ASTM D6270-98
(Practice)Standard Practice for Use of Scrap Tires in Civil Engineering Applications
Standard Practice for Use of Scrap Tires in Civil Engineering Applications
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides guidance for testing the physical properties and gives data for assessment of the leachate generation potential of processed or whole scrap tires in lieu of conventional civil engineering materials, such as stone, gravel, soil, sand, or other fill materials. In addition, typical construction practices are outlined.
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Standards Content (Sample)
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Designation: D 6270 – 98
Standard Practice for
Use of Scrap Tires in Civil Engineering Applications
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6270; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3.1.1 baling, n—a method of volume reduction whereby
tires are compressed into bales.
1.1 This practice provides guidance for testing the physical
3.1.2 bead, n—the anchoring part of the tire which is shaped
properties and gives data for assessment of the leachate
to fit the rim and is constructed of bead wire wrapped by the
generation potential of processed or whole scrap tires in lieu of
plies.
conventional civil engineering materials, such as stone, gravel,
3.1.3 bead wire, n—a high tensile steel wire surrounded by
soil, sand, or other fill materials. In addition, typical construc-
rubber, which forms the bead of a tire that provides a firm
tion practices are outlined.
contact to the rim.
2. Referenced Documents 3.1.4 belt wire, n—a brass plated high tensile steel wire cord
used in steel belts.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.1.5 buffıng rubber, n—vulcanized rubber usually obtained
C 127 Test Method for Specific Gravity and Absorption of
from a worn or used tire in the process of removing the old
Coarse Aggregate
tread in preparation for retreading.
D 422 Test Method for Particle-Size Analysis of Soils
3.1.6 carcass, n—see casing.
D 698 Test Method for Laboratory Compaction Character-
3.1.7 casing, n—the basic tire structure excluding the tread
istics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12,400 ft-lbf/ft (600
3 3
(Syn. carcass).
kN-m/m ))
3.1.8 granulated rubber, n—particulate rubber composed of
D 1557 Test Method for Laboratory Compaction Character-
mainly nonspherical particles that span a broad range of
istics of Soil Using Modified Effort (56,000 ft-lbf/ft
maximum particle dimension, from below 425 μm (40 mesh) to
(2,700 kN-m/m ))
12 mm (also refer to particulate rubber).
D 2434 Test Method for Permeability of Granular Soils
3.1.9 ground rubber, n—particulate rubber composed of
(Constant Head)
mainly nonspherical particles that span a range of maximum
D 3080 Test Method for Direct Shear Test of Soils Under
particle dimensions, from below 425 μm (40 mesh) to 2 mm
Consolidated Drained Conditions
(also refer to particulate rubber).
D 4253 Test Methods for Maximum Index Density and Unit
3.1.10 nominal size, n—the average size product (chip) that
Weight of Soils Using a Vibratory Table
comprises 50 % or more of the through put in a scrap tire
2.2 AASHTO Standard:
processing operation; scrap tire processing operations generate
T 274 Standard Method of Test for Resilient Modulus of
products (chips) above and below the nominal size.
Subgrade Soils
3.1.11 particulate rubber, n—raw, uncured, compounded or
2.3 USEPA Standard:
vulcanized rubber that has been transformed by means of a
Method 1311 Toxicity Characteristics Leaching Procedure
mechanical size reduction process into a collection of particles,
3. Terminology
with or without a coating of a partitioning agent to prevent
agglomeration during production, transportation, or storage
3.1 Definitions:
(also see definition of buffing rubber, granulated rubber,
ground rubber, and powdered rubber).
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-34 on Biotech-
3.1.12 passenger car tire, n—a tire with less than a 457-mm
nology and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.06 on Recovery and
rim diameter for use on cars only.
Reuse.
3.1.13 powdered rubber, n—particulate rubber composed of
Current edition approved June 10, 1998. Published August 1998.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.02. mainly nonspherical particles that have a maximum particle
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.08.
dimension equal to or below 425 μm (40 mesh) (also refer to
Standard Specifications for Transportation Materials and Methods of Sampling
particulate rubber).
and Testing, Part II: Methods of Sampling and Testing, American Association of
State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, D.C.
5 rd
Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste: Physical/Chemical Methods, 3 ed.,
Report No. EPA 530/SW-846, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington,
D.C. The defined term is the responsibility of Committee D-11 on Rubber.
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
D 6270
3.1.14 rough shred, n—a piece of a shredded tire that is priateness of using scrap tires in a particular application and to
larger than 50 mm by 50 mm by 50 mm, but smaller than 762 select applicable tests and specifications to facilitate construc-
mm by 50 mm by 100 mm. tion and environmental protection. This practice is intended to
3.1.15 rubber fines, n—small particles of ground rubber that encourage wider utilization of scrap tires in civil engineering
result as a by-product of producing shredded rubber. applications.
3.1.16 scrap tire, n—a tire, which can no longer be used for 4.2 Three tire shred fills with thicknesses in excess of 7 m
its original purpose due to wear or damage. have experienced a serious heating reaction; however, more
3.1.17 shred sizing, n—a term which generally refers to the than 70 fills with a thickness less than 3 m have been
process of particles passing through a rated screen opening constructed with no evidence of a deleterious heating reaction
rather than those which are retained on the screen. (1) . Guidelines have been developed to minimize internal
3.1.18 shredded tire, n—a size reduced scrap tire where the heating of tire shred fills (2) as discussed in 6.10. The
reduction in size was accomplished by a mechanical processing guidelines are applicable to fills less than 3 m thick; thus, this
device, commonly referred to as a shredder. practice should be applied only to tire shred fills less than 3 m
3.1.19 shredded rubber, n—pieces of scrap tires resulting thick.
from mechanical processing.
5. Material Characterization
3.1.20 sidewall, n—the side of a tire between the tread
shoulder and the rim bead. 5.1 The specific gravity and water absorption capacity of
3.1.21 single pass shred, n—a shredded tire that has been tire shreds should be determined in accordance with Test
processed by one pass through a shear type shredder and the Method C 127; however, the specific gravity of tire shreds is
resulting pieces have not been classified by size. less than half the value obtained for common earthen coarse
3.1.22 steel belt, n—rubber coated steel cords that run aggregate, so it is permissible to use a minimum weight of test
diagonally under the tread of steel radial tires and extend across sample that is half of the specified value. The particle density
or density of solids of tire shreds (r ) may be determined from
the tire approximately the width of the tread.
s
3.1.23 tire chips, n—Pieces of scrap tires that have a basic the apparent specific gravity using the following equation:
geometrical shape and are generally between 12 mm and 50
r 5 S ~r ! (1)
s a w
mm in size and have most of the wire removed (Syn. chipped
where:
tire).
S 5 apparent specific gravity, and
3.1.24 tire shreds, n—Pieces of scrap tires that have a basic
a
r 5 density of water.
w
geometrical shape and are generally between 50 mm and 305
5.2 The gradation of tires shreds should be determined in
mm in size.
accordance with Test Method D 422; however, the specific
3.1.25 tread, n—that portion of the tire which contacts the
gravity of tire shreds is less than half the values obtained for
road.
common earthen materials so it is permissible to use a
3.1.26 truck tire, n—a tire with a rim diameter of 500 mm
minimum weight of test sample that is half of the specified
or larger.
value.
3.1.27 waste tire, n—a tire which is no longer capable of
5.3 The laboratory compacted dry density, or bulk density,
being used for its original purpose but which has been disposed
of tire chips and tire chip/soil mixtures with less than 30 %
of in such a manner that it cannot be used for any other
retained on the 19.0-mm sieve can be determined in accor-
purpose.
dance with Test Method D 698 or D 1557. Tire Shred and tire
3.1.28 whole tire, n—a scrap tire that has been removed
shred/soil mixtures used for civil engineering applications,
from a rim but which has not been processed.
however, almost always have more than 30 % retained on the
3.1.29 x-mm minus, n—pieces of classified, size reduced
19.0-mm sieve, so these methods generally are not applicable.
scrap tires where the maximum size of 95 % of the pieces is
A larger compaction mold should be used to accommodate the
less than x-mm in any dimension (that is, 25-mm minus;
larger size of the tire shreds. The sizes of typical compaction
50-mm minus; 75-mm minus, etc).
molds are summarized in Table 1. The larger mold requires that
4. Significance and Use
the number of layers, or the number of blows of the rammer/
4.1 This practice is intended for use of scrap tires including layer, or both, be increased to produce the desired compactive
tire chips or tire shreds comprised of pieces of scrap tires, tire
chip/soil mixtures, tire sidewalls, and whole scarp tires in civil
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of
engineering applications. This practice includes the use of tire
this standard.
chips, tire shreds, and tire chip/soil mixtures as lightweight
embankment fill, lightweight retaining wall backfill, drainage
TABLE 1 Size of Compaction Molds Used to Determine Dry
layers, thermal insulation to limit frost penetration beneath
Density of Tire Shreds
roads, insulating backfill to limit heat loss from buildings, and
Maximum Particle Mold Diameter Mold Volume Reference
replacement for soil or rock in other fill applications. Use of 3
Size (mm) (mm) (m )
whole scrap tires and tire sidewalls includes construction of
75 254 0.0125 (3)
retaining walls and drainage culverts, as well as use as fill
75 305 0.0146 (4)
A
51 203 and 305 N.R. (5)
when whole tires have been compressed into bales. It is the
A
responsibility of the design engineer to determine the appro- N.R. 5 not reported.
NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
D 6270
energy/unit volume. Compactive energies ranging from 60 % be instrumented to measure the horizontal stress of the tire
3 3
of Test Method D 698 (60 % 3 600 kN-m/m 5 360 kN-m/m ) shreds acting on the wall of the cylinder.
to 100 % of Test Method D 1557 (2,700 kN-m/m ) have been
5.4.1 The high compressibility of tire shreds necessitates the
used. Compaction energy only has a small effect on the
use of a relatively thick sample. In general, the ratio of the
resulting dry density (3); thus, for most applications it is
initial specimen thickness to sample diameter should be greater
permissible to use a compactive energy equivalent to 60 % of
than one. This leads to concerns that a significant portion of the
Test Method D 698. To achieve this energy with a mold volume
applied vertical stress could be transferred to the walls of the
of 0.0125 m would require that the sample be compacted in
cylinder by friction. If the stress transferred to the walls of the
five layers with 44 blows/layer with a 44.5 N rammer falling
cylinder is not accounted for, the compressibility of the tire
457 mm. The water content of the sample only has a small
shreds will be underestimated. For all compressibility tests, the
effect on the compacted dry density (3) so it is permissible to
inside of the container should be lubricated to reduce the
perform compaction tests on air or oven-dried samples.
portion of the applied load that is transmitted by side friction
5.3.1 The dry densities for tire shreds loosely dumped into
from the sample to the walls of the cylinder. For testing where
a compaction mold and tire shreds compacted by vibratory
a high level of accuracy is desired, the vertical stress at the top
methods (similar to Test Method D 4253) are about the same
and the bottom of the sample should be measured so that the
(4, 5, 6); thus, vibratory compaction of tire shreds in the
average vertical stress in the sample can be computed. A test
laboratory (see Test Method D 4253) should not be used.
apparatus designed for this purpose is illustrated in Fig. 1 (8).
5.3.2 When estimating an in-place density for use in design,
5.5 The resilient modulus (M ) of subgrade soils can be
the compression of a tire shred layer under its own self-weight R
expressed as:
and under the weight of any overlying material must be
considered. The dry density determined as discussed in 5.3 are B
M 5 AQ (2)
R
uncompressed values. In addition, short-term time dependent
settlement of tire shreds should be accounted for when esti-
where:
mating the final in-place density (7). Q5 first invariant of stress (sum of the three principal
stresses),
5.4 The compressibility of tire shreds and tire shred/soil
A 5 experimentally determined parameter, and
mixtures can be measured by placing tire shreds in a rigid
B 5 experimentally determined parameter.
cylinder with a diameter several times greater than the largest
Tests for the parameters A and B can be conducted according
particle size and then measuring the vertical strain caused by an
increasing vertical stress. If it is desired to calculate the to AASHTO T 274. The maximum particle size typically is
coefficient of lateral earth pressure at rest K , the cylinder can limited to 19 mm by the testing apparatus, which precludes the
O
FIG. 1 Compressibility Apparatus for Tire Shreds Designed to Measured Lateral Stress and the Portion of the Vertical Load Transferred
by Friction from Tire Shreds to Container (8)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
D 6270
general applicability of this procedure to the larger size tire specimen. The interface strength between tire shreds and
chips and shreds typically used for civil engineering applica- geomembrane can be measured in a large scale direct shear test
tions.
apparatus (9).
5.6 The coefficient of later
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