ASTM D4321-99
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Package Yield of Plastic Film
Standard Test Method for Package Yield of Plastic Film
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of yield (area per unit mass) of plastic film.
1.2 Also described in this test method is the means for calculating nominal yield, given values for nominal density, and nominal thickness. This is needed since, in material specifications, limits for yield are normally stated in terms of the percent deviation of actual yield from nominal yield.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Note 1-There is no known ISO equivalent to this specification.
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Designation: D 4321 – 99
Standard Test Method for
Package Yield of Plastic Film
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4321; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope * 3.2.1 measured density—the density of the fabricated film
as determined by actual measurement.
1.1 This test method covers the determination of yield (area
3.2.1.1 Discussion—The measured density is not the value
per unit mass) of plastic film.
used to classify the material according to a standard material
1.2 Also described in this test method is the means for
specification. The measured value will depend on the manu-
calculating nominal yield, given values for nominal density,
facturing process of the film.
and nominal thickness. This is needed since, in material
3.2.2 measured thickness—the thickness of the fabricated
specifications, limits for yield are normally stated in terms of
film as determined by actual measurement.
the percent deviation of actual yield from nominal yield.
3.2.3 nominal density—an estimated value of density of
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
film as agreed upon between the user and the supplier.
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
3.2.4 nominal thickness—the target value of film thickness
only.
as agreed upon between the user and the supplier.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.2.5 nominal yield—the target value of yield as agreed
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
upon between the user and the supplier.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.2.6 package yield—the calculated value of yield as deter-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
mined by this test method.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
NOTE 1—There is no known similar or equivalent ISO standard. 4. Significance and Use
4.1 Actual yield is important to the film converter as this
2. Referenced Documents
determines the actual number of units or packages that he can
2.1 ASTM Standards:
derive in a particular conversion from any given mass of film.
D 374 Test Methods for Thickness of Solid Electrical Insu-
lation
5. Apparatus
D 1505 Test Method for Density of Plastics by the Density-
5.1 Means for preparing test specimens of accurately known
Gradient Technique
area and weighing at least 1 g.
D 1898 Practice for Sampling of Plastics
5.1.1 When film width and thickness are such that a
E 252 Test Method for Thickness of Thin Foil and Film by
specimen weighing at least 1 g will be produced, a rectangular
Weighing
metal template, nominally 100-mm (4-in.) wide, having a
E 691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
length greater than the width of the film from which the
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
specimens are to be taken and having accurately parallel edges
in the length direction, is to be used for preparing specimens.
3. Terminology
The width is to be accurately measured for subsequent use in
3.1 Definitions:
calculating the specimen area. If slippage of film beneath the
3.1.1 density, apparent—the weight in air of a unit volume
template during the cutting operation is a problem, a thin layer
of a material.
of cork, felt, or other suitable material may be cemented onto
3.1.2 yield—the area per unit mass of a material.
the contact face of the template.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
5.1.2 For narrower, thinner films for which the above
template would not produce a specimen weighing at least 1 g,
a steel straightedge may be used. Using the steel straightedge,
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-20 on Plastics
cuts should be made as far apart as necessary to produce a
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.19 on Film and Sheeting.
Current edition approved Nov. 10, 1999. Published February 2000. Originally
specimen weighing at least 1 g.
published as D 4321 – 83. Last previous edition D 4321 – 95.
5.2 Horizontal Flat Surface, of a size large enough to
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 10.01.
3 accommodate film samples from which test specimens are to
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.01.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 02.02. be cut.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D4321–99
5.3 Sharp Utility Knife or Razor Blade, or equivalent. Y 5 ~W 3 L !/~M ! (1)
a a a a
5.4 Analytical Balance.
where:
5.5 Steel Tape Measure.
2 2
Y = measured yield, m /kg (in. /lb),
a
W = measured specimen width, m (in.),
a
6. Sampling
L = measured specimen length, m (in.), and
a
6.1 For a lot of shipment, one roll is the sampling unit.
M = measured specimen mass, kg (lb).
a
6.2 In obtaining a sample from a roll, unwind and discard at
8.2 For reporting on the measured yield of a specific roll,
least two turns before taking the sample. In obtaining a sample,
average the three values obtained of Y for the roll. For
a
cut across the full width of the film perpendicular to its length.
reporting on the measured yield of a lot or shipment, average
6.2.1 If results are to be obtained for only a single roll,
the n values of Y obtained for the n samples from the lot.
a
obtain a sample with a length sufficient for three test speci-
8.3 Calculate nominal yield for the roll, lot, or shipment as
mens. Usually a length of 3 m (10 ft) is sufficient.
follows:
6.2.2 If results are to be obtained for a lot of shipment, take
Y 5 ~C!/~dt! (2)
n
a sample from each roll of sufficient length to cut one
specimen. Usually a length of1m(3ft) is sufficient.
where:
2 2
6.3 For a lot or shipment, obtain samples from the number
Y = nominal yield, m /kg (in. /lb),
n
of sampling units dictated by the applicable film specification.
C = constant,
In the absence of a reference specification, sample in accor-
d = nominal density, and
dance with Practice D 1898.
t = nominal thickness.
3 6
8.3.1 When d is in kg/m and t is in μm, the value of C is 10
7. Procedure
in order to give Y in m /kg.
n
7.1 Smooth out the sample onto a flat surface. If the sample
8.3.2 When
...
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