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ASTM E803-91(2002)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Determining the L/D Ratio of Neutron Radiography Beams

Standard Test Method for Determining the L/D Ratio of Neutron Radiography Beams

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The quality of a neutron radiographic image is dependent upon many factors. The L/D  ratio is one of those factors and constitutes a numerical definition of the geometry of the neutron beam. The L/D  ratio required for a specific neutron radiographic examination is dependent upon the thickness of the specimen and the physical characteristics of the particular element of interest. Use of this test method allows the radiographer and the user to determine and periodically check the effective collimation ratio.
SCOPE
1.1 This method defines an empirical technique for the measurement of the effective collimation ratio, L/D , of neutron radiography beams. The technique is based upon analysis of a neutron radiographic image and is independent of measurements and calculations based on physical dimensions of the collimator system. The values derived by this technique should be more accurate than those based on physical measurements, particularly for poorly defined apertures.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
14-May-1991
ICS
19.100 - Non-destructive testing
Technical Committee
E07 - Nondestructive Testing
Drafting Committee
E07.05 - Radiology (Neutron) Method
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM E803-91(2008) - Standard Test Method for Determining the <span class="italic">L/D </span>Ratio of Neutron Radiography Beams
Effective Date
01-Jul-2008
Referred By
ASTM E2861-16(2020) - Standard Test Method for Measurement of Beam Divergence and Alignment in Neutron Radiologic Beams
Effective Date
15-May-1991
Referred By
ASTM E3398-23 - Standard Guide for Digital Neutron Radiography
Effective Date
15-May-1991
Referred By
ASTM E748-19 - Standard Guide for Thermal Neutron Radiography of Materials
Effective Date
15-May-1991
Referred By
ASTM E545-19 - Standard Test Method for Determining Image Quality in Direct Thermal Neutron Radiographic Examination
Effective Date
15-May-1991
Referred By
ASTM E543-21 - Standard Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestructive Testing
Effective Date
15-May-1991

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ASTM E803-91(2002) - Standard Test Method for Determining the L/D Ratio of Neutron Radiography BeamsASTM E803-91(2002) - Standard Test Method for Determining the L/D Ratio of Neutron Radiography Beams
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ASTM E803-91(2002) - Standard Test Method for Determining the L/D Ratio of Neutron Radiography Beams
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E 803 – 91 (Reapproved 2002)
Standard Test Method for
Determining the L/D Ratio of Neutron Radiography Beams
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 803; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope and constitutes a numerical definition of the geometry of the
neutron beam. The L/D ratio required for a specific neutron
1.1 This test method defines an empirical technique for the
radiographic examination is dependent upon the thickness of
measurement of the effective collimation ratio, L/D, of neutron
the specimen and the physical characteristics of the particular
radiography beams. The technique is based upon analysis of a
element of interest. Use of this test method allows the
neutron radiographic image and is independent of measure-
radiographer and the user to determine and periodically check
ments and calculations based on physical dimensions of the
the effective collimation ratio.
collimator system.The values derived by this technique should
be more accurate than those based on physical measurements,
5. Apparatus
particularly for poorly defined apertures.
5.1 NU Device (seeFigs.2(a),2(b),and3)employsneutron
2. Referenced Documents absorbing rods positioned at various distances from the image
plane. In practice this device consists of cadmium and nylon
2.1 ASTM Standards:
rodslocatedinV-groovesaccuratelymachinedinthesurfaceof
E 748 Practices for Thermal Neutron Radiography of Ma-
analuminumchannelsectionsetata45 6 ⁄4°angletotheside
terials
support plate. Near the image plane end the V-grooves are
E 1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
machined on 0.283-cm centers. After 21 V grooves, counting
3. Summary of Test Method one on the end, the grooves are machined on 0.707-cm centers
to the source end. The 0.64-mm diameter cadmium and nylon
3.1 Determination of neutron beam L/D ratio using the NU
rods are laid into the V-grooves and secured with neutron
(no umbra) technique is accomplished by radiographing the
transparent adhesive tape. The aluminum channel is supported
NU device with the neutron beam to be measured and
by side plates to maintain the 45 6 ⁄4 ° angle relative to the
subsequently analyzing the radiograph by one of three meth-
image plane. While cadmium rods with diameters other than
ods. Each of the three methods is based upon the determination
0.64 mm may be used, the exact rod diameter must be known
of that point at which the umbral shadow width reaches zero.
and the depth of the V grooves must be adjusted accordingly.
See Fig. 1. A key feature of the NU technique is that L/D can
5.2 A single A unit as shown in Fig. 2(b) is used for L/D
be determined accurately without the need for expensive
values expected to be less than 150.Alternately, a singleAunit
instrumentation. Neutron radiography practices are discussed
used with appropriate spacers may be used to accommodate a
in Practices E 748 and the terms are defined in Terminology
wide range of L/D values.
E 1316.
6. Procedure
4. Significance and Use
6.1 Place the NU device against the cassette with the finely
4.1 The quality of a neutron radiographic image is depen-
spaced rods nearest the cassette.
dent upon many factors. The L/D ratio is one of those factors
6.2 Align the plane of the cassette perpendicular to the axis
of the neutron beam.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of Committee E07 on Nondestructive
6.3 Expose the single-emulsion film and NU device for a
Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.05 on Radiology
time span that will produce a nominal background film density
(Neutron) Method.
of 2.5 6 0.4.
Current edition approved May 15, 1991. Published July 1991. Originally
published as E 803 – 86. Last previous edition E 803 – 86.
6.4 Process the exposed film in accordance with the manu-
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.03.
facturer’s recommendations.
Newacheck, R. L., and Underhill, P. E., “The NU Method for Determining L/D
6.5 Analyze the resultant image in accordance with one or
Ratio Of Neutron Radiography Facilities,” Aerotest Operations, Inc., Report A.O.
77-27, June 1977. more of the three methods outlined in Section 7.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
E 803 – 91 (2002)
FIG. 1 Diagram of Zero Umbra Image Configuration
NOTE 1—Rods at “A” positions are 1 cm each side of center line (22 ea.)
NOTE 2—Rods at “B” positions are 2 cm each side of center line (9 ea.)
NOTE 3—Rods at “C” positions are 2.5 cm each side of center line (1 ea.)
NOTE 4—All dimensions from base line to reduce accumulative errors
NOTE 5—Rod arrangement shown for single system device. For an add-on device, to form a double system, extend the 11 spaces for 7.78 cm to 19
spaces for 13.43 cm and eliminate the close spacing (20 for 5.65 cm)
NOTE 6—Rods held tightly in position with one layer of transparent tape
2(a) Support Channel Subassembly with Rod Spacing
E 803 – 91 (2002)
2(b) L/D Apparatus Assembly
7. Data Analysis 7.2 Microdensitometric Analysis—The second data analysis
method is based on a microdensitometric scan across the
7.1 Visual Analysis—Avisualdeterminationofthe L/Dratio
cadmium rod images beginning with the “0” position rod
can be made directly from the neutron radiograph. When
nearest the film. A typical scan is shown in Fig. 4. A
observing the individual rod images, the umbral image can be
densitometer aperture of 20 3 300 µm and no horizontal
recognized as the “white” line along the center of the rod
expansion is suggested for this method. The value of b is
image. This “white” line will decrease in width for the rods
obtained from the intersection of a straight line originating
located farther and farther from the film. At some point the
from the tip (low film density) of the scan of the “0” rod and
umbral images will disappear. Beyond this point a less intense
a curved line through the tips of the remaining wave forms as
whitelinewillappearandincreaseinwidthwithincreasingrod
shown in Fig. 4. This method gives the best results for L/D
distance. Use of a 5 to 10-power magnifier will aid in
ratios up to a few hundred. Higher L/D ratios cannot be
determining the point at which the “white” line disappears and
determinedbythismethodduetotheinabilitytoobtainastable
thenincreasesinwidthwithadecreasedintensity.Basedonthe
visual observation, determine the rod with zero umbral width wave form for large values of b.
and then determine its distance (b) from the cassette. The L/D
7.3 Alternative Microdensitometric Analysis—This method
ratio is as follows:
also uses scanning microdensitometric traces for L/D ratio
determinations and is applicable for both high and low L/D
L/D5~b/rod diameter!
ratios. For this method the recommended microdensitometer
E 803 – 91 (2002)
FIG. 3 NU Device Pictorials
settings are: 20 3 300-µm aperture and 503 (or more) chart
where:
recording expansion. These settings will produce individual
U = umbral width of a rod near the image plane,
wave forms as shown in Fig. 5. At least two wave forms must
U = umbral image width of a rod near the d
...

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5.1 The procedures described in this practice have proven utility in the inspecting (1) monolithic polymer matrix composites (laminates) for bulk defects, (2) metals for corrosion during the service life of the part of interest, (3) thickness checks, (4) adhesive bonding of metals, composites, and sandwich core constructions, (5) coatings, and (6) composite filament windings. Both unpressurized, and with suitable precautions, pressurized materials and components are inspected.  
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5.5 The POD analysis method described herein is consistent with the analysis method for binary data described in MIL-HDBK-1823A, and is included in several widely utilized POD software packages to perform a POD analysis on hit/miss data. It is also found in statistical software packages that have generalized line...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the procedure for performing a statistical analysis on nondestructive testing hit/miss data to determine the demonstrated probability of detection (POD) for a specific set of examination parameters. Topics covered include the standard hit/miss POD curve formulation, validation techniques, and correct interpretation of results.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E3388-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Determining Image Unsharpness and Basic Spatial Resolution in Radiography and Radioscopy for High Energy Applications

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The gauge is intended to provide a means for measuring image or detector unsharpness and basic spatial image or detector resolution as independently as practicable from the imaging system and contrast sensitivity limitations. When the duplex plate gauge is positioned directly on the film or the digital detector instead on the test object, then the determined image unsharpness UIm corresponds to the inherent film or detector unsharpness (Udetector) and the determined basic spatial image resolution SRbimage corresponds to the basic spatial detector resolution SRbdetector. SRbimage provides a value which depends on the combined effect of detector unsharpness and geometric unsharpness.  
5.2 Basis of Application:  
5.2.1 The following items are subject to contractual agreement between the parties using or referencing this standard.
5.2.1.1 Personnel Qualification—Personnel performing examinations to this practice shall be qualified in accordance with NAS410, EN 4179, ANSI/ASNT CP 189, ISO 9712, or SNT-TC-1A and certified by the employer or certifying agency as applicable. Other equivalent qualification documents may be used when specified on the contract or purchase order. The applicable revision shall be the latest unless otherwise specified in the contractual agreement between parties.
5.2.1.2 If specified in the contractual agreement, NDT agencies shall be qualified and evaluated as described in Specification E543. The applicable edition of Specification E543 shall be specified in the contract.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the design and basic use of a gauge used to determine the image unsharpness and the basic spatial resolution of film radiographs or of digital images taken with CR imaging plates, digital detector arrays (DDA), or radioscopic systems (for example, with X-ray image intensifiers) for applications with Se-75, Ir-192, Co-60 and high energy sources with tube potentials ≥ 300 kV. The IQI may be used at lower tube potentials too, if the expected unsharpness is > 200 µm (SRbimage or SRbdetector > 100 µm). For the measurement of lower unsharpness values, the usage of the gauge described in Practice E2002 is recommended.  
1.2 This practice is applicable to radiographic and radioscopic imaging systems utilizing X-ray and gamma ray radiation sources.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 The gauge described can be used effectively if the duplex wire IQI of Practice E2002 does not provide sufficient contrast resolution.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E2663-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Digital Imaging and Communication in Nondestructive Evaluation (DICONDE) for Ultrasonic Test Methods

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Personnel that are responsible for the creation, transfer, and storage of ultrasonic test results will use this standard. This practice defines a set of information modules that, along with Practice E2339 and the DICOM standard, provides a standard means to organize ultrasonic test parameters and results. The ultrasonic test results may be displayed and analyzed on any device that conforms to this standard. Personnel wishing to view any ultrasonic inspection data stored in DICONDE format may use this document to help them decode and display the data contained in the DICONDE compliant inspection record.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the interoperability of ultrasonic imaging equipment by specifying image data transfer and archival storage methods in commonly accepted terms. This document is intended to be used in conjunction with Practice E2339. Practice E2339 defines an industrial adaptation of NEMA PS3 / ISO 12052 (DICOM, see http://medical.nema.org), an international standard for image data acquisition, review, transfer, and archival storage. The goal of Practice E2339, commonly referred to as DICONDE, is to provide a standard that facilitates the display and analysis of NDE test results on any system conforming to the DICONDE standard. Toward that end, Practice E2339 provides a data dictionary and set of information modules that are applicable to all NDE modalities. This practice supplements Practice E2339 by providing information object definitions, information modules, and data dictionary that are specific to ultrasonic test methods.  
1.2 This practice has been developed to overcome the issues that arise when analyzing or archiving data from ultrasonic test equipment using proprietary data transfer and storage methods. As digital technologies evolve, data must remain decipherable through the use of open, industry-wide methods for data transfer and archival storage. This practice defines a method where all the ultrasonic technique parameters and test results are communicated and stored in a standard format regardless of changes in digital technology.  
1.3 This practice does not specify:  
1.3.1 A testing or validation procedure to assess an implementation's conformance to the standard.  
1.3.2 The implementation details of any features of the standard on a device claiming conformance.  
1.3.3 The overall set of features and functions to be expected from a system implemented by integrating a group of devices each claiming DICONDE conformance.  
1.4 Although this practice contains no values that require units, it does describe methods to store and communicate data that do require units to be properly interpreted. The SI units required by this practice are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E2934-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Digital Imaging and Communication in Nondestructive Evaluation (DICONDE) for Eddy Current (EC) Test Methods

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Personnel that are responsible for the creation, transfer, and storage of eddy current NDE test results will use this standard. This practice defines a set of information modules that, along with Practice E2339 and the DICOM standard, provide a standard means to organize eddy current test parameters and results. The eddy current examination results may be displayed or analyzed on any device that conforms to the standard. Personnel wishing to view any eddy current examination data stored according to Practice E2339 may use this document to help them decode and display the data contained in the DICONDE compliant inspection record.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the interoperability of eddy current imaging and data acquisition equipment by specifying the image data transfer and archival storage in commonly accepted terms. This document is intended to be used in conjunction with Practice E2339 on Digital Imaging and Communication in Nondestructive Evaluation (DICONDE). Practice E2339 defines an industrial adaptation of NEMA PS3 / ISO 12052, an international standard for image data acquisition, review, storage, and archival storage. The goal of Practice E2339, commonly referred to as DICONDE, is to provide a standard that facilitates the display and analysis of NDE results on any system conforming to the DICONDE standard. Toward that end, Practice E2339 provides a data dictionary and a set of information modules that are applicable to all NDE modalities. This practice supplements Practice E2339 by providing information object definitions, information modules, and a data dictionary that are specific to eddy current test methods.  
1.2 This practice has been developed to overcome the issues that arise when analyzing or archiving data from eddy current test equipment using proprietary data transfer and storage methods. As digital technologies evolve, data must remain decipherable through the use of open, industry-wide methods for data transfer and archival storage. This practice defines a method where all the eddy current technique parameters and inspection data are communicated and stored in a standard manner regardless of changes in digital technology.  
1.3 This practice does not specify:  
1.3.1 A testing or validation procedure to assess an implementation's conformance to the standard,  
1.3.2 The implementation details of any features of the standard on a device claiming conformance, or  
1.3.3 The overall set of features and functions to be expected from a system implemented by integrating a group of devices each claiming DICONDE conformance.  
1.4 Units—Although this practice contains no values that require units, it does describe methods to store and communicate data that do require units to be properly interpreted. The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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