ASTM D4437-08(2013)
(Practice)Standard Practice for Non-destructive Testing (NDT) for Determining the Integrity of Seams Used in Joining Flexible Polymeric Sheet Geomembranes
Standard Practice for Non-destructive Testing (NDT) for Determining the Integrity of Seams Used in Joining Flexible Polymeric Sheet Geomembranes
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The use of geomembranes as barrier materials to restrict liquid migration from one location to another in soil and rock, and the large number of seam methods and types used in joining these geomembrane sheets, has created a need for standard tests by which the various seams can be compared and the quality of the seam systems can be non-destructively evaluated. This practice is intended to meet such a need.
3.2 The geomembrane sheet material shall be formulated from the appropriate polymers and compounding ingredients to form a plastic or elastomer sheet material that meets all specified requirements for the end use of the product. The sheet material (reinforced or nonreinforced) shall be capable of being bonded to itself by one of the methods described in 1.2in accordance with the sheet manufacturer's recommendations and instructions.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is intended for use as a summary of nondestructive quality control test methods for determining the integrity of seams used in the joining of flexible sheet materials in a geotechnical application. This practice outlines the test procedures available for determining the quality of bonded seams. Any one or combination of the test methods outlined in this practice can be incorporated into a project specification for quality control. These test methods are applicable to manufactured flexible polymeric membrane linings that are scrim reinforced or nonreinforced. This practice is not applicable to destructive testing. For destructive test methods look at other ASTM Standards and Practices.
1.2 The types of seams covered by this practice include the following: Thermally Bonded Seams, Hot Air, Hot Wedge (or Knife), Extrusion, Solvent Bonded Seams, Bodied Solvent Bonded Seams, Adhesive Bonded or Cemented Seams, Taped Seams, Waterproofed Sewn Seams.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.4 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Standards Content (Sample)
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Designation: D4437 − 08(Reapproved 2013)
Standard Practice for
Non-destructive Testing (NDT) for Determining the Integrity
of Seams Used in Joining Flexible Polymeric Sheet
Geomembranes
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4437; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D5641 Practice for Geomembrane Seam Evaluation by
Vacuum Chamber
1.1 This practice is intended for use as a summary of
D5820 Practice for Pressurized Air Channel Evaluation of
nondestructive quality control test methods for determining the
Dual Seamed Geomembranes
integrityofseamsusedinthejoiningofflexiblesheetmaterials
D6365 Practice for the Nondestructive Testing of Geomem-
in a geotechnical application. This practice outlines the test
brane Seams using the Spark Test
procedures available for determining the quality of bonded
D7006 Practice for Ultrasonic Testing of Geomembranes
seams.Any one or combination of the test methods outlined in
D7177 Specification for Air Channel Evaluation of Polyvi-
this practice can be incorporated into a project specification for
nyl Chloride (PVC) Dual Track Seamed Geomembranes
quality control. These test methods are applicable to manufac-
tured flexible polymeric membrane linings that are scrim
3. Significance and Use
reinforced or nonreinforced. This practice is not applicable to
3.1 The use of geomembranes as barrier materials to restrict
destructive testing. For destructive test methods look at other
liquid migration from one location to another in soil and rock,
ASTM Standards and Practices.
and the large number of seam methods and types used in
1.2 The types of seams covered by this practice include the
joining these geomembrane sheets, has created a need for
following: Thermally Bonded Seams, Hot Air, Hot Wedge (or
standardtestsbywhichthevariousseamscanbecomparedand
Knife), Extrusion, Solvent Bonded Seams, Bodied Solvent
the quality of the seam systems can be non-destructively
Bonded Seams, Adhesive Bonded or Cemented Seams, Taped
evaluated. This practice is intended to meet such a need.
Seams, Waterproofed Sewn Seams.
3.2 The geomembrane sheet material shall be formulated
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
fromtheappropriatepolymersandcompoundingingredientsto
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
form a plastic or elastomer sheet material that meets all
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
specifiedrequirementsfortheenduseoftheproduct.Thesheet
and are not considered standard.
material(reinforcedornonreinforced)shallbecapableofbeing
1.4 This standard may involve hazardous materials, bonded to itself by one of the methods described in 1.2in
operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to accordance with the sheet manufacturer’s recommendations
address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its and instructions.
use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to
4. Nondestructive Test Methods
establish appropriate safety and health practices and deter-
4.1 For all test methods listed below, any and all flaws in
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
seam construction that are detected under a given test proce-
2. Referenced Documents
dure shall be repaired. All nondestructive test methods listed
are not necessarily applicable to all polymeric geomembrane
2.1 ASTM Standards:
materials.
4.2 Air Lance Test—Inspect all seams for unbonded areas
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 on Geosyn-
usinganairnozzledirectedontheupperseamedgeandsurface
thetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.10 on Geomembranes.
to detect loose edges, riffles indicating unbonded areas within
Current edition approved May 1, 2013. Published June 2013. Originally
the seam, or other undesirable seam conditions. Check all
approved in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D4437–08. DOI:
10.1520/D4437-08R13.
bonded seams using a minimum 50 psi (345 kPa) (gage) air
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
supply directed through a ⁄16 in. (4.8 mm) (typical) nozzle,
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
held not more than 2 in. (51 mm) from the seam edge and
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. directed at the seam edge.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D4437 − 08 (2013)
4.3 Vacuum Box Testing—Inspect all seams for unbonded 4.5 Mechanical Point Stressing—This test method shall be
areas by applying a vacuum
...
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