ASTM D3800-99(2010)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Density of High-Modulus Fibers
Standard Test Method for Density of High-Modulus Fibers
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Fiber density is useful in the evaluation of new materials at the research and development level and is one of the material properties normally given in fiber specifications.
Fiber density is used to determine fiber strength and modulus both of a fiber bundle and an individual filament. These properties are based on load or modulus slope over an effective area. Fiber density may be used with lineal mass of the fiber to give an approximation of effective tow area. Tow area divided by the average number of filaments in a tow gives an approximation of the effective area of an individual filament.
Fiber density is used as a constituent property when determining reinforcement volume and void volume based on reinforcement mass and laminate density.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the density of high-modulus fibers and is applicable to both continuous and discontinuous fibers.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.
1.3 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Section 9 for additional information.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Please contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: D3800 – 99 (Reapproved 2010)
Standard Test Method for
Density of High-Modulus Fibers
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3800; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
ASTM Test Methods
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the density
ofhigh-modulusfibersandisapplicabletobothcontinuousand
3. Terminology
discontinuous fibers.
3.1 Definitions—Terminology D3878 defines terms relating
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
tocompositematerials.TerminologyE12definestermsrelating
standard.
to density. Practice E177 defines terms relating to statistics. In
1.3 This standard may involve hazardous materials, opera-
theeventofaconflictbetweenterms,TerminologyD3878shall
tions, and equipment. This standard does not purport to
have precedence over other standards.
address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its
3.2 Symbols:
use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to
establish appropriate safety and health practices and deter-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
r = density of standard
s
See Section 9 for additional information.
r = density of liquid
l
r = density of fiber
f
2. Referenced Documents
r = density of the measured fiber containing sizing
mf
2.1 ASTM Standards:
r = density of the measured liquid containing sur-
ml
D891 Test Methods for Specific Gravity, Apparent, of
factant
Liquid Industrial Chemicals r = density of surfactant
sur
D1505 Test Method for Density of Plastics by the Density- r = density of sizing
sz
Gradient Technique r = density of water
w
s = standard deviation
D3878 Terminology for Composite Materials
M = weight of suspension wire in air
D5229/D5229M Test Method for Moisture Absorption 1
M = weight of suspension wire in liquid (to immer-
Properties and Equilibrium Conditioning of Polymer Ma-
sion point)
trix Composite Materials
M = weight of suspension wire plus item whose
D6308 Guide for Identification of Composite Materials in
density is to be determined (in air)
Computerized Material Property Databases
M = weight of suspension wire plus item whose
E12 Terminology Relating to Density and Specific Gravity
density is to be determined (in liquid)
of Solids, Liquids, and Gases
M –M = weight of item for density to be determined in
3 1
air
M –M = weight of item for density to be determined in
4 2
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D30 onCom-
liquid
posite Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D30.03 on
Constituent/Precursor Properties.
Current edition approved April 1, 2010. Published May 2010. Originally 4. Summary of Test Method
approved in 1979. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as D3800 – 99 (2004).
4.1 General—Usingrandomselectiontechniques,asuitable
DOI: 10.1520/D3800-99R10.
size sample of high-modulus fiber can be tested by any of the
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
three procedures described in this test method. Procedure A
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
using water with a surfactant as the liquid medium is preferred
the ASTM website.
3 due to environmental and safety considerations. The other
Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced
on www.astm.org. methods shall not be used if Procedure A is adequate. Interim
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Please contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
D3800 – 99 (2010)
use of Procedures B or C is allowed while a comparison is
where
made to results using Procedure A.
x = mass of sizing as a percentage of the total mass of the
4.2 Procedure A—Buoyancy (Archimedes) Method:
measured fiber.
4.2.1 The sample is weighed in air and weighed in a liquid
6.1.5 Effect of Surfactant Density—The addition of a sur-
that will thoroughly wet the sample and is of a lower density.
factant to a liquid may produce bias if not considered. The
4.2.2 The difference in weight of the sample in the two
effect may be shown by the following equation:
media is the buoyancy force. This force is converted to sample
~100 – x! r 1 x~r !
l sur
r 5 (2)
volume by dividing it by the liquid density. The sample weight
ml
in air divided by the sample volume equals the sample density.
4.3 Procedure B—Sink-Float Technique: where
x = mass of surfactant as a percentage of total mass of the
4.3.1 The sample is placed in a container containing a liquid
measured liquid.
that will thoroughly wet the sample and is of a lower density.
A liquid of higher density than the sample and miscible with 6.2 (Method A):
6.2.1 Immersion Point—The distance the sample is lowered
the first liquid is then added slowly to the container under
constant gentle mixing until the sample is suspended in the into the liquid and the overall liquid level should be the same
mixture. throughout determinations for Procedure A. This may be done
4.3.2 The density of the resulting mixed liquid is deter- by putting a line for the desired liquid level on the outside of
mined using either a hydrometer or a pycnometer. The density the container. The sample size should be within a few grams
of the sample is equal to the density of the liquid in which the from one sample to another.
sample is suspended.
7. Apparatus
4.4 Procedure C—For an alternative method, which may be
used, see Test Method D1505. 7.1 General:
7.1.1 Thermometer, capable of reading the test temperature
during the test to 0.1°C.
5. Significance and Use
7.1.2 Agitator—Stirrer or mixing propeller capable of
5.1 Fiberdensityisusefulintheevaluationofnewmaterials
slowly agitating solution without test interference.
attheresearchanddevelopmentlevelandisoneofthematerial
7.2 Procedure A:
properties normally given in fiber specifications.
7.2.1 Balance, analytical, capable of weighing to 0.0001 g,
5.2 Fiber density is used to determine fiber strength and
adapted for suspension weighing.
modulus both of a fiber bundle and an individual filament.
7.2.2 Balance Stand,dependingonthetypeofbalanceused;
These properties are based on load or modulus slope over an
two recommended stands are shown in Figs. 1 and 2.
effective area. Fiber density may be used with lineal mass of
7.2.3 Laboratory Jack, heavy-duty precision.
the fiber to give an approximation of effective tow area. Tow
7.2.4 Suspension Wire, nickel or stainless steel, approxi-
area divided by the average number of filaments in a tow gives
mately0.4mmindiameter,cutandshapedtomatchthesystem
an approximation of the effective area of an individual fila-
used.
ment.
7.2.5 Vacuum Desiccator (with Pump)—An airtight con-
5.3 Fiber density is used as a constituent property when
tainerinwhichalowvacuum(lessthan75kPa[22in.Hg])can
determining reinforcement volume and void volume based on
be maintained.
reinforcement mass and laminate density.
7.2.6 Density Standard—A solid piece of borosilicate glass
(density approximately 2.2 g/mL) of known density to four
6. Interferences
significant figures as determined by water immersion. ANIST
6.1 General (All Methods):
standard of this type (SRM 1825) is recommended.
6.1.1 Temperature—The temperature of the liquid shall
7.2.7 Vacuum Pump or Aspirator, used to provide vacuum-
remain constant within a tolerance of 61°C, since liquid
to-vacuum desiccator.
density changes with temperature.
7.2.8 Container, glass or other transparent container resis-
6.1.2 Sample Wetting (Entrapped Air)—Since this test
tant to a liquid medium is recommended.
method is very dependent on buoyancy, any entrapped air in
7.2.9 Immersion Liquid—The liquid used shall not dissolve
the sample will change the measured density and not give a
or otherwise affect the specimen, but should wet it and have a
true material density. Ensure visually that the sample does not 5
specific gravity less than that of the specimen. The specific
contain entrapped air bubbles.
gravity of the immersion liquid shall be determined shortly
6.1.3 Homogenous Mixture—The density of the liquid shall
before and after each use.
be uniform, through suitable agitation.
7.3 Procedure B:
6.1.4 Removal of Sizing—A bias will exist if sizing is not
7.3.1 Container, glass or other transparent container resis-
removed. In this case, the measured fiber density is a combi-
tant to liquids used is recommended.
nation of the density of the fiber and the sizing. The following
equation may be used to calculate the effect of the sizing on the
ANo. 19 “Pyrex” glass stopper with a 3.175-mm diameter hole bored through
density of the material.
the top for suspension purposes has proved satisfactory.
~100 – x! r 1 x~r !
f sz One suitable surfactant to use with water is Triton X manufactured by Rohm
r 5 (1)
mf
100 and Haas, Philadelphia, PA.
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Please contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
D3800 – 99 (2010)
FIG. 1 Density Apparatus (Alternative)
of filter paper, taking care not to draw any liquid from within the capillary.
7.3.2 Immersion Liquids—See Notes 1 and 2. One liquid
Place the cap over the side arm, wipe the outside carefully, and weigh the
should have a density less than the fiber, and the other greater,
filled bottle again to the nearest 0.2 mg. Empty the pycnometer, dry, and
so when mixed they have the same density as the fiber. Two
then fill and weigh with the other liquid in the same manner as was done
suitable liquids are trichloroethylene and dibromomethane
with the water. Calculate the specific gravity at 23°C of the liquid, r,as
f
(having densities of 1.464 and 2.477 g/mL). Both of these
follows:
liquids pose hazards (see Section 8).
r 5 ~b – e!/~w – e! (3)
l
7.3.3 Hydrometer, capable of reading liquid density.
7.4 Procedure C—Use the apparatus described in Test where:
e = apparent weight of empty pycnometer,
Method D1505.
w = apparent weight of pycnometer filled with water at 23°C, and
NOTE 1—Standard deionized or distilled water need not be measured,
b = apparent weight of pycnometer filled with liquid at 23°C.
but can be taken as a value from standard tables. For the determination
If a constant-temperature bath is available, a pycnometer without a
of the specific gravity of the liquid, the use of a standard plummet of
thermometer may be used.
known volume (Note 3) orTest MethodA, C, or D ofTest Methods D891,
NOTE 2—One standard, which has been found satisfactory for this
using the modifications required to give specific gravity at 23°C is
purpose, is the Reimann Thermometer Plummet. These are normally
recommended. One suggested procedure is the following: If a constant
calibrated for measurements at temperatures other than 23/23°C, so that
temperature water bath is not available, determine the weight of the clean,
recalibration is necessary for the purpose of these test methods. Calibra-
dry pycnometer with the thermometer to the nearest 0.1 mg on an
tions at intervals of one week are recommended.
analyticalbalance.Fillthepycnometerwithwatercoolerthan23°C.Insert
8. Reagents
the thermometer stopper causing excess water to be expelled through the
side arm. Permit the filled bottle to warm in air until the thermometer
8.1 Purity of Reagents—As a minimum, a technical grade
reads 23°C. Remove the drop of water at the tip of the side arm with a bit
reagent is required to provide accurate results. However, when
resolving disputes or performing subsequent analysis of extract
or residue, a reagent grade reagent shall be used. Unless
One such reference is in CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, CRC Press
Inc., Boca Raton, FL. otherwise indicated, it is intended that the reagents conform to
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Please contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
D3800 – 99 (2010)
FIG. 2 Density Apparatus (Alternative)
the specifications of the Committee on Analytical Reagents of cals.Asource of useful information is Prudent Practices in the
the American Chemical Society where such specifications are Laboratory: Handling and Disposal of Chemicals, National
available. Academy Press, 1995, 448 pp., ISBN 0-309-05229-7.
8.1.1 Water,H O, (deionized or distilled and degassed), (Warning—In addition to other warnings, consult the appro-
maycontainawettingagentsuchasglycerinorsurfactant.This priate material safety data sheet for each material used,
is the safest reagent found, and recommended for ProcedureA. including reagent materials and test specimen materials, for
specific recommendations on safety and handling.)
NOTE 3—Reagents in 8.1.2-8.1.6 should be used if water is found to be
unsatisfactory to accurately determine the density of the fiber. Other
10. Test Specimen
reagents are listed in order of known hazard or toxicity.
10.1 A minimum of three test specimens shall be tested for
8.1.2 Acetone (2-Propanone),CH CHOCH .
3 3
each sample.
8.1.3 Methanol (Methyl Alcohol),CH OH.
10.2 The test specimen weight shall be a minimum of 0.5 g.
8.1.4 o-dichlorobenzene,CH Cl.(Warning—o-
4 2
dichlorobenzene has been identified as toxic and an irritant.)
11. Calibration and Standardization
8.1.5 Dibromomethane,CH Br.(Warning—As of the ap-
2 2
11.1 All measuring equipment shall have certified calibra-
proval date of this test method, dibromomethane was listed by
tions that are current at the time of use of the equipment. The
the International Agency for Research on Cancer in Group 2C
calibration documentation shall be available for inspection.
as “toxic.”)
8.1.6 Trichloroethylene, CHClCCl.(Warning—Asofthe
12. Conditioning
approval date of this test method, trichloroethylene was listed
12.1 Test Method D5229/D5229M may be used to deter-
by the International Agency for Research on Cancer in Group
mine equilibrium dryness of a fiber. In general, no special
2D as a “cancer suspect agent” and mutagen.)
conditioning is needed for carbon fiber, less than 1 h at 100°C
9. Hazards
is n
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