet A-1 Specification D1655
Specification D7223
Specification D7566
DEF STAN 91–91
NATO Code F-35
1.3 The net heat of combustion can also be estimated by Test MethodMethods D1405 or D3338. Test Method D1405 requires
calculation of one of four equations dependent on the fuel type with the precision equivalent to that of this test method, whereas
Test Method D3338 requires calculation of a single equation for aviation fuel with a precision equivalent to that test method.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D129 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (General High Pressure Decomposition Device Method)
D240 Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter
D611 Test Methods for Aniline Point and Mixed Aniline Point of Petroleum Products and Hydrocarbon Solvents
D910 Specification for Leaded Aviation Gasolines
D941 Test Method for Density and Relative Density (Specific Gravity) of Liquids by Lipkin Bicapillary Pycnometer (Withdrawn
3
1993)
D1217 Test Method for Density and Relative Density (Specific Gravity) of Liq
...
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