ASTM D5681-98a(2004)e1
(Terminology)Standard Terminology for Waste and Waste Management
Standard Terminology for Waste and Waste Management
SCOPE
1.1 This terminology contains standard definitions of terms used in the general area of waste and waste management. It is intended to promote understanding by providing precise technical definitions of terms used in the standards developed by Committee D34 and its subcommittees.
1.2 Terms used only within an individual standard, and having a meaning unique to that standard, may be defined or explained in the terminology section of that individual standard.
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Standards Content (Sample)
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Designation:D5681–98a (Reapproved 2004)
Standard Terminology for
Waste and Waste Management
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5681; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
e NOTE—Terminology was updated editorially in May 2006.
1. Scope D 5285 Test Method for 24-Hour Batch-Type Measurement
of Volatile Organic Sorption by Soils and Sediments
1.1 This terminology contains standard definitions of terms
D 5368 Test Methods for Gravimetric Determination of
used in the general area of waste and waste management. It is
Total Solvent Extractable Content (TSEC) of Solid Waste
intended to promote understanding by providing precise tech-
Samples
nical definitions of terms used in the standards developed by
D 5369 Practice for Extraction of Solid Waste Samples for
Committee D34 and its subcommittees.
Chemical Analysis Using Soxhlet Extraction
1.2 Terms used only within an individual standard, and
D 5468 Test Method for Gross Calorific and Ash Value of
having a meaning unique to that standard, may be defined or
Waste Materials
explained in the terminology section of that individual stan-
D 5660 Test Method for Assessing the Microbial Detoxifi-
dard.
cation of Chemically Contaminated Water and Soil Using
2. Referenced Documents a Toxicity Test with a Luminescent Marine Bacterium
D 5679 Practice for Sampling Consolidated Solids in
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Drums or Similar Containers
C 1215 Guide for Preparing and Interpreting Precision and
D 5680 Practice for Sampling Unconsolidated Solids in
Bias Statements in Test Method Standards Used in the
Drums or Similar Containers
Nuclear Industry
D 5743 Practice for Sampling Single or Multilayered Liq-
D 1129 Terminology Relating to Water
uids, With or Without Solids, in Drums or Similar Con-
D 4439 Terminology for Geosynthetics
tainers
D 4448 Guide for Sampling Ground-Water Monitoring
D 5744 Test Method for Accelerated Weathering of Solid
Wells
Materials Using a Modified Humidity Cell
D 4547 Guide for Sampling Waste and Soils for Volatile
D 5745 Guide for Developing and Implementing Short-
Organic Compounds
Term Measures or Early Actions for Site Remediation
D 4646 Test Method for 24-h Batch-Type Measurement of
D 5746 Classification of Environmental Condition of Prop-
Contaminant Sorption by Soils and Sediments
erty Area Types for Defense Base Closure and Realign-
D 4790 Terminology of Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Re-
ment Facilities
lated Chemicals
D 5759 Guide for Characterization of Coal Fly Ash and
D 4874 Test Method for Leaching Solid Material in a
Clean Coal Combustion Fly Ash for Potential Uses
Column Apparatus
D 5792 Practice for Generation of Environmental Data
D 5120 Test Method for Inhibition of Respiration in Micro-
Related to Waste ManagementActivities: Development of
bial Cultures in the Activated Sludge Process
Data Quality Objectives
D 5231 Test Method for Determination of the Composition
D 5956 Guide for Sampling Strategies for Heterogeneous
of Unprocessed Municipal Solid Waste
Wastes
D 6008 Practice for Conducting Environmental Baseline
Surveys
This terminology is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D34 on Waste
D 6044 Guide for Representative Sampling for Manage-
Management and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.94 on Terminol-
ment of Waste and Contaminated Media
ogy.
D 6051 Guide for Composite Sampling and Field Subsam-
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2004. Published October 2004. Originally
e1
approved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 1998 as D 5681–98a.
pling for Environmental Waste Management Activities
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
D 6063 Guide for Sampling of Drums and Similar Contain-
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
ers by Field Personnel
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
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D5681–98a (2004)
D 6250 Practice for Derivation of Decision Point and Con- E 943 Terminology Relating to Biological Effects and En-
fidenceLimitforStatisticalTestingofMeanConcentration vironmental Fate
in Waste Management Decisions E 949 Test Method for Total Moisture in a Refuse-Derived
D 6270 Practice for Use of ScrapTires in Civil Engineering Fuel Laboratory Sample
E 953 Test Method for Fusibility of Refuse-Derived Fuel
Applications
D 6311 Guide for Generation of Environmental Data Re- (RDF) Ash
E 959 Test Method for Characterizing the Performance of
lated to Waste Management Activities: Selection and
Optimization of Sampling Design Refuse Size-Reduction Equipment
E 1037 Test Method for Measuring Particle Size Distribu-
D 6323 Guide for Laboratory Subsampling of Media Re-
tion of RDF-5
lated to Waste Management Activities
E 1138 Terminology for Technical Aspects of Products
D 6346 Guide for Accepting, Segregating and Packaging
Liability Litigation
Materials Collected Through Household Hazardous Waste
E 1183 Test Method for Air Drying RDF-5 for Further
Programs
Analysis
D 6538 Guide for Sampling Wastewater With Automatic
E 1248 Practice for Shredder Explosion Protection
Samplers
E 1266 Practice for Processing Mixtures of Lime, Fly Ash,
D 6582 Guide for Ranked Set Sampling: Efficient Estima-
and Heavy Metal Wastes in Structural Fills and Other
tion of a Mean Concentration in Environmental Sampling
Construction Applications
D 6661 Practice for Field Collection of Organic Com-
pounds from Surfaces Using Wipe Sampling
3. Significance and Use
D 6700 Practice for Use of Scrap Tire-Derived Fuel
3.1 This terminology defines terms and specialized mean-
D 6759 Practice for Sampling Liquids Using Grab and
ings of terms in the subject areas of waste and management of
Discrete Depth Samplers
waste.
D 6842 Guide for Designing Cost-Effective Sampling and
3.2 This terminology is not intended for subjects other than
Measurement Plans by Use of Estimated Uncertainty and
waste and waste management. For terms applicable to other
Its Components in Waste Management Decision-Making
subject areas, the appropriate terminology standard(s) should
D 6956 Guide for Demonstrating and Assessing Whether a
be consulted. See the current edition of the Compilation of
Chemical Analytical Measurement System Provides Ana-
ASTM Standard Definitions and the list of terminology
lytical Results Consistent with Their Intended Use
standards cited therein.
D 6982 Practice for Detecting Hot Spots and Buried Ob-
3.3 Standards relating to subcategories of waste or waste
jects Using Point-Net (Grid) Search Patterns
management may use terms defined more narrowly than those
E 135 Terminology Relating to Analytical Chemistry for
included here. The more specialized terminology standards
Metals, Ores, and Related Materials
relating to the applicable specific subcategory, or terms defined
E 177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
within individual standards, or both, should be consulted for
ASTM Test Methods
the exact meaning intended within a given standard.
E 456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
3.4 The Thesaurus on Resource Recovery Terminology
E 702 Specification for Municipal Ferrous Scrap
(Special Technical Publication (STP) 832) contains many
E 708 Specification for Waste Glass as a Raw Material for
terms and may be useful for those not listed in terminology
the Manufacture of Glass Containers
standards. However, a definition in a standard terminology
E711 Test Method for Gross Calorific Value of Refuse-
shall be considered governing when the term is used in the
Derived Fuel by the Bomb Calorimeter
sense or meaning defined therein.
E 828 TestMethodforDesignatingtheSizeofRDF-3From
3.5 Statistical terms are not defined in this terminology to
its Sieve Analysis
the extent that the terms, when used regarding waste and
E 850 Practice for Use of Inorganic Process Wastes as
management of waste, have the same meanings as in Practice
Structural Fill
E 177 or Terminology E 456.
E 856 Definitions of Terms and Abbreviations Relating to
3.6 Regulatory terms are often developed by regulatory
Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Refuse Derived
agencies for special regulatory purposes and may have techni-
Fuel
cal content or meaning different from terms defined herein.
E 868 Test Methods for Conducting Performance Tests on
When a regulatory term exists that differs in meaning from a
Mechanical Conveying Equipment Used in Resource Re-
term given here, the regulatory term should be considered to
covery Systems
take precedence for regulatory matters.
E 884 Practice for Sampling Airborne Microorganisms at
Municipal Solid-Waste Processing Facilities 4. Terminology
E 889 Test Method for Composition or Purity of a Solid
accepts, n—the output stream from a materials separation
Waste Materials Stream
device that contains the highest concentration (purity) of the
E 897 Test Method for Volatile Matter in the Analysis
Sample of Refuse-Derived Fuel
E 929 Test Method for Measuring Electrical Energy Re-
Compilation of ASTM Standard Definitions, ASTM, 8th edition, 1994.
quirements of Processing Equipment Thesaurus on Resource Recovery Terminology,ASTM STP 832,ASTM, 1983.
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D5681–98a (2004)
components that the device is designed to separate. applicable or relevant and appropriate requirements
accuracy, n—closeness of a measured value to the true or an (ARAR)—those requirements, cleanup standards, standards
accepted reference or standard value. E 135, D 6311 of control, and other substantive environmental protection
acid producing potential (AP), n—the potential for a solid requirements, criteria, or limitations promulgated under
material sample to produce acidic effluent, based on the federal or state law that show either a direct correspondence
percent of sulfide contained in that sample as iron-sulfide or address problems or situations sufficiently similar at a site
mineral (for example, pyrite or pyrrhotite). The AP is to show that they are well suited for application. D 5745
commonly converted to the amount of calcium carbonate asbestos—six naturally occurring fibrous minerals found in
required to neutralize the resulting amount of acidic effluent certain types of rock formations. Of the six, the minerals
producedbytheoxidationofcontainedironsulfideminerals; chrysotile, amosite, and crocidolite have been most com-
it is expressed as the equivalent tons of calcium carbonate monly used in building products. When mined and pro-
per 1000 tons of solid material. The AP is therefore calcu- cessed, asbestos is typically separated into very thin fibers.
lated by multiplying the percent of sulfide contained in the Because asbestos is strong, incombustible, and corrosion-
material by a stoichiometric factor of 31.25. D 5744 resistant, asbestos was used in many commercial products
actionlevel(AL)—thelevelaboveorbelowwhichwillleadto beginning early in this century and peaking in the period
the adoption of one of two alternative actions. D 6956 fromWorldWar II into the 1970s.When inhaled in sufficient
adiabatic calorimeter, n—a calorimeter that has a jacket quantities, asbestos fibers can cause serious health problems.
temperature adjusted to follow the calorimeter temperature D 6008
as closely as possible so as to maintain zero thermal head. asbestos-containing material (ACM)—any material or prod-
D 5468 uct that contains more than 1 % asbestos. D 6008
air drying—a process of partial drying of RDF-3 to bring its as-determined basis, n—analytical data obtained from an
moisture content near to equilibrium with the atmosphere in analysis sample after conditioning and preparation which
the room in which the sieving is to take place. E 828 represent the numerical values obtained at the particular
air drying—a process of partial drying of RDF to bring its moisture and ash level in the sample at the time of analysis.
moisture content near to equilibrium with the atmosphere in as-received basis, n—test data calculated to the condition of
which further reduction, division, and characterization of the the sample as it arrived in the laboratory and before any
sample are to take place. In order to bring about the laboratory processing or conditioning.
equilibrium, the RDF is usually subjected to drying under ash n—the residue remaining after ignition of a substance as
controlled temperature conditions ranging from 30 to 40°C. determined by definite prescribed methods.
E 949
DISCUSSION—Ash may not be identical in composition or quantity
all season radial, n—a highway tire designed to meet the
with the inorganic substances present in the analysis sample before
weather conditions in all seasons of the year, that meets the
ignition.
Rubber Manufacturers Association definition of a mud and
attribute, n—a quality of samples or a population. D 5956,
snow tire. D 6700
D 6311
altered tire, n—a scrap tire which has been modified so that it
auxiliary variable, n—the secondary characteristic or mea-
is no longer capable of retaining air, holding water, or being
surement of interest.
used on a vehicle. D 6700
analysis, n—the activity to determine the proximate and
DISCUSSION—In ranked set sampling, information contained in an
ultimate analysis, fuel value and size specification of TDF. auxiliary variable is useful for ranking the samples. This ranking may
mimic the rankings of the samples with respect to the values of the
D 6700
primary variable when there is correlation between the auxiliary
analysis sample, n—the final subsample prepared from the
variable and the primary variable. Auxiliary information may include
air-dried laboratory sample but reduced in particle size by
visual inspection, inexpensive quick measurement, knowledge of
passing through a mill with a 0.5 mm (0.02–in.) size or
operational history, previous site data, or any other similar information.
smaller final screen.
D 6582
analysis sample—the final subsample prepared from the
balanced design, n—a statistical study where replication in
air-driedlaboratorysamplebutreducedbypassingthrougha
each of the levels of ANOVA is identical. D 6842
mill with a 0.5 mm (0.02 in.) size or smaller final screen.
baling, n—a method of volume reduction whereby tires are
E 949
compressed into bales. D 6270
analysis of variance (ANOVA), n—a statistical method of
bead, n—the anchoring part of the tire which is shaped to fit
decomposing (or breaking down) the total variance and
the rim and is co
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