ASTM D5681-98a(2004)
(Terminology)Standard Terminology for Waste and Waste Management
Standard Terminology for Waste and Waste Management
SCOPE
1.1 This terminology contains standard definitions of terms used in the general area of waste and waste management. It is intended to promote understanding by providing precise technical definitions of terms used in the standards developed by Committee D34 and its subcommittees.
1.2 Terms used only within an individual standard, and having a meaning unique to that standard, may be defined or explained in the terminology section of that individual standard.
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Standards Content (Sample)
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Designation:D5681–98a (Reapproved 2004)
Standard Terminology for
Waste and Waste Management
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5681; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D 5660 Test Method for Assessing the Microbial Detoxifi-
cation of Chemically Contaminated Water and Soil Using
1.1 This terminology contains standard definitions of terms
a Toxicity Test with a Luminescent Marine Bacterium
used in the general area of waste and waste management. It is
D 5679 Practice for Sampling Consolidated Solids in
intended to promote understanding by providing precise tech-
Drums or Similar Containers
nical definitions of terms used in the standards developed by
D 5680 Practice for Sampling Unconsolidated Solids in
Committee D34 and its subcommittees.
Drums or Similar Containers
1.2 Terms used only within an individual standard, and
D 5743 Practice for Sampling Single or Multilayered Liq-
having a meaning unique to that standard, may be defined or
uids, With or Without Solids, in Drums or Similar Con-
explained in the terminology section of that individual stan-
tainers
dard.
D 5744 Test Method for Accelerated Weathering of Solid
2. Referenced Documents Materials Using a Modified Humidity Cell
D 5745 Guide for Developing and Implementing Short-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Term Measures or Early Actions for Site Remediation
D 4448 Guide for Sampling Ground-Water Monitoring
D 5746 Classification of Environmental Condition of Prop-
Wells
erty Area Types for Defense Base Closure and Realign-
D 4547 Guide for Sampling Waste and Soils for Volatile
ment Facilities
Organic Compounds
D 5759 Guide for Characterization of Coal Fly Ash and
D 4646 Test Method for 24-h Batch-Type Measurement of
Clean Coal Combustion Fly Ash for Potential Uses
Contaminant Sorption by Soils and Sediments
D 5792 Practice for Generation of Environmental Data
D 4874 Test Method for Leaching Solid Material in a
Related to Waste ManagementActivities: Development of
Column Apparatus
Data Quality Objectives
D 5120 Test Method for Inhibition of Respiration in Micro-
D 6008 Practice for Conducting Environmental Baseline
bial Cultures in the Activated Sludge Process
Surveys
D 5231 Test Method for Determination of the Composition
D 6044 Guide for Representative Sampling for Manage-
of Unprocessed Municipal Solid Waste
ment of Waste and Contaminated Media
D 5285 Test Method for 24-Hour Batch-Type Measurement
D 6051 Guide for Composite Sampling and Field Subsam-
of Volatile Organic Sorption by Soils and Sediments
pling for Environmental Waste Management Activities
D 5368 Test Methods for Gravimetric Determination of
D 6063 Guide for Sampling of Drums and Similar Contain-
Total Solvent Extractable Content (TSEC) of Solid Waste
ers by Field Personnel
Samples
D 6250 Practice for Derivation of Decision Point and Con-
D 5369 Practice for Extraction of Solid Waste Samples for
fidenceLimitforStatisticalTestingofMeanConcentration
Chemical Analysis Using Soxhlet Extraction
in Waste Management Decisions
D 5468 Test Method for Gross Calorific and Ash Value of
D 6270 Practice for Use of ScrapTires in Civil Engineering
Waste Materials
Applications
D 6311 Guide for Generation of Environmental Data Re-
lated to Waste Management Activities: Selection and
This terminology is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D34 on Waste
Optimization of Sampling Design
Management and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.94 on Terminol-
D 6323 Guide for Laboratory Subsampling of Media Re-
ogy.
lated to Waste Management Activities
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2004. Published October 2004. Originally
e1
approved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 1998 as D 5681–98a.
D 6346 Guide for Accepting, Segregating and Packaging
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Materials Collected Through Household Hazardous Waste
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Programs
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
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D5681–98a (2004)
D 6538 Guide for Sampling Wastewater With Automatic 3.2 This terminology is not intended for subjects other than
Samplers waste and waste management. For terms applicable to other
D 6582 Guide for Ranked Set Sampling: Efficient Estima- subject areas, the appropriate terminology standard(s) should
tion of a Mean Concentration in Environmental Sampling be consulted. See the current edition of the Compilation of
D 6661 Practice for Field Collection of Organic Com- ASTM Standard Definitions and the list of terminology
pounds from Surfaces Using Wipe Sampling standards cited therein.
D 6700 Practice for Use of Scrap Tire-Derived Fuel 3.3 Standards relating to subcategories of waste or waste
D 6759 Practice for Sampling Liquids Using Grab and management may use terms defined more narrowly than those
Discrete Depth Samplers included here. The more specialized terminology standards
D 6842 Guide for Designing Cost-Effective Sampling and relating to the applicable specific subcategory, or terms defined
Measurement Plans by Use of Estimated Uncertainty and within individual standards, or both, should be consulted for
Its Components in Waste Management Decision-Making the exact meaning intended within a given standard.
D 6956 Guide for Demonstrating and Assessing Whether a 3.4 The Thesaurus on Resource Recovery Terminology
Chemical Analytical Measurement System Provides Ana- (Special Technical Publication (STP) 832) contains many
lytical Results Consistent with Their Intended Use terms and may be useful for those not listed in terminology
D 6982 Practice for Detecting Hot Spots and Buried Ob- standards. However, a definition in a standard terminology
jects Using Point-Net (Grid) Search Patterns shall be considered governing when the term is used in the
E 177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in sense or meaning defined therein.
ASTM Test Methods 3.5 Statistical terms are not defined in this terminology to
E 456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics the extent that the terms, when used regarding waste and
E 702 Specification for Municipal Ferrous Scrap management of waste, have the same meanings as in Practice
E 708 Specification for Waste Glass as a Raw Material for E 177 or Terminology E 456.
the Manufacture of Glass Containers 3.6 Regulatory terms are often developed by regulatory
E 711 Test Method for Gross Calorific Value of Refuse- agencies for special regulatory purposes and may have techni-
Derived Fuel by Calorimeter cal content or meaning different from terms defined herein.
E 828 TestMethodforDesignatingtheSizeofRDF-3From When a regulatory term exists that differs in meaning from a
its Sieve Analysis term given here, the regulatory term should be considered to
E 850 Practice for Use of Inorganic Process Wastes as take precedence for regulatory matters.
Structural Fill
4. Terminology
E 868 Test Methods for Conducting Performance Tests on
Mechanical Conveying Equipment Used in Resource Re-
accepts, n—the output stream from a materials separation
covery Systems
device that contains the highest concentration (purity) of the
E 884 Practice for Sampling Airborne MIcroorganisms at
components that the device is designed to separate.
Municipal Solid-Waste Processing Facilities
accuracy, n—closeness of a measured value to the true or an
E 889 Test Method for Composition or Purity of a Solid
accepted reference or standard value. E 135, D 6311
Waste Materials Stream
acid producing potential (AP), n—the potential for a solid
E 897 Test Method for Volatile Matter in the Analysis
material sample to produce acidic effluent, based on the
Sample of Refuse-Derived Fuel
percent of sulfide contained in that sample as iron-sulfide
E 929 Test Method for Measuring Electrical Energy Re-
mineral (for example, pyrite or pyrrhotite). The AP is
quirements of Processing Equipment
commonly converted to the amount of calcium carbonate
E 949 Test Method for Total Moisture in a Refuse-Derived
required to neutralize the resulting amount of acidic effluent
Fuel Laboratory Sample
producedbytheoxidationofcontainedironsulfideminerals;
E 953 Test Method for Fusibility of Refuse-Derived Fuel
it is expressed as the equivalent tons of calcium carbonate
(RDF) Ash
per 1000 tons of solid material. The AP is therefore calcu-
E 959 Test Method for Characterizing the Performances of
lated by multiplying the percent of sulfide contained in the
Refuse Size-Reduction Equipment
material by a stoichiometric factor of 31.25. D 5744
E 1037 Test Method for Measuring Particle Size Distribu-
actionlevel(AL)—thelevelaboveorbelowwhichwillleadto
tion of RDF-5
the adoption of one of two alternative actions. D 6956
E 1183 Test Method for Air Drying RDF-5 for Further
adiabatic calorimeter, n—a calorimeter that has a jacket
Analysis
temperature adjusted to follow the calorimeter temperature
E 1248 Practice for Shredder Explosion Protection
as closely as possible so as to maintain zero thermal head.
E 1266 Practice for Processing Mixtures of Lime, Fly Ash,
D 5468
and Heavy Metal Wastes in Structural Fills and Other
air drying—a process of partial drying of RDF-3 to bring its
Construction Applications
moisture content near to equilibrium with the atmosphere in
the room in which the sieving is to take place. E 828
3. Significance and Use
3.1 This terminology defines terms and specialized mean-
ings of terms in the subject areas of waste and management of
Compilation of ASTM Standard Definitions, ASTM, 8th edition, 1994.
waste. Thesaurus on Resource Recovery Terminology,ASTM STP 832,ASTM, 1983.
D5681–98a (2004)
air drying—a process of partial drying of RDF to bring its moisture and ash level in the sample at the time of analysis.
moisture content near to equilibrium with the atmosphere in as-received basis, n—test data calculated to the condition of
which further reduction, division, and characterization of the the sample as it arrived in the laboratory and before any
sample are to take place. In order to bring about the laboratory processing or conditioning.
equilibrium, the RDF is usually subjected to drying under ash n—the residue remaining after ignition of a substance as
controlled temperature conditions ranging from 30 to 40°C. determined by definite prescribed methods.
E 949
DISCUSSION—Ash may not be identical in composition or quantity
all season radial, n—a highway tire designed to meet the
with the inorganic substances present in the analysis sample before
weather conditions in all seasons of the year, that meets the
ignition.
Rubber Manufacturers Association definition of a mud and
attribute, n—a quality of samples or a population. D 5956,
snow tire. D 6700
D 6311
altered tire, n—a scrap tire which has been modified so that it
auxiliary variable, n—the secondary characteristic or mea-
is no longer capable of retaining air, holding water, or being
surement of interest.
used on a vehicle. D 6700
analysis, n—the activity to determine the proximate and
DISCUSSION—In ranked set sampling, information contained in an
ultimate analysis, fuel value and size specification of TDF. auxiliary variable is useful for ranking the samples. This ranking may
mimic the rankings of the samples with respect to the values of the
D 6700
primary variable when there is correlation between the auxiliary
analysis sample, n—the final subsample prepared from the
variable and the primary variable. Auxiliary information may include
air-dried laboratory sample but reduced in particle size by
visual inspection, inexpensive quick measurement, knowledge of
passing through a mill with a 0.5 mm (0.02–in.) size or
operational history, previous site data, or any other similar information.
smaller final screen.
D 6582
analysis sample—the final subsample prepared from the
balanced design, n—a statistical study where replication in
air-driedlaboratorysamplebutreducedbypassingthrougha
mill with a 0.5 mm (0.02 in.) size or smaller final screen. each of the levels of ANOVA is identical. D 6842
baling, n—a method of volume reduction whereby tires are
E 949
compressed into bales. D 6270
analysis of variance (ANOVA), n—a statistical method of
bead, n—the anchoring part of the tire which is shaped to fit
decomposing (or breaking down) the total variance and
the rim and is constructed of bead wire wrapped by the plies.
estimating or testing its contributing component variances
D 6270
for statistical significance. D 6842
bead, n—the anchoring part of the tire, which is shaped to fit
analyte—the constituent to be measured. D 6956
the rim. The bead is constructed of high tensile steel wires
analytical unit, n—the actual amount of the sample material
wrapped by the plies. D 6700
analyzed in the laboratory. D 6044
bead wire, n—a high tensile steel wire surrounded by rubber,
applicable or relevant and appropriate requirements
which forms the bead of a tire that provides a firm contact to
(ARAR)—those requirements, cleanup standards, standards
of control, and other substantive environmental protection the rim. D 6270, D 6700
bear claw, n—the rough-edged bead wire sticking out from a
requirements, criteria, or limitations promulgated under
federal or state law that show either a direct correspondence shredded tire. D 6700
belt, n—an assembly of rubber coated fabric or wire used to
or address problems or situations sufficiently similar at a site
to show that they are well suited for application. D 5745 reinforceatire’streadarea.Inradialtires,alsoconstrainsthe
outside diameter against inflation pressure and centrifugal
asbestos—six naturally occurring fibrous minerals found in
certain types of rock formations. Of the six, the minerals force. D 6700
beltwire, n—abrass-platedhightensilesteelwirecordusedin
chrysotile, amosite, and crocidolite have been most com-
monly used in building products. When mined and pro- steel belts. D 6270, D 6700
bias, n—the difference between the sample value of the test
cessed, asbestos is typically separated into very thin fibers.
Because asbestos is strong, incombustible, and corrosion- results and an accepted reference value.
resistant, asbestos was used in many commercial products
DISCUSSION—Bias represents a constant error as opposed to a random
beginning early in this century and peaking in the period
error. A method bias can be estimated by the differenc
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