ASTM G40-02

Standard Terminology Relating to Wear and Erosion

SCOPE
1.1 The terms and their definitions given herein represent terminology relating to wear and erosion of solid bodies due to mechanical interactions such as occur with cavitation, impingement by liquid jets or drops or by solid particles, or relative motion against contacting solid surfaces or fluids. This scope interfaces with but generally excludes those processes where material loss is wholly or principally due to chemical action and other related technical fields, as, for instance, lubrication.
1.2 This terminology is not exhaustive; the absence of any particular term from this collection does not necessarily imply that its use within this scope is discouraged. However, the terms given herein are the recommended terms for the concepts they represent unless otherwise noted.
1.3 Certain general terms and definitions may be restricted and interpreted, if necessary, to make them particularly applicable to the scope as defined herein.
1.4 The purpose of this terminology is to encourage uniformity and accuracy in the description of test methods and devices and in the reporting of test results in relation to wear and erosion.
Note 1—All terms are listed alphabetically. When a subsidiary term is defined in conjuntion with the definition of a more generic term, and alphabetically-listed cross-reference is provided.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 09-Oct-2002
• ICS: 01.040.77 - Metallurgy (Vocabularies)
• ICS: 77.060 - Corrosion of metals
• Technical Committee: G02 - Wear and Erosion
• Drafting Committee: G02.91 - Terminology

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM G40-01 - Standard Terminology Relating to Wear and Erosion
• Effective Date: 10-Oct-2002
• Replaced By: ASTM G40-04 - Standard Terminology Relating to Wear and Erosion
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2004
• Referred By: ASTM F732-17 - Standard Test Method for Wear Testing of Polymeric Materials Used in Total Joint Prostheses
• Effective Date: 10-Oct-2002
• Referred By: ASTM D2783-21 - Standard Test Method for Measurement of Extreme-Pressure Properties of Lubricating Fluids (Four-Ball Method)
• Effective Date: 10-Oct-2002
• Referred By: ASTM D6593-18e1 - Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Automotive Engine Oils for Inhibition of Deposit Formation in a Spark-Ignition Internal Combustion Engine Fueled with Gasoline and Operated Under Low-Temperature, Light-Duty Conditions
• Effective Date: 10-Oct-2002
• Referred By: ASTM G99-17 - Standard Test Method for Wear Testing with a Pin-on-Disk Apparatus
• Effective Date: 10-Oct-2002
• Referred By: ASTM G73-10(2021) - Standard Test Method for Liquid Impingement Erosion Using Rotating Apparatus
• Effective Date: 10-Oct-2002
• Referred By: ASTM F1714-96(2018) - Standard Guide for Gravimetric Wear Assessment of Prosthetic Hip Designs in Simulator Devices
• Effective Date: 10-Oct-2002
• Referred By: ASTM G134-17(2023) - Standard Test Method for Erosion of Solid Materials by Cavitating Liquid Jet
• Effective Date: 10-Oct-2002
• Referred By: ASTM G77-17(2022) - Standard Test Method for Ranking Resistance of Materials to Sliding Wear Using Block-on-Ring Wear Test
• Effective Date: 10-Oct-2002
• Referred By: ASTM G133-22 - Standard Test Method for Linearly Reciprocating Ball-on-Flat Sliding Wear
• Effective Date: 10-Oct-2002
• Referred By: ASTM G204-21 - Standard Test Method for Damage to Contacting Solid Surfaces under Fretting Conditions
• Effective Date: 10-Oct-2002
• Referred By: ASTM G75-15(2021) - Standard Test Method for Determination of Slurry Abrasivity (Miller Number) and Slurry Abrasion Response of Materials (SAR Number)
• Effective Date: 10-Oct-2002
• Referred By: ASTM G206-17(2021)e1 - Standard Guide for Measuring the Wear Volumes of Piston Ring Segments Run against Flat Coupons in Reciprocating Wear Tests
• Effective Date: 10-Oct-2002
• Referred By: ASTM D8503-23 - Standard Test Method for Determining the Scuffing Temperature Limit of Lubricating Oils Using the SRV Test Machine
• Effective Date: 10-Oct-2002

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn. Contact ASTM
International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation:G40–02
Standard Terminology Relating to
1
Wear and Erosion
ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationG40;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyearoforiginal
adoptionor,inthecaseofrevision,theyearoflastrevision.Anumberinparenthesesindicatestheyearoflastreapproval.Asuperscript
epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope is affected by the simultaneous action of the other and, in
many cases, is thereby accelerated.
1.1 The terms and their definitions given herein represent
abrasivity, n—the ability of a material or substance to cause
terminologyrelatingtowearanderosionofsolidbodiesdueto
abrasive wear.
mechanical interactions such as occur with cavitation, im-
absolute impact velocity— See impact velocity.
pingement by liquid jets or drops or by solid particles, or
acceleration period, n— in cavitation and liquid impingement
relative motion against contacting solid surfaces or fluids.This
erosion, the stage following the incubation period during
scope interfaces with but generally excludes those processes
which the erosion rate increases from near zero to a
where material loss is wholly or principally due to chemical
maximum value. (See also erosion rate-time pattern.)
action and other related technical fields as, for instance,
accumulation period, n— in cavitation and liquid impinge-
lubrication.
ment erosion, a less-preferred term for acceleration period.
1.2 This terminology is not exhaustive; the absence of any
adhesive wear, n—wear due to localized bonding between
particular term from this collection does not necessarily imply
contacting solid surfaces leading to material transfer be-
that its use within this scope is discouraged. However, the
tween the two surfaces or loss from either surface.
termsgivenhereinaretherecommendedtermsfortheconcepts
angle of attack, n— in impingement erosion, the angle
they represent unless otherwise noted.
between the direction of motion of an impinging liquid or
1.3 Certain general terms and definitions may be restricted
solid particle and the tangent to the surface at the point of
and interpreted, if necessary, to make them particularly appli-
impact.
cable to the scope as defined herein.
angle of incidence, n— in impingement erosion, the angle
1.4 The purpose of this terminology is to encourage unifor-
between the direction of motion of an impinging liquid or
mity and accuracy in the description of test methods and
solid particle and the normal to the surface at the point of
devices and in the reporting of test results in relation to wear
impact.
and erosion.
apparent area of contact, n—in tribology, the area of contact
NOTE 1—All terms are listed alphabetically. When a subsidiary term is
betweentwosolidsurfacesdefinedbytheboundariesoftheir
defined in conjunction with the definition of a more generic term, an
macroscopic interface. (Contrast with real area of contact.)
alphabetically-listed cross-reference is provided.
asperity, n—in tribology, a protuberance in the small-scale
topographical irregularities of a solid surface.
2. Referenced Documents
attenuation period, n— in cavitation and liquid impingement
2.1 ASTM Standards:
erosion, a less-preferred term for deceleration period.
C242 Terminology of Ceramic Whitewares and Related
2 average erosion rate, n—alesspreferredtermfor cumulative
Products
erosion rate.
3. Terminology Beilby layer, n—an altered surface layer of supposedly amor-
phousmaterialformedonacrystallinesolidduringmechani-
abrasive wear, n—wear due to hard particles or hard protu-
cal polishing, whose existence was proposed in Sir George
berances forced against and moving along a solid surface.
Beilby’s writings. The existence of such a layer is not
abrasion-corrosion, n—a synergistic process involving both
supported by recent research, and the use of this term is
abrasivewearandcorrosioninwhicheachoftheseprocesses
therefore considered archaic and is strongly discouraged.
break-in, n—See run-in.
1 break in, v—See run in.
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee G02 on Wear
and Erosion and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee G02.91 on Terminol- brinelling, n—damagetoasolidbearingsurfacecharacterized
ogy.
by one or more plastically formed indentations caused by
Current edition approved Oct. 10, 2002. Published December 2002. Originally
static or impulsive overloads, especially as found in rolling
approved in 1973. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as G40–01.
2
contact bearings. (See also false brinelling.)
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.02.
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