ASTM D804-12(2022)

Standard Terminology Relating to Pine Chemicals, Including Tall Oil and Related Products

SCOPE
1.1 Although the pine chemical industry has been a continuing producer of chemical products for many centuries, the nature of the industry, its products, and its terminology have changed. In particular, the original practice of recovering pine chemical through the processing of the exudate from pine trees has been supplemented by their extraction by solvent products of the wood pulping industry. For many years the industry was known as the Naval Stores industry but that term has gradually been replaced by the more descriptive and meaningful term, Pine Chemicals Industry. Thus, this terminology contains some old terms now mostly of historic value, together with the terms of the modern pine chemical industry.2  
1.2 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 30-Nov-2022
• ICS: 01.040.87 - Paint and colour industries (Vocabularies)
• ICS: 87.060.30 - Solvents
• Technical Committee: D01 - Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications
• Drafting Committee: D01.34 - Pine Chemicals and Hydrocarbon Resins

Relations

• Refers: ASTM D6090-12 - Standard Test Method for Softening Point Resins (Mettler Cup and Ball Method)
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2012
• Refers: ASTM E28-99(2009) - Standard Test Methods for Softening Point of Resins Derived from Naval Stores by Ring-and-Ball Apparatus
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2009
• Refers: ASTM D6090-99(2008) - Standard Test Method for Softening Point Resins (Mettler Cup and Ball Method)
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2008
• Refers: ASTM E28-99(2004) - Standard Test Methods for Softening Point of Resins Derived from Naval Stores by Ring-and-Ball Apparatus
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2004
• Refers: ASTM D6090-99(2004) - Standard Test Method for Softening Point Resins (Mettler Cup and Ball Method)
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2004
• Refers: ASTM E28-99 - Standard Test Methods for Softening Point of Resins Derived from Naval Stores by Ring-and-Ball Apparatus
• Effective Date: 10-Dec-1999
• Refers: ASTM D6090-99 - Standard Test Method for Softening Point Resins (Mettler Cup and Ball Method)
• Effective Date: 10-Jun-1999

Overview

ASTM D804-12(2022): Standard Terminology Relating to Pine Chemicals, Including Tall Oil and Related Products sets the foundational vocabulary for professionals and organizations working with pine chemicals. The document, developed by ASTM International, caters to the evolving field of pine chemistry, covering traditional practices and modern industrial techniques. As the industry has shifted from the historic Naval Stores model to the broader Pine Chemicals sector, terminology has expanded to encompass products derived from wood pulping, solvent extraction, and advanced processing.

This standard supports global trade and industry harmonization by providing clear, internationally recognized definitions for pine chemical materials, from primary products like rosin and tall oil to specialized derivatives and by-products.

Key Topics

• Comprehensive Terminology: Definitions cover a wide range of pine chemical products, including rosin, tall oil, pine tar, turpentine, pine oils, and their respective grades, by-products, and chemical derivatives.
• Historical and Modern Context: Terms reflect both legacy and contemporary pine chemical production methods, enabling professionals to navigate documentation from different eras.
• Pine Chemical Derivatives: Explanations of derivatives such as ester gum, metallic resinates, modified rosins, and various terpene compounds align with their usage in industrial chemistry.
• Product Classification: Grading systems for rosin, distinctions among gum, wood, and tall oil rosins, and the identification of key constituents like abietic acid and terpenes.
• Industrial By-Products: Includes terminology related to substances like crude stripper oil, soap skimmings, and tall oil heads, all relevant to pulp and paper by-product valorization.
• Process Descriptions: Terms related to methods like destructive distillation, steam distillation, fractional distillation, and chemical modification are precisely defined to support quality control and compliance.

Applications

ASTM D804-12(2022) is widely utilized in industries and contexts where pine chemicals are integral:

• Manufacturing and Industry: Ensures consistent terminology in the production and commerce of rosin, turpentine, tall oil, oleoresin, and terpene-based products for adhesives, inks, coatings, and rubber.
• Quality Control and Compliance: Provides a standard reference for laboratory analysis, material certifications, and regulatory documentation.
• Pulp and Paper Industry: Clarifies terms related to by-products and co-products, supporting sustainable use and valorization of residual materials.
• Research and Development: Facilitates communication in academic and industrial research, especially relating to specialty chemicals, bio-based materials, and green chemistry.
• International Trade: Reduces ambiguities in contracts, safety data sheets, and commercial exchanges, supporting compliance with WTO Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) principles.

Related Standards

To ensure comprehensive knowledge and adherence to best practices in the pine chemicals industry, ASTM D804-12(2022) is frequently referenced alongside:

• ASTM D6090 – Test Method for Softening Point Resins (Mettler Cup and Ball Method)
• ASTM E28 – Test Methods for Softening Point of Resins Derived from Pine Chemicals and Hydrocarbons, by Ring-and-Ball Apparatus

These related standards assist in assessing the physical properties and performance specifications of pine chemical products, supplementing the terminology foundation provided by ASTM D804.

Keywords: pine chemicals, tall oil, rosin, turpentine, ASTM D804, pine chemical terminology, pine chemical industry, naval stores, resin acids, terpene, quality standards, industrial chemicals

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D804 − 12 (Reapproved 2022)
Standard Terminology Relating to
Pine Chemicals, Including Tall Oil and Related Products
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D804; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope purposes and in which abietic acid and its isomers are the
principal components.
1.1 Although the pine chemical industry has been a con-
tinuing producer of chemical products for many centuries, the
colophony, n—a term denoting medium and high grades of
nature of the industry, its products, and its terminology have
rosin.
changed. In particular, the original practice of recovering pine
crude stripper oil, n—a by-product of the manufacture of
chemical through the processing of the exudate from pine trees
citrus juice, composed largely of d-limonene and containing
has been supplemented by their extraction by solvent products
up to 1.5 % of aldehydes. (See also d-limonene.)
of the wood pulping industry. For many years the industry was
dipentene, n—chemically defined as the optically inactive
known as the Naval Stores industry but that term has gradually
been replaced by the more descriptive and meaningful term, form of the monocyclic terpene hydrocarbon limonene.
DISCUSSION—Commercial dipentenes contain substantial portions of
Pine Chemicals Industry.Thus, this terminology contains some
other monocyclic and bicyclic, as well as some oxygenated, terpenes
old terms now mostly of historic value, together with the terms
2 having closely related boiling ranges. They are generally obtained by
of the modern pine chemical industry.
fractional distillation from crude oils recovered in the several commer-
1.2 This international standard was developed in accor-
cial methods of utilizing pine wood, also by isomerization during the
chemical processing of terpenes. There is no legal requirement under
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
the Naval Stores Act that the source, origin, or kind of dipentene be
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
shown in the commercial designation. Consequently, coined trade
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
names are sometimes used in selling this product. The four kinds of
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
commercial dipentene are:
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
chemically processed dipentene, n—recovered as a product
or a by-product in connection with the chemical treatment and
2. Referenced Documents
conversion of other terpenes.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
destructively distilled dipentene, n—fromthelighterportions
D6090 Test Method for Softening Point Resins (Mettler Cup
of the oil recovered during the destructive distillation of pine
and Ball Method)
wood.
E28 Test Methods for Softening Point of Resins Derived
steam-distilled dipentene, n—fractionated from the crude
from Pine Chemicals and Hydrocarbons, by Ring-and-
oleoresinous extract during the processing of related steam-
Ball Apparatus
distilled wood naval stores.
3. Terminology
sulfate dipentene, n—from the crude condensate of the
vapors generated in the digestion of wood in the sulfate paper
abietic acid, commercial grade, n—a product consisting
pulp process.
chiefly of rosin acids in substantially pure form, separated
either from rosin or tall oil commercially for specific
ester gum, n—a resin made from rosin and a polyhydric
alcohol, generally glycerol or pentaerythritol.
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint
gloss oil, n—a solution of limed rosin or limed rosin acids in a
and Related Coatings, Materials, andApplications and is the direct responsibility of
volatile solvent, used chiefly in surface coatings.
Subcommittee D01.34 on Pine Chemicals and Hydrocarbon Resins.
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2022. Published December 2022. Originally
d-limonene, n—apurifiedopticallyactiveterpenehydrocarbon
approved in 1944. Last previous edition approved in 2017 as D804 – 12 (2017).
recovered from by-products of the citrus industry.
DOI: 10.1520/D0804-12R22.
DISCUSSION—It is used as a chemical intermediate and as a monomer
Zinkel, D. F., and Russell, J., eds., Naval Stores: Production, Chemistry and
in terpene resins.
Utilization, Pulp Chemicals Association, NY, 1989.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
metallic resinates, n—rosin in which part or all of the rosin
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
acids have been chemically reacted with those metals that
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. give soaps or salts which are water insoluble.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D804 − 12 (2022)
DISCUSSION—Limed rosin, zinc-treated rosin, and the resinates of
oil of (pine) tar, n—certain heavier fractions of the volatile oil
lead, cobalt, copper, and manganese, are of the greatest industrial
recovered by distilling pine-tar oil to convert it into pine tar.
importance.
oil of turpentine, n—the pharmaceutical name for spirits of
modified rosin, n—rosin that has been treated with heat or
turpentine that conforms to the requirements of the National
catalysts,orbothwithorwithoutaddedchemicalsubstances,
Formulary.
so as to cause substantial change in the structure of the rosin
oleoresin, n—pine gum, the nonaqueous secretion of resin
acids, as isomerization, hydrogenation, dehydrogenation, or
acids dissolved in a terpene hydrocarbon oil that is produced
polymerization, usually without substantial effect on the
or exuded from the intercellular resin ducts of a living tree,
carboxyl group.
and is present, together with oxidation products, in the dead
DISCUSSION—The following are types of modified rosin:
wood of weathered limbs and stumps.
disproportionated (dehydrogenated) rosin, n—rosin that has been
subjected to chemical or physical treatment, or both, so as to cause
pine needle oil, n—an essential oil of typical fragrance
substantial simultaneous hydrogenation and dehydrogenation of the
obtained by steam distillation of the leaves (needles) of
rosin acids to form their hydrogenated and dehydrogenated counter-
parts. certain species of pine.
heat-treated rosin, n—rosin in which a reduction of acid number and a DISCUSSION—Some imported oils derived from other conifers are
positive shift in optical rotation has been brought about by controlled classified as pine needle oil.
heat treatment only, in order to improve its suitability for specific uses.
pinenes, n—bicyclic terpene hydrocarbons, the principal con-
hydrogenated rosin, n—rosinthathasbeentreatedwithhydrogenunder
stituent of all turpentines and existing therein in two iso-
conditions that cause a partial or complete saturation of the resin acids
present, best indicated by a drop in the refractive index. Commercial
meric forms, alpha-pinene and beta-pinene.
hydrogenated rosin is usually only partially saturated.
pine oil, n—a colorless to amber colored volatile oil with
polymerized rosin, n—rosin that has been treated by chemical
characteristic pinaceous odor, consisting principally of iso-
or physical means, or both, in a manner so as to cause the
meric tertiary and secondary cyclic terpene alcohols, with
formationofdimers(andsometrimers)tosuchanextentthat
variable quantities of terpene hydrocarbons, ethers, ketones,
the average molecular weight of such rosin will be measur-
phenols, and phenolic ethers, the amount and character of
ably greater than that of the original rosin. Also known as
which depend on the source and method of manufacture.
“dimerized rosin.”
DISCUSSION—The four commercial kinds of pine oil are:
destructively distilled pine oil, n—obtained from the lighter distillate
monocyclic terpenes, n—a designation sometimes used in the
from the destructive distillation (carbonization) of pine wood.
trade to describe a heterogeneous mixture of monocyclic, steam-distilled pine oil, n—obtained from the crude oleoresinous
extract of pinewood during the processing of related steam-distilled
bicyclic, and other related terpene C H hydrocarbons
10 16
wood naval stores . sulfate pine oil, n—a high boiling fraction obtained
recovered or removed in the fractionation of certain terpenes
in the refining and fractional distillation of crude sulfate turpentine.
or other essential oils, or as a by-product in the chemical
synthetic pine oil, n—obtained by chemical hydration of pinenes to
conversion of pinenes generally sold under trade names.
form monocyclic terpene alcohols, mainly alpha-terpineol.
DISCUSSION—The term “other monocyclic hydrocarbons,” used in
pine tar, n—a product of the destructive distillation of pine
statistical reports of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, covers this
type of material.
wood.
naval stores, n—the current name for chemically reactive oils, pitch—see tall oil pitch.
resins, tars, and pitches derived from the oleoresin contained
reclaimed, rosin, n—rosin that has been recovered or re-
in, exuded by, or extracted from wood chiefly of the pine
claimed by any means from waste or deteriorated material,
species (Genus Pinus).
provided that the concentration of rosin acids is not below
DISCUSSION—The term naval stores was derived from the use of these
that normal for rosin, and any residual or contaminating
chemical products for the sealing of the hulls of naval vessels in
component from the waste material itself or from any article
colonial times. The term survived for many years and was also used to
used in the recovery process is not in sufficient quantity to
describe the products obtained by upgrading oleoresin and crude tall
cause the physical or chemical properties of the reclaimed
oil. The term Naval Stores is gradually being replaced by the term Pine
Chemicals.
product to differ materially from those of rosin.
naval stores act, n—the U. S. Federal regulation (42 Stat
resinates, metallic—See metallic resinates.
1435.7 USC 91–99 and 7CFR 160) establishing the quality rosin, n—a specific kind of natural resin obtained as a vitreous
standards fro naval stores products.
water-insoluble material from pine oleoresin by removal of
DISCUSSION—It was originally passed by Congress in 1923 and the volatile oils, or from tall oil by the removal of the fatty
amended in 1951 to include tall oil rosin and sulfate turpentine.
acid components thereof or by the solvent extraction of
macerated pine wood.
neutral content, n—the total amount of material contained in
DISCUSSION—It consists primarily of several diterpenoid isomers of
pine chemicals, such as rosin, tall oil, and their derivatives
tricyclic monocarboxylic acids having the general empirical formula
that do not contain any acidic functionality.
C H O , with small quantities of compounds saponifiable with
20 30 2
DISCUSSION—Neutral content includes unsaponifiable matter and any boiling alcoholic potassium or sodium hydroxide, and some unsaponi-
combined acidic material present as derivatives, such as esters, fiable matter. The three general classifications or kinds of rosin in
anhydrides, or lactones. commerce are
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