ASTM G40-04

Standard Terminology Relating to Wear and Erosion

SCOPE
1.1 The terms and their definitions given herein represent terminology relating to wear and erosion of solid bodies due to mechanical interactions such as occur with cavitation, impingement by liquid jets or drops or by solid particles, or relative motion against contacting solid surfaces or fluids. This scope interfaces with but generally excludes those processes where material loss is wholly or principally due to chemical action and other related technical fields, as, for instance, lubrication.
1.2 This terminology is not exhaustive; the absence of any particular term from this collection does not necessarily imply that its use within this scope is discouraged. However, the terms given herein are the recommended terms for the concepts they represent unless otherwise noted.
1.3 Certain general terms and definitions may be restricted and interpreted, if necessary, to make them particularly applicable to the scope as defined herein.
1.4 The purpose of this terminology is to encourage uniformity and accuracy in the description of test methods and devices and in the reporting of test results in relation to wear and erosion.
Note 1—All terms are listed alphabetically. When a subsidiary term is defined in conjuntion with the definition of a more generic term, and alphabetically-listed cross-reference is provided.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 30-Nov-2004
• ICS: 01.040.77 - Metallurgy (Vocabularies)
• ICS: 77.060 - Corrosion of metals
• Technical Committee: G02 - Wear and Erosion
• Drafting Committee: G02.91 - Terminology

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM G40-02 - Standard Terminology Relating to Wear and Erosion
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2004
• Replaced By: ASTM G40-05 - Standard Terminology Relating to Wear and Erosion
• Effective Date: 01-May-2005
• Referred By: ASTM G195-22 - Standard Guide for Conducting Wear Tests Using a Rotary Platform Abraser
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2004
• Referred By: ASTM D5707-19 - Standard Test Method for Measuring Friction and Wear Properties of Lubricating Grease Using a High-Frequency, Linear-Oscillation (SRV) Test Machine
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2004
• Referred By: ASTM D7421-19 - Standard Test Method for Determining Extreme Pressure Properties of Lubricating Oils Using High-Frequency, Linear-Oscillation (SRV) Test Machine
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2004
• Referred By: ASTM D7420-18 - Standard Test Method for Determining Tribomechanical Properties of Grease Lubricated Plastic Socket Suspension Joints Using a High-Frequency, Linear-Oscillation (SRV) Test Machine
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2004
• Referred By: ASTM G137-97(2017) - Standard Test Method for Ranking Resistance of Plastic Materials to Sliding Wear Using a Block-On-Ring Configuration
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2004
• Referred By: ASTM D6593-18e1 - Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Automotive Engine Oils for Inhibition of Deposit Formation in a Spark-Ignition Internal Combustion Engine Fueled with Gasoline and Operated Under Low-Temperature, Light-Duty Conditions
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2004
• Referred By: ASTM E2789-10(2021) - Standard Guide for Fretting Fatigue Testing
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2004
• Referred By: ASTM G105-20 - Standard Test Method for Conducting Wet Sand/Rubber Wheel Abrasion Tests
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2004
• Referred By: ASTM D7596-23 - Standard Test Method for Automatic Particle Counting and Particle Shape Classification of Oils Using a Direct Imaging Integrated Tester
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2004
• Referred By: ASTM G196-08(2021) - Standard Test Method for Galling Resistance of Material Couples
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2004
• Referred By: ASTM G77-17(2022) - Standard Test Method for Ranking Resistance of Materials to Sliding Wear Using Block-on-Ring Wear Test
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2004
• Referred By: ASTM G174-22 - Standard Test Method for Measuring Abrasion Resistance of Materials by Abrasive Loop Contact
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2004
• Referred By: ASTM G119-09(2021) - Standard Guide for Determining Synergism Between Wear and Corrosion
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2004

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:G40–04
Standard Terminology Relating to
1
Wear and Erosion
ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationG40;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyearoforiginal
adoptionor,inthecaseofrevision,theyearoflastrevision.Anumberinparenthesesindicatestheyearoflastreapproval.Asuperscript
epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope abrasion-corrosion, n—a synergistic process involving both
abrasivewearandcorrosioninwhicheachoftheseprocesses
1.1 The terms and their definitions given herein represent
is affected by the simultaneous action of the other and, in
terminologyrelatingtowearanderosionofsolidbodiesdueto
many cases, is thereby accelerated.
mechanical interactions such as occur with cavitation, im-
abrasivity, n—the ability of a material or substance to cause
pingement by liquid jets or drops or by solid particles, or
abrasive wear.
relative motion against contacting solid surfaces or fluids.This
absolute impact velocity— See impact velocity.
scope interfaces with but generally excludes those processes
acceleration period, n— in cavitation and liquid impingement
where material loss is wholly or principally due to chemical
erosion, the stage following the incubation period during
action and other related technical fields as, for instance,
which the erosion rate increases from near zero to a
lubrication.
maximum value. (See also erosion rate-time pattern.)
1.2 This terminology is not exhaustive; the absence of any
accumulation period, n— in cavitation and liquid impinge-
particular term from this collection does not necessarily imply
ment erosion, a less-preferred term for acceleration period.
that its use within this scope is discouraged. However, the
adhesive wear, n—wear due to localized bonding between
termsgivenhereinaretherecommendedtermsfortheconcepts
contacting solid surfaces leading to material transfer be-
they represent unless otherwise noted.
tween the two surfaces or loss from either surface.
1.3 Certain general terms and definitions may be restricted
angle of attack, n—in impingement erosion,theanglebetween
and interpreted, if necessary, to make them particularly appli-
the direction of motion of an impinging liquid or solid
cable to the scope as defined herein.
particle and the tangent to the surface at the point of impact.
1.4 The purpose of this terminology is to encourage unifor-
angle of incidence, n—in impingement erosion, the angle
mity and accuracy in the description of test methods and
between the direction of motion of an impinging liquid or
devices and in the reporting of test results in relation to wear
solid particle and the normal to the surface at the point of
and erosion.
impact.
NOTE 1—All terms are listed alphabetically. When a subsidiary term is
apparent area of contact, n—in tribology, the area of contact
defined in conjunction with the definition of a more generic term, an
betweentwosolidsurfacesdefinedbytheboundariesoftheir
alphabetically-listed cross-reference is provided.
macroscopic interface. (Contrast with real area of contact.)
asperity, n—in tribology, a protuberance in the small-scale
2. Referenced Documents
2 topographical irregularities of a solid surface.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
attenuation period, n— in cavitation and liquid impingement
C242 Terminology of Ceramic Whitewares and Related
erosion, a less-preferred term for deceleration period.
Products
average erosion rate, n—alesspreferredtermfor cumulative
3. Terminology erosion rate.
Beilby layer, n—an altered surface layer of supposedly amor-
abrasive wear, n—wear due to hard particles or hard protu-
phousmaterialformedonacrystallinesolidduringmechani-
berances forced against and moving along a solid surface.
cal polishing, whose existence was proposed in Sir George
Beilby’s writings. The existence of such a layer is not
1 supported by recent research, and the use of this term is
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee G02 on Wear
and Erosion and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee G02.91 on Terminol- therefore considered archaic and is strongly discouraged.
ogy.
break-in, n—See run-in.
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2004. Published December 2004. Originally
break in, v—See run in.
approved in 1973. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as G40–02.
2
brinelling, n—damagetoasolidbearingsurfacecharacterized
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