ASTM D4529-17
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combustion of Aviation Fuels
Standard Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combustion of Aviation Fuels
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is intended for use as a guide in cases where an experimental determination of heat of combustion is not available and cannot be made conveniently, and where an estimate is considered satisfactory. It is not intended as a substitute for experimental measurements of heat of combustion (Note 2).
Note 2: The procedures for the experimental determination of the gross and net heats of combustion are described in Test Methods D240 and D4809.
4.2 The net heat of combustion is a factor in the performance of all aviation fuels. Because the exhaust of aircraft engines contains uncondensed water vapors, the energy released by fuel in vaporizing water cannot be recovered and must be subtracted from gross heat of combustion determinations to calculate net heat of combustion. For high performance weight-limited aircraft, the net heat of combustion per unit mass and the mass of fuel loaded determine the total safe range. The proper operation of the aircraft engine also requires a certain minimum net energy of combustion per unit volume of fuel delivered.
4.3 Because the heat of combustion of hydrocarbon fuel-mixtures are slowly varying functions of the physical properties of the mixtures, the heat of combustion of the mixtures can often be estimated with adequate accuracy from simple field tests of density and aniline point temperature, without the elaborate apparatus needed for calorimetry.
4.4 The empirical quadratic equation for the net heat of combustion of a sulfur-free fuel was derived by the method of least squares from accurate measurements on fuels, most of which conformed to specifications for fuels found in Note 1 and were chosen to cover a range of values of properties. Those fuels not meeting specifications were chosen to extend the range of densities and aniline-point temperatures above and below the specification limits to avoid end effects. The sulfur correction was found by a simultaneous least-squares regression analysis of sulfur-...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the estimation of the net heat of combustion at constant pressure in metric (SI) units, megajoules per kilogram.
1.2 This test method is purely empirical, and it is applicable only to liquid hydrocarbon fuels derived by normal refining processes from conventional crude oil which conform to the requirements of specifications for aviation gasolines or aircraft turbine and jet engine fuels of limited boiling ranges and compositions as described in Note 1.
Note 1: The estimation of the net heat of combustion of a hydrocarbon fuel from its aniline point temperature and density is justifiable only when the fuel belongs to a well-defined class for which a relationship between these quantities has been derived from accurate experimental measurements on representative samples of that class. Even in this class, the possibility that the estimates can be in error by large amounts for individual fuels should be recognized. The JP-8 fuel, although not experimentally tested, has properties similar to JP-5 and Jet A fuels and can be considered in the same class. The classes of fuels used to establish the correlation presented in this test method are represented by the following applications:
Fuel
Specification
Aviation gasoline fuels:
Specification D910
Grades 80, UL82, UL87, 90, 91, UL91, 94, UL94, 100/100LL/100VLL
Specification D6227
Specification D7547
Specification D7592
Aviation turbine fuels:
Specification D6615
Jet B, JP-4
MIL-DTL-5624
JP-5
MIL-DTL-5624
JP-8
MIL-DTL-83133
Jet A, Jet A-1
Specification D1655
Specification D7223
Specification D7566
1.3 The net heat of combustion can also be estimated by Test Methods D1405 or D3338. Test Method D1405 requires calculation of one of four equations dependent on the fuel type with the precision equivalent to that of this test method, whereas Test ...
General Information
- Status
- Published
- Publication Date
- 31-Dec-2016
- Technical Committee
- D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
- Drafting Committee
- D02.05 - Properties of Fuels, Petroleum Coke and Carbon Material
Relations
- Effective Date
- 15-Mar-2024
- Effective Date
- 15-Mar-2024
- Effective Date
- 01-Mar-2024
- Refers
ASTM D7566-24 - Standard Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuel Containing Synthesized Hydrocarbons - Effective Date
- 01-Mar-2024
- Effective Date
- 01-Mar-2024
- Effective Date
- 01-Oct-2023
- Effective Date
- 01-Oct-2023
- Effective Date
- 01-Jul-2023
- Refers
ASTM D7566-23 - Standard Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuel Containing Synthesized Hydrocarbons - Effective Date
- 01-Jun-2023
- Effective Date
- 01-May-2020
- Effective Date
- 15-Dec-2019
- Effective Date
- 01-Dec-2019
- Effective Date
- 01-Dec-2019
- Effective Date
- 01-Jul-2019
- Effective Date
- 01-May-2019
Overview
ASTM D4529-17 is the Standard Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combustion of Aviation Fuels. Developed by ASTM International, this test method provides a practical, empirical approach for estimating the net heat of combustion (also known as lower heating value) of aviation fuels when laboratory-based experimental data are unavailable or impractical to obtain. The standard applies to liquid hydrocarbon fuels produced from conventional crude oil that meet established specifications for aviation gasolines and turbine and jet engine fuels.
Estimating the net heat of combustion is essential for assessing the performance and operational safety of aviation fuels, especially in scenarios where direct calorimetric measurements cannot be conducted easily.
Key Topics
- Applicability:
- Suitable for aviation gasolines and turbine fuels derived through standard refining processes.
- Applicable only to fuels within well-defined classes for which the correlation between properties and combustion heat has been established.
- Test Principles:
- Relies on empirical relationships involving the fuel's density, aniline point temperature, and sulfur content.
- Calculations are performed using specific equations or via interpolation in tabulated data.
- Measurement Units:
- Results are reported in megajoules per kilogram (MJ/kg) as standard SI units.
- Practical Guidance:
- Intended as an estimation solution, not a replacement for experimental calorimetry.
- Especially valuable when rapid or remote field assessments are required.
- Limitations:
- Not suitable for non-hydrocarbon fuels or those outside the defined property ranges.
- Accuracy may vary with individual fuels, and large errors are possible if a fuel does not conform to the class upon which the method is based.
Applications
The ASTM D4529-17 method is used primarily in the aviation industry for:
- Fuel Quality Control:
- Ensuring aviation fuels deliver sufficient energy for efficient aircraft engine operation.
- Determining the suitability of a fuel batch when immediate experimental analysis cannot be performed.
- Operational Planning:
- Estimating safe aircraft range and fuel requirements for specific flight missions based on net combustion heat.
- Specification Compliance Verification:
- Quick screening for compliance with established aviation fuel specifications such as ASTM D910, D1655, D6615, and several military and international standards.
- Comparative and Trend Analysis:
- Tracking variations in fuel energy content from batch to batch or over time.
Typical fuel types covered by this test method include:
- Aviation gasoline (e.g., Grades 80, UL82, 100LL, 100VLL)
- Jet fuels (Jet A, Jet A-1, Jet B)
- Military aviation fuels (JP-4, JP-5, JP-8)
- Other kerosene-based turbine fuels
Related Standards
ASTM D4529-17 is frequently used in conjunction with several related standards and methods, including:
- Experimental Determination:
- ASTM D240 and ASTM D4809: Standard test methods for the direct measurement of gross and net heats of combustion via bomb calorimetry.
- Alternative Estimation Methods:
- ASTM D1405 and ASTM D3338: Alternative test methods for estimating net heat of combustion in aviation fuels using other empirical approaches.
- Property Measurements:
- ASTM D611: Test methods for determining the aniline point and mixed aniline point.
- ASTM D1298/D4052: Methods for measuring the density or relative density of petroleum products.
- ASTM D129, D2622, D3120, D4294, D5453, D7039: Various sulfur measurement techniques for petroleum fuels.
- Fuel Specifications:
- ASTM D910: Aviation gasoline specifications.
- ASTM D1655: Jet A and Jet A-1 specifications.
- ASTM D6615: Jet B specifications.
- MIL-DTL-5624, MIL-DTL-83133: U.S. military specifications for aviation turbine fuels.
By providing a reliable, field-ready estimation of net heat of combustion, ASTM D4529-17 supports efficient fuel management and operational decision-making in aviation. For highest accuracy, experimental measurement methods should be used whenever possible, but this standard is the preferred alternative when quick estimations are required.
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Frequently Asked Questions
ASTM D4529-17 is a standard published by ASTM International. Its full title is "Standard Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combustion of Aviation Fuels". This standard covers: SIGNIFICANCE AND USE 4.1 This test method is intended for use as a guide in cases where an experimental determination of heat of combustion is not available and cannot be made conveniently, and where an estimate is considered satisfactory. It is not intended as a substitute for experimental measurements of heat of combustion (Note 2). Note 2: The procedures for the experimental determination of the gross and net heats of combustion are described in Test Methods D240 and D4809. 4.2 The net heat of combustion is a factor in the performance of all aviation fuels. Because the exhaust of aircraft engines contains uncondensed water vapors, the energy released by fuel in vaporizing water cannot be recovered and must be subtracted from gross heat of combustion determinations to calculate net heat of combustion. For high performance weight-limited aircraft, the net heat of combustion per unit mass and the mass of fuel loaded determine the total safe range. The proper operation of the aircraft engine also requires a certain minimum net energy of combustion per unit volume of fuel delivered. 4.3 Because the heat of combustion of hydrocarbon fuel-mixtures are slowly varying functions of the physical properties of the mixtures, the heat of combustion of the mixtures can often be estimated with adequate accuracy from simple field tests of density and aniline point temperature, without the elaborate apparatus needed for calorimetry. 4.4 The empirical quadratic equation for the net heat of combustion of a sulfur-free fuel was derived by the method of least squares from accurate measurements on fuels, most of which conformed to specifications for fuels found in Note 1 and were chosen to cover a range of values of properties. Those fuels not meeting specifications were chosen to extend the range of densities and aniline-point temperatures above and below the specification limits to avoid end effects. The sulfur correction was found by a simultaneous least-squares regression analysis of sulfur-... SCOPE 1.1 This test method covers the estimation of the net heat of combustion at constant pressure in metric (SI) units, megajoules per kilogram. 1.2 This test method is purely empirical, and it is applicable only to liquid hydrocarbon fuels derived by normal refining processes from conventional crude oil which conform to the requirements of specifications for aviation gasolines or aircraft turbine and jet engine fuels of limited boiling ranges and compositions as described in Note 1. Note 1: The estimation of the net heat of combustion of a hydrocarbon fuel from its aniline point temperature and density is justifiable only when the fuel belongs to a well-defined class for which a relationship between these quantities has been derived from accurate experimental measurements on representative samples of that class. Even in this class, the possibility that the estimates can be in error by large amounts for individual fuels should be recognized. The JP-8 fuel, although not experimentally tested, has properties similar to JP-5 and Jet A fuels and can be considered in the same class. The classes of fuels used to establish the correlation presented in this test method are represented by the following applications: Fuel Specification Aviation gasoline fuels: Specification D910 Grades 80, UL82, UL87, 90, 91, UL91, 94, UL94, 100/100LL/100VLL Specification D6227 Specification D7547 Specification D7592 Aviation turbine fuels: Specification D6615 Jet B, JP-4 MIL-DTL-5624 JP-5 MIL-DTL-5624 JP-8 MIL-DTL-83133 Jet A, Jet A-1 Specification D1655 Specification D7223 Specification D7566 1.3 The net heat of combustion can also be estimated by Test Methods D1405 or D3338. Test Method D1405 requires calculation of one of four equations dependent on the fuel type with the precision equivalent to that of this test method, whereas Test ...
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE 4.1 This test method is intended for use as a guide in cases where an experimental determination of heat of combustion is not available and cannot be made conveniently, and where an estimate is considered satisfactory. It is not intended as a substitute for experimental measurements of heat of combustion (Note 2). Note 2: The procedures for the experimental determination of the gross and net heats of combustion are described in Test Methods D240 and D4809. 4.2 The net heat of combustion is a factor in the performance of all aviation fuels. Because the exhaust of aircraft engines contains uncondensed water vapors, the energy released by fuel in vaporizing water cannot be recovered and must be subtracted from gross heat of combustion determinations to calculate net heat of combustion. For high performance weight-limited aircraft, the net heat of combustion per unit mass and the mass of fuel loaded determine the total safe range. The proper operation of the aircraft engine also requires a certain minimum net energy of combustion per unit volume of fuel delivered. 4.3 Because the heat of combustion of hydrocarbon fuel-mixtures are slowly varying functions of the physical properties of the mixtures, the heat of combustion of the mixtures can often be estimated with adequate accuracy from simple field tests of density and aniline point temperature, without the elaborate apparatus needed for calorimetry. 4.4 The empirical quadratic equation for the net heat of combustion of a sulfur-free fuel was derived by the method of least squares from accurate measurements on fuels, most of which conformed to specifications for fuels found in Note 1 and were chosen to cover a range of values of properties. Those fuels not meeting specifications were chosen to extend the range of densities and aniline-point temperatures above and below the specification limits to avoid end effects. The sulfur correction was found by a simultaneous least-squares regression analysis of sulfur-... SCOPE 1.1 This test method covers the estimation of the net heat of combustion at constant pressure in metric (SI) units, megajoules per kilogram. 1.2 This test method is purely empirical, and it is applicable only to liquid hydrocarbon fuels derived by normal refining processes from conventional crude oil which conform to the requirements of specifications for aviation gasolines or aircraft turbine and jet engine fuels of limited boiling ranges and compositions as described in Note 1. Note 1: The estimation of the net heat of combustion of a hydrocarbon fuel from its aniline point temperature and density is justifiable only when the fuel belongs to a well-defined class for which a relationship between these quantities has been derived from accurate experimental measurements on representative samples of that class. Even in this class, the possibility that the estimates can be in error by large amounts for individual fuels should be recognized. The JP-8 fuel, although not experimentally tested, has properties similar to JP-5 and Jet A fuels and can be considered in the same class. The classes of fuels used to establish the correlation presented in this test method are represented by the following applications: Fuel Specification Aviation gasoline fuels: Specification D910 Grades 80, UL82, UL87, 90, 91, UL91, 94, UL94, 100/100LL/100VLL Specification D6227 Specification D7547 Specification D7592 Aviation turbine fuels: Specification D6615 Jet B, JP-4 MIL-DTL-5624 JP-5 MIL-DTL-5624 JP-8 MIL-DTL-83133 Jet A, Jet A-1 Specification D1655 Specification D7223 Specification D7566 1.3 The net heat of combustion can also be estimated by Test Methods D1405 or D3338. Test Method D1405 requires calculation of one of four equations dependent on the fuel type with the precision equivalent to that of this test method, whereas Test ...
ASTM D4529-17 is classified under the following ICS (International Classification for Standards) categories: 75.160.20 - Liquid fuels. The ICS classification helps identify the subject area and facilitates finding related standards.
ASTM D4529-17 has the following relationships with other standards: It is inter standard links to ASTM D7566-24a, ASTM D1655-24, ASTM D910-24, ASTM D7566-24, ASTM D6227-24, ASTM D1655-23a, ASTM D7566-23b, ASTM D7566-23a, ASTM D7566-23, ASTM D1217-20, ASTM D7566-19b, ASTM D910-19, ASTM D7566-19a, ASTM D5453-19a, ASTM D1250-19e1. Understanding these relationships helps ensure you are using the most current and applicable version of the standard.
ASTM D4529-17 is available in PDF format for immediate download after purchase. The document can be added to your cart and obtained through the secure checkout process. Digital delivery ensures instant access to the complete standard document.
Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D4529 − 17
Designation: 381/97
Standard Test Method for
Estimation of Net Heat of Combustion of Aviation Fuels
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4529; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* calculation of one of four equations dependent on the fuel type
with the precision equivalent to that of this test method,
1.1 This test method covers the estimation of the net heat of
whereas Test Method D3338 requires calculation of a single
combustion at constant pressure in metric (SI) units, mega-
equation for aviation fuel with a precision equivalent to that
joules per kilogram.
test method.
1.2 This test method is purely empirical, and it is applicable
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
only to liquid hydrocarbon fuels derived by normal refining
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
processes from conventional crude oil which conform to the
standard.
requirements of specifications for aviation gasolines or aircraft
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
turbine and jet engine fuels of limited boiling ranges and
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
compositions as described in Note 1.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
NOTE1—Theestimationofthenetheatofcombustionofahydrocarbon
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
fuel from its aniline point temperature and density is justifiable only when
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
the fuel belongs to a well-defined class for which a relationship between
these quantities has been derived from accurate experimental measure-
2. Referenced Documents
ments on representative samples of that class. Even in this class, the
possibility that the estimates can be in error by large amounts for
2.1 ASTM Standards:
individual fuels should be recognized. The JP-8 fuel, although not
D129 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Gen-
experimentally tested, has properties similar to JP-5 and Jet A fuels and
eral High Pressure Decomposition Device Method)
can be considered in the same class. The classes of fuels used to establish
the correlation presented in this test method are represented by the D240 Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid Hy-
following applications:
drocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter
Fuel Specification
D611 Test Methods for Aniline Point and Mixed Aniline
Point of Petroleum Products and Hydrocarbon Solvents
Aviation gasoline fuels: Specification D910
D910 Specification for Leaded Aviation Gasolines
Grades 80, UL82, UL87, 90, 91, UL91, Specification D6227
94, UL94, 100/100LL/100VLL Specification D7547
D941 Test Method for Density and Relative Density (Spe-
Specification D7592
cific Gravity) of Liquids by Lipkin Bicapillary Pycnom-
eter (Withdrawn 1993)
Aviation turbine fuels: Specification D6615
Jet B, JP-4 MIL-DTL-5624
D1217 Test Method for Density and Relative Density (Spe-
cific Gravity) of Liquids by Bingham Pycnometer
JP-5 MIL-DTL-5624
D1250 Guide for Use of the Petroleum Measurement Tables
JP-8 MIL-DTL-83133
D1266 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Lamp
Method)
Jet A, Jet A-1 Specification D1655
D1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, or API
Specification D7223
Specification D7566
Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Prod-
1.3 The net heat of combustion can also be estimated by ucts by Hydrometer Method
D1405 Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combus-
Test Methods D1405 or D3338. Test Method D1405 requires
tion of Aviation Fuels
1 2
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
SubcommitteeD02.05onPropertiesofFuels,PetroleumCokeandCarbonMaterial. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2017. Published February 2017. Originally the ASTM website.
approved in 1985. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as D4529 – 01(2011). The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
DOI: 10.1520/D4529-17. www.astm.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D4529 − 17
D1655 Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels not available and cannot be made conveniently, and where an
D2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by estimate is considered satisfactory. It is not intended as a
Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry substitute for experimental measurements of heat of combus-
D3120 Test Method for Trace Quantities of Sulfur in Light tion (Note 2).
Liquid Petroleum Hydrocarbons by Oxidative Microcou-
NOTE 2—The procedures for the experimental determination of the
lometry
grossandnetheatsofcombustionaredescribedinTestMethodsD240and
D3338 Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combus-
D4809.
tion of Aviation Fuels
4.2 The net heat of combustion is a factor in the perfor-
D4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and API
mance of all aviation fuels. Because the exhaust of aircraft
Gravity of Liquids by Digital Density Meter
engines contains uncondensed water vapors, the energy re-
D4294 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum and Petroleum
leased by fuel in vaporizing water cannot be recovered and
Products by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spec-
must be subtracted from gross heat of combustion determina-
trometry
tionstocalculatenetheatofcombustion.Forhighperformance
D4809 Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid
weight-limited aircraft, the net heat of combustion per unit
Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter (Precision
mass and the mass of fuel loaded determine the total safe
Method)
range. The proper operation of the aircraft engine also requires
D5453 Test Method for Determination of Total Sulfur in
a certain minimum net energy of combustion per unit volume
Light Hydrocarbons, Spark Ignition Engine Fuel, Diesel
of fuel delivered.
Engine Fuel, and Engine Oil by Ultraviolet Fluorescence
4.3 Because the heat of combustion of hydrocarbon fuel-
D6227 Specification for Unleaded Aviation Gasoline Con-
mixtures are slowly varying functions of the physical proper-
taining a Non-hydrocarbon Component
ties of the mixtures, the heat of combustion of the mixtures can
D6615 Specification for Jet B Wide-Cut Aviation Turbine
often be estimated with adequate accuracy from simple field
Fuel
tests of density and aniline point temperature, without the
D7039 Test Method for Sulfur in Gasoline, Diesel Fuel, Jet
elaborate apparatus needed for calorimetry.
Fuel, Kerosine, Biodiesel, Biodiesel Blends, and
Gasoline-Ethanol Blends by Monochromatic Wavelength
4.4 The empirical quadratic equation for the net heat of
Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry combustion of a sulfur-free fuel was derived by the method of
D7223 Specification for Aviation Certification Turbine Fuel
least squares from accurate measurements on fuels, most of
D7547 Specification for Hydrocarbon Unleaded Aviation which conformed to specifications for fuels found in Note 1
Gasoline
andwerechosentocoverarangeofvaluesofproperties.Those
D7566 Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuel Containing fuels not meeting specifications were chosen to extend the
Synthesized Hydrocarbons
range of densities and aniline-point temperatures above and
D7592 Specification for Specification for Grade 94 Un- below the specification limits to avoid end effects. The sulfur
leaded Aviation Gasoline Certification and Test Fuel
correction was found by a simultaneous least-squares regres-
(Withdrawn 2016)
sion analysis of sulfur-containing fuels among those tested.
2.2 U.S. Military Standards:
5. Procedure
MIL-DTL-5624 Turbine Fuel, Aviation, Grades JP-4 and
JP-5
5.1 Determinetheanilinepointtemperatureofthesampleto
MIL-DTL-83133 Aviation Turbine Fuel, Kerosene Types,
the nearest 0.05 °C as described in Test Methods D611.
JP-8 (NATO F-34), NATO F-35, and JP-8+100 (NATO
5.2 Determine the density at 15 °C of the sample to the
F-37)
nearest 0.5 kg⁄m as described in Test Methods D941, D1217,
D1298, D4052, or G
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D4529 − 01 (Reapproved 2011) D4529 − 17
Designation: 381/97
Standard Test Method for
Estimation of Net Heat of Combustion of Aviation Fuels
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4529; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Scope*
1.1 This test method covers the estimation of the net heat of combustion at constant pressure in metric (SI) units, megajoules
per kilogram.
1.2 This test method is purely empirical, and it is applicable only to liquid hydrocarbon fuels derived by normal refining
processes from conventional crude oil which conform to the requirements of specifications for aviation gasolines or aircraft turbine
and jet engine fuels of limited boiling ranges and compositions as described in Note 1.
NOTE 1—The estimation of the net heat of combustion of a hydrocarbon fuel from its aniline point temperature and density is justifiable only when
the fuel belongs to a well-defined class for which a relationship between these quantities has been derived from accurate experimental measurements on
representative samples of that class. Even in this class, the possibility that the estimates can be in error by large amounts for individual fuels should be
recognized. The JP-8 fuel, although not experimentally tested, has properties similar to JP-5 and Jet A fuels and can be considered in the same class. The
classes of fuels used to establish the correlation presented in this test method are represented by the following applications:
Fuel Specification
Aviation gasoline fuels: Specification D910
Grades 80, 82, 100/130, and 115/145 Specification D6227
Grades 80, UL82, UL87, 90, 91, UL91, Specification D6227
94, UL94, 100/100LL/100VLL Specification D7547
Specification D7592
DEF STAN 91–90
NATO Code F-18
Aviation turbine fuels: MIL-DTL-5624
Aviation turbine fuels: Specification D6615
Jet B, JP-4 MIL-DTL-5624
JP-4, Avtag/FSII
NATO Code F-40
JP-5 MIL-DTL-5624
JP-5, Avcat/FSII MIL-DTL-5624
DEF STAN 91–86
NATO Code F-44
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.05 on Properties of Fuels, Petroleum Coke and Carbon Material.
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2011Jan. 1, 2017. Published April 2012February 2017. Originally approved in 1985. Last previous edition approved in 20062011 as
D4529 – 01(2006).(2011). DOI: 10.1520/D4529-01R11.10.1520/D4529-17.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D4529 − 17
JP-8, Avtur/FSII MIL-DTL-83133
JP-8 MIL-DTL-83133
DEF STAN 91–87
NATO Code F-34
Jet A, Jet A-1, Avtur Specification D1655
Jet A, Jet A-1 Specification D1655
Specification D7223
Specification D7566
DEF STAN 91–91
NATO Code F-35
1.3 The net heat of combustion can also be estimated by Test MethodMethods D1405 or D3338. Test Method D1405 requires
calculation of one of four equations dependent on the fuel type with the precision equivalent to that of this test method, whereas
Test Method D3338 requires calculation of a single equation for aviation fuel with a precision equivalent to that test method.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D129 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (General High Pressure Decomposition Device Method)
D240 Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter
D611 Test Methods for Aniline Point and Mixed Aniline Point of Petroleum Products and Hydrocarbon Solvents
D910 Specification for Leaded Aviation Gasolines
D941 Test Method for Density and Relative Density (Specific Gravity) of Liquids by Lipkin Bicapillary Pycnometer (Withdrawn
1993)
D1217 Test Method for Density and Relative Density (Specific Gravity) of Liquids by Bingham Pycnometer
D1250 Guide for Use of the Petroleum Measurement Tables
D1266 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Lamp Method)
D1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Products by
Hydrometer Method
D1405 Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combustion of Aviation Fuels
D1655 Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels
D2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry
D3120 Test Method for Trace Quantities of Sulfur in Light Liquid Petroleum Hydrocarbons by Oxidative Microcoulometry
D3338 Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combustion of Aviation Fuels
D4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and API Gravity of Liquids by Digital Density Meter
D4294 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum and Petroleum Products by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry
D4809 Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter (Precision Method)
D5453 Test Method for Determination of Total Sulfur in Light Hydrocarbons, Spark Ignition Engine Fuel, Diesel Engine Fuel,
and Engine Oil by Ultraviolet Fluorescence
D6227 Specification for Unleaded Aviation Gasoline Containing a Non-hydrocarbon Component
D6615 Specification for Jet B Wide-Cut Aviation Turbine Fuel
D7039 Test Method for Sulfur in Gasoline, Diesel Fuel, Jet Fuel, Kerosine, Biodiesel, Biodiesel Blends, and Gasoline-Ethanol
Blends by Monochromatic Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry
D7223 Specification for Aviation Certification Turbine Fuel
D7547 Specification for Hydrocarbon Unleaded Aviation Gasoline
D7566 Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuel Containing Synthesized Hydrocarbons
D7592 Specification for Specification for Grade 94 Unleaded Aviation Gasoline Certification and Test Fuel (Withdrawn 2016)
2.2 U.S. Military Standards:
MIL-DTL-5624 Aviation Turbine Fuels, Grades JP-4, JP-5, and JP-5/JP-8 STFuel, Aviation, Grades JP-4 and JP-5
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.
Available from for electronic download at ASSIST Quick Search (http://quicksearch.dla.mil). The ASSIST Quick Search website is the official US Department of Defense
Single Stock Point, 700 Robbins Ave., Building 4D, Philadelphia, PA 19111-5098.depository for public releasable specifications, standards and handbooks.
D4529 − 17
MIL-DTL-83133 Aviation Turbine Fuel, Kerosene Types, NATO F-34 (JP-8),JP-8 (NATO F-34), NATO F-35, and JP-8+100
(NATO F-37)
2.3 Directorate of Standardization, Ministry of Defence:
DEF STAN 91–86 Aviation Turbine Fuel, High Flash Kerosene Type with Fuel System Icing Inhibitor
DEF STAN 91–87 Aviation Turbine Fuel, Kerosene Type with Fuel System Icing Inhibitor
DEF STAN 91–88 Aviation Turbine Fuel, Wide Cut Type with Fuel System Icing Inhibitor
DEF STAN 91–90 Aviation Gasoline
DEF STAN 91–91 Aviation Turbine Fuel, Kerosene Type, Jet A-1
2.4 NATO Codes:
F-18 Aviation Gasoline
F-34 Aviation Turbine Fuel, Grade JP-8
F-35 Aviation Turbine Fuel, Jet A Type
F-40 Aviation Turbine Fuel, Grade JP-4
F-44 Aviation Turbine Fuel, Grade JP-5
3. Summary of Test Method
3.1 The aniline point, density, and sulfur content of the sample are determined by experimental test methods and the net heat
5,6,7
of combustion is calculated using the values obtained by these test methods based on reported correlations.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 This test method is intended for use as a guide in cases where an experimental determination of heat of combustion is not
available and cannot be made conveniently, and where an estimate is considered satisfactory. It is not intended as a substitute for
experimental measurements of heat of combustion (Note 2).
NOTE 2—The procedures for the experimental determination of the gross and net heats of combustion are described in Test Methods D240 and D4809.
4.2 The net heat of combustion is a factor in the performance of all aviation fuels. Because the exhaust of aircraft engines
contains uncondensed water vapors, the energy released by fuel in vaporizing water cannot be recovered and must be subtracted
from gross heat of combustion determinations to calculate net heat of combustion. For high performance weight-limited aircraft,
the net heat of combustion per unit mass and the mass of fuel loaded determine the total safe range. The proper operation of the
aircraft engine also requires a certain minimum net energy of combustion per unit volume of fuel delivered.
4.3 Because the heat of combustion of hydrocarbon fuel-mixtures are slowly varying funct
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