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ASTM D5091-23

(Guide)

Standard Guide for Water Analysis for Electrodialysis/Electrodialysis Reversal Applications

Standard Guide for Water Analysis for Electrodialysis/Electrodialysis Reversal Applications

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The design of an electrodialysis/electrodialysis reversal system is determined by the composition of the feedwater and the desired composition of the product water. The determinations and measurements performed in this guide will provide the necessary information for making design projections of staging and power consumption.  
5.2 The recovery at which an electrodialysis/electrodialysis reversal system can be safely operated is dependent on the composition of the feed solution. The determinations measurements performed in this guide will provide data for the calculation of the maximum recovery of a system utilizing a specific feed water.  
5.3 The determinations and measurements performed in this guide will be valuable for determining needed pretreatment for meeting specific product water requirements with the specific feed water.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the determinations that should be performed on any given water if processing by electrodialysis/electrodialysis reversal is being considered.  
1.2 This guide is applicable to all waters but is not necessarily complete for wastewaters.  
1.3 This is a guide only and should not be construed as a complete delineation of all analysis required for a specific application.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
31-Oct-2023
Technical Committee
D19 - Water
Drafting Committee
D19.08 - Membranes and Ion Exchange Materials
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D5091-95(2014) - Standard Guide for Water Analysis for Electrodialysis/Electrodialysis Reversal Applications (Withdrawn 2023)
Effective Date
01-Nov-2023
Refers
ASTM D4189-23 - Standard Test Method for Silt Density Index (SDI) of Water
Effective Date
01-Nov-2023
Refers
ASTM D4189-07(2014) - Standard Test Method for Silt Density Index (SDI) of Water (Withdrawn 2023)
Effective Date
01-Jan-2014
Referred By
ASTM D5131-23 - Standard Guide for Record Keeping for Electrodialysis/Electrodialysis Reversal Systems
Effective Date
01-Nov-2023

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ASTM D5091-23 - Standard Guide for Water Analysis for Electrodialysis/Electrodialysis Reversal ApplicationsASTM D5091-23 - Standard Guide for Water Analysis for Electrodialysis/Electrodialysis Reversal Applications
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ASTM D5091-23 - Standard Guide for Water Analysis for Electrodialysis/Electrodialysis Reversal Applications
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D5091 − 23
Standard Guide for
Water Analysis for Electrodialysis/Electrodialysis Reversal
1
Applications
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5091; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D1125 Test Methods for Electrical Conductivity and Resis-
tivity of Water
1.1 This guide covers the determinations that should be
D1129 Terminology Relating to Water
performed on any given water if processing by electrodialysis/
D1179 Test Methods for Fluoride Ion in Water
electrodialysis reversal is being considered.
D1253 Test Method for Residual Chlorine in Water
1.2 This guide is applicable to all waters but is not neces-
D1293 Test Methods for pH of Water
sarily complete for wastewaters.
D3352 Test Method for Strontium Ion in Brackish Water,
Seawater, and Brines
1.3 This is a guide only and should not be construed as a
complete delineation of all analysis required for a specific D3370 Practices for Sampling Water from Flowing Process
Streams
application.
D3561 Test Method for Lithium, Potassium, and Sodium
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Ions in Brackish Water, Seawater, and Brines by Atomic
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Absorption Spectrophotometry
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
D3867 Test Methods for Nitrite-Nitrate in Water
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
D3920 Test Method for Strontium in Water
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
D4189 Test Method for Silt Density Index (SDI) of Water
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
3
(Withdrawn 2023)
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
D4191 Test Method for Sodium in Water by Atomic Absorp-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
tion Spectrophotometry
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
D4192 Test Method for Potassium in Water by Atomic
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Absorption Spectrophotometry
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
D4327 Test Method for Anions in Water by Suppressed Ion
Chromatography
2. Referenced Documents
D4382 Test Method for Barium in Water, Atomic Absorption
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Spectrophotometry, Graphite Furnace
D511 Test Methods for Calcium and Magnesium In Water
D4658 Test Method for Sulfide Ion in Water
D512 Test Methods for Chloride Ion In Water
D5173 Guide for On-Line Monitoring of Total Organic
D516 Test Method for Sulfate Ion in Water
Carbon in Water by Oxidation and Detection of Resulting
D857 Test Method for Aluminum in Water
Carbon Dioxide
D858 Test Methods for Manganese in Water
D7726 Guide for The Use of Various Turbidimeter Tech-
D1067 Test Methods for Acidity or Alkalinity of Water
nologies for Measurement of Turbidity in Water
D1068 Test Methods for Iron in Water
2.2 American Public Health Association Standards:
Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and
4
Wastewater, Eighteenth Edition, 1992, pp. 4-123 to 4-128
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D19 on Water and is
3. Terminology
the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D19.08 on Membranes and Ion Exchange
Materials.
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this guide,
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2023. Published November 2023. Originally
refer to Terminology D1129.
approved in 1990. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as D5091 – 95 (2014)
which was withdrawn January 2023 and reinstated in November 2023. DOI:
10.1520/D5091-23.
2 3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM www.astm.org.
4
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from American Public Health Association (APHA), 800 I Street, NW,
the ASTM website. Washington, DC 20001, http://www.apha.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D5091 − 23
4. Summary of Guide
Iron—Test Methods D1068 (Fe) total and dissolved
Aluminum—Test Methods D857 (Al)
4.1 This guide consists of recommended water analyses for ++
Barium—Test Methods D4382 (Ba )
++
ions, gases, suspended materials,
...

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4.1 This test method provides a means of detecting the potential of an aggregate intended for use in concrete for undergoing alkali-silica reaction resulting in potentially deleterious internal expansion. It is based on the NBRI Accelerated Test Method (1-4).3 It is especially useful for aggregates that react slowly or produce expansion late in the reaction. However, it does not evaluate combinations of aggregates with cementitious materials nor are the test conditions representative of those encountered by concrete in service.  
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1.1 This test method permits detection, within 16 days, of the potential for deleterious alkali-silica reaction of aggregate in mortar bars.  
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5.2 This test method is intended to be used for compliance with compositional specifications for calcium fluoride content. It is assumed that all who use these procedures will be trained analysts capable of performing common laboratory procedures skillfully and safely. It is expected that work will be performed in a properly equipped laboratory and that proper waste disposal procedures will be followed. Appropriate quality control practices must be followed such as those described in Guide E882.
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ASTM D6637/D6637M-15(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determining Tensile Properties of Geogrids by the Single or Multi-Rib Tensile Method

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The determination of the tensile force-elongation values of geogrids provides index property values. This test method shall be used for quality control and acceptance testing of commercial shipments of geogrids.  
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5.3 All geogrids can be tested by any of these methods. Some modification of techniques may be necessary for a given geogrid depending upon its physical makeup. Special adaptations may be necessary with strong geogrids, multiple layered geogrids, or geogrids that tend to slip in the clamps or those which tend to be damaged by the clamps.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the tensile strength properties of geogrids by subjecting strips of varying width to tensile loading.  
1.2 Three alternative procedures are provided to determine the tensile strength, as follows:  
1.2.1 Method A—Testing a single geogrid rib in tension (N or lbf).  
1.2.2 Method B—Testing multiple geogrid ribs in tension (kN/m or lbf/ft).  
1.2.3 Method C—Testing multiple layers of multiple geogrid ribs in tension (kN/m or lbf/ft).  
1.3 This test method is intended for quality control and conformance testing of geogrids.  
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ASTM D2103-23(Specification)
Standard Specification for Polyethylene Film and Sheeting

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the classification of polyethylene film and sheeting. Recycled polyethylene film or resin may be used as feedstock, and the film or sheeting may contain additives for surface property improvement, pigments, or stabilizers, or a combination of these, but they must conform to the requirements specified. Material covered in this specification shall be designated by a five-digit type number, with each numeral (from 0 to 5) indicating the cell limit within which the values of the density, impact strength, kinetic coefficient of friction, haze, and nominal thickness of the material falls under. The sheet or film shall be manufactured free, as commercially possible, of gels, streaks, pinholes, particles of foreign matter, and undispersed raw material, and without any other visible defects such as holes, tears, or blisters. The edges of the sheet or film shall be free of nicks and cuts. The surface of the sheet or film may also be treated by flame, corona discharge, or other means to improve the surface properties. Tests to determine the density, impact strength, kinetic coefficient of friction, haze, and nominal thickness of the material shall be performed and shall conform to the requirements specified.
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1.1 This specification covers the classification of polyethylene film and sheeting up to 0.3 mm (0.012 in.) in thickness, inclusive. The film or sheeting can contain additives for the improvement of the surface properties, pigments, or stabilizers, or combinations thereof.
Note 1: Film is defined in Terminology D883 as an optional term for sheeting having a nominal thickness no greater than 0.254 mm (0.010 in.).  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
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This specification covers the standard requirements for the application of full thickness Portland cement-based plaster for exterior (stucco) and interior work. It also sets forth tables for proportioning of various plaster mixes and plaster thickness. The materials used shall consist of the following: cement which shall be a Portland cement, air-entraining Portland cement, masonry cement, blended hydraulic cement, air-entraining blended hydraulic cement, or plastic cement; Type S hydrated lime; aggregates such as perlite and sand for base and job-mixed finish coats; water to be used in mixing; admixtures; and fibers. Surfaces of solid bases such as masonry, stone, cast-in-place or precast concrete shall be prepared either by sandblasting, wire brushing, acid etching, chipping, or a combination thereof. Details on curing to resist cracking; materials protection and storage; environmental conditions; and application of plaster, finish-coat, and fog-coat, which shall be done by hand or machine up to the specified nominal thickness on metal and solid plaster bases are discussed.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the minimum technical requirements for the application of full thickness portland cement-based plaster for exterior (stucco) and interior work. These requirements do not by default define a unit of work or assign responsibility for contractual purposes, which is the purview of a contract or contracts made between contracting entities.  
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3.1 Applications of Macroetching:  
3.1.1 Macroetching is used to reveal the heterogeneity of metals and alloys. Metallographic specimens and chemical analyses will provide the necessary detailed information about specific localities, but they cannot give data about variation from one place to another unless an inordinate number of specimens are taken.  
3.1.2 Macroetching, on the other hand, will provide information on variations in (1) structure, such as grain size, flow lines, columnar structure, dendrites, and so forth; (2) variations in chemical composition as evidenced by segregation, carbide and ferrite banding, coring, inclusions, and depth of carburization or decarburization. The information provided about variations in chemical composition is strictly qualitative but the location of extremes in segregation will be shown. Chemical analyses or other means of determining the chemical composition would have to be performed to determine the extent of variation. Macroetching will also show the presence of discontinuities and voids, such as seams, laps, porosity, flakes, bursts, extrusion rupture, cracks, and so forth.  
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3.1.4 Macroetching is used extensively for quality control in the steel industry, to determine the tone of a heat in billets with respect to inclusions, segregation, and structure. Forge shops, in addition, use macroetching to reveal flow...
SCOPE
1.1 These procedures describe the methods of macroetching metals and alloys to reveal their macrostructure.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to the International System (SI) units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
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For specific warning statements, see 6.2, 7.1, 8.1.3, 8.2.1, 8.8.3, 8.10.1.1, and 8.13.2. It is further recommended to review the guidance in Guide E2014.  
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ASTM C117-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Materials Finer than 75-μm (No. 200) Sieve in Mineral Aggregates by Washing

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Material finer than the 75-μm (No. 200) sieve can be separated from larger particles much more efficiently and completely by wet sieving than through the use of dry sieving. Therefore, when accurate determinations of material finer than 75 μm (No. 200) in fine or coarse aggregate are desired, this test method is used on the sample prior to dry sieving in accordance with Test Method C136/C136M. The results of this test method are included in the calculation in Test Method C136/C136M, and the total amount of material finer than 75 μm (No. 200) by washing, plus that obtained by dry sieving the same sample, is reported with the results of Test Method C136/C136M. Usually, the additional amount of material finer than 75 μm (No. 200) obtained in the dry sieving process is a small amount. If it is large, the efficiency of the washing operation should be checked. It could also be an indication of degradation of the aggregate.  
4.2 Plain water is adequate to separate the material finer than 75 μm (No. 200) from the coarser material with most aggregates. In some cases, the finer material is adhering to the larger particles, such as some clay coatings and coatings on aggregates that have been extracted from bituminous mixtures. In these cases, the fine material will be separated more readily with a wetting agent in the water.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the amount of material finer than a 75-μm (No. 200) sieve in aggregate by washing. Clay particles and other aggregate particles that are dispersed by the wash water, as well as water-soluble materials, will be removed from the aggregate during the test.  
1.2 Two procedures are included, one using only water for the washing operation, and the other including a wetting agent to assist the loosening of the material finer than the 75-μm (No. 200) sieve from the coarser material. Unless otherwise specified, Procedure A (water only) shall be used.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
Note 1: Sieve size is identified by its standard designation in Specification E11. The alternative designation given in parentheses is for information only and does not represent a different standard sieve size.  
1.4 The text of this standard refers to notes and footnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ABSTRACT
This practice covers the examination procedures for the contact, pulse-echo ultrasonic examination of heavy steel forgings by the straight and angle-beam techniques. An ultrasonic, pulsed, reflection type of instrument shall be used and shall provide linear presentation for at least 75% of the screen height. The 5% linearity referred to is descriptive of the screen presentation of amplitude. The electronic apparatus shall contain an attenuator, search units, transducers, couplants, reference blocks, and DGS scales. The forging shall be machined to provide cylindrical surfaces for radial examination in the case of round forgings. The ends of the forgings shall be machined perpendicular to the axis of the forging for the axial examination. Faces of disk and rectangular forgings shall be machined flat and parallel to one another. The procedures to be performed are as follows: ultrasonic examination of the forgings; straight-beam examination with establishment of the instrument sensitivity and calibration either by the reflection, reference-block technique, or DGS method; and angle-beam examination used for rings and hollow forgings.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice shall be used when ultrasonic inspection is required by the order or specification for inspection purposes where the acceptance of the forging is based on limitations of the number, amplitude, or location of discontinuities, or a combination thereof, which give rise to ultrasonic indications.  
4.2 The ultrasonic quality level shall be clearly stated as order requirements.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice2 covers the examination procedures for the contact, pulse-echo ultrasonic examination of steel forgings by the straight and angle-beam techniques. The straight beam techniques include utilization of the DGS (Distance Gain-Size) method. See Appendix X3.  
1.2 This practice is to be used whenever the inquiry, contract, order, or specification states that forgings are to be subject to ultrasonic examination in accordance with Practice A388/A388M.  
1.3 Supplementary requirements of an optional nature are provided for use at the option of the purchaser. The supplementary requirements shall apply only when specified individually by the purchaser in the purchase order or contract.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.5 This practice and the applicable material specifications are expressed in both inch-pound units and SI units. However, unless the order specifies the applicable “M” specification designation [SI units], the material shall be furnished to inch-pound units.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 These test methods are used to determine the resistance of compacted soil-cement specimens to repeated wetting and drying. These test methods were developed to be used in conjunction with Test Methods D560/D560M and criteria given in the Soil-Cement Laboratory Handbook4 to determine the minimum amount of cement required in soil-cement to achieve a degree of hardness adequate to resist field weathering.
Note 1: The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself ensure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover procedures for determining the soil-cement losses, water content changes, and volume changes (swell and shrinkage) produced by repeated wetting and drying of hardened soil-cement specimens. The specimens are compacted in a mold, before cement hydration, to maximum density at optimum water content using the compaction procedure described in Test Methods D558/D558M.  
1.2 Two test methods, depending on soil gradation, are covered for preparation of material for molding specimens and for molding specimens as follows:    
Sections  
Test Method A, using soil material passing a 4.75-mm [No. 4] sieve.
This method shall be used when 100 % of the soil sample passes the 4.75-mm [No. 4] sieve.  
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Test Method B, using soil material passing a 19.0 mm [0.75-in.] sieve.
This method shall be used when part of the soil sample is retained on the 4.75-mm [No. 4] sieve.
This test method may be used only on materials with 30 % or less retained on the 19.0-mm [0.75-in.] sieve.  
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1.3 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026, unless superseded by this test method.  
1.3.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded and calculated in the standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of these test methods to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering data.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units [presented in brackets] are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. Sieve size is identified by its standard designation in Specification E11. The alternative designation given in parentheses is for information only and does not represent a different standard sieve size.  
1.4.1 The gravitational system of inch-pound units is used when dealing with inch-pound units. In this system, the pound (lbf) represents a unit of force (weight), while the unit for mass is slugs. The rationalized slug unit is not given, unless dynamic (F = ma) calculations are involved.  
1.4.2 It is common practice in the engineering/construction profession to use pounds to represent both a unit of mass (lbm) and of force (lbf). This implicitly combines two separate systems of units; that is, the absolute system and the gravitational system. It is scientifically undesirable to combine the use of tw...

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