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ASTM E805-94

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Identification of Instrumental Methods of Color or Color-Difference Measurement of Materials

Standard Practice for Identification of Instrumental Methods of Color or Color-Difference Measurement of Materials

SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the documentation of instrumental measurement of color or color difference for current communication or for future reference. The practice is applicable to instrumental measurements of materials where color is seen by reflected, transmitted or emitted light and any combinations of one or more of these processes. The practice is recommended for documentation of methodology in interlaboratory color-measurement programs.
1.2 An adequate identification of an instrumental measure of color or color-difference consists of five parts:
1.2.1 Nature and source of available samples and the form of specimens actually measured,
1.2.2 Instrumental conditions of measurement, including instrument geometrical and spectral conditions of measurement,
1.2.3 Standards used,
1.2.4 Data acquisition procedure, and
1.2.5 Color scales employed.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of whoever uses this standard to consult and establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Dec-2001
ICS
17.180.20 - Colours and measurement of light
Technical Committee
E12 - Color and Appearance
Drafting Committee
E12.04 - Color and Appearance Analysis
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM E805-01 - Standard Practice for Identification of Instrumental Methods of Color or Color-Difference Measurement of Materials
Effective Date
10-Dec-2001
Referred By
ASTM C1510-01(2020) - Standard Test Method for Color and Color Difference of Whitewares by Abriged Spectrophotometry
Effective Date
10-Dec-2001
Referred By
ASTM E1349-06(2022) - Standard Test Method for Reflectance Factor and Color by Spectrophotometry Using Bidirectional (45°:0° or 0°:45°) Geometry
Effective Date
10-Dec-2001
Referred By
ASTM D5531-17(2023) - Standard Guide for Preparation, Maintenance, and Distribution of Physical Product Standards for Color and Geometric Appearance of Coatings
Effective Date
10-Dec-2001
Referred By
ASTM D7195-21 - Standard Guide for Setting Object Color Specifications
Effective Date
10-Dec-2001
Referred By
ASTM E1348-22 - Standard Test Method for Transmittance and Color by Spectrophotometry Using Hemispherical Geometry
Effective Date
10-Dec-2001
Referred By
ASTM D2454-23 - Standard Practice for Determining the Effect of Overbaking on Organic Coatings
Effective Date
10-Dec-2001
Referred By
ASTM E2194-14(2021) - Standard Test Method for Multiangle Color Measurement of Metal Flake Pigmented Materials
Effective Date
10-Dec-2001
Referred By
ASTM E2539-14(2021) - Standard Test Method for Multiangle Color Measurement of Interference Pigments
Effective Date
10-Dec-2001
Referred By
ASTM D4726-18 - Standard Specification for Rigid Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Exterior-Profile Extrusions Used for Assembled Windows and Doors
Effective Date
10-Dec-2001
Referred By
ASTM E1164-12(2023)e1 - Standard Practice for Obtaining Spectrometric Data for Object-Color Evaluation
Effective Date
10-Dec-2001
Referred By
ASTM E1331-15(2019) - Standard Test Method for Reflectance Factor and Color by Spectrophotometry Using Hemispherical Geometry
Effective Date
10-Dec-2001
Referred By
ASTM D2244-23 - Standard Practice for Calculation of Color Tolerances and Color Differences from Instrumentally Measured Color Coordinates
Effective Date
10-Dec-2001
Referred By
ASTM E1347-06(2020) - Standard Test Method for Color and Color-Difference Measurement by Tristimulus Colorimetry
Effective Date
10-Dec-2001
Referred By
ASTM E313-20 - Standard Practice for Calculating Yellowness and Whiteness Indices from Instrumentally Measured Color Coordinates
Effective Date
10-Dec-2001

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ASTM E805-94 - Standard Practice for Identification of Instrumental Methods of Color or Color-Difference Measurement of MaterialsASTM E805-94 - Standard Practice for Identification of Instrumental Methods of Color or Color-Difference Measurement of Materials
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ASTM E805-94 - Standard Practice for Identification of Instrumental Methods of Color or Color-Difference Measurement of Materials
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Standards Content (Sample)


NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: E 805 – 94
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS
100 Barr Harbor Dr., West Conshohocken, PA 19428
Reprinted from the Annual Book of ASTM Standards. Copyright ASTM
Standard Practice for
Identification of Instrumental Methods of Color or Color-
Difference Measurement of Materials
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 805; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope E 991 Practice for Color Measurement of Fluorescent
Specimens
1.1 This practice covers the identification of instrumental
E 1164 Practice for Obtaining Spectrophotometric Data for
methods for the measurement of color or color difference. The
Object-Color Evaluation
practice is applicable to instrumental measurements of materi-
E 1247 Test Method for Identifying Fluorescence in Object-
als where color is seen by reflected or transmitted light. The
Color Specimens by Spectrophotometry
practice is recommended for documentation of methodology in
E 1331 Test Method for Reflectance Factor and Color by
interlaboratory color-measurement programs.
Spectrophotometry Using Hemispherical Geometry
1.2 An adequate identification of an instrumental measure
E 1345 Practice for Reducing the Variability of Color Mea-
of color or color-difference consists of five parts:
surement by the Use of Multiple Measurements
1.2.1 Nature and source of available samples and the form
E 1347 Test Method for Color and Color Difference Mea-
of specimens actually measured,
surement by Tristimulus (Filter) Colorimetry
1.2.2 Instrumental conditions of measurement, including
E 1348 Test Method for Transmittance and Color by Spec-
instrument geometry and spectral properties of illuminating
trophotometry Using Hemispherical Geometry
and receiving systems,
E 1349 Test Method for Reflectance Factor and Color Using
1.2.3 Standards used,
Bidirectional Geometry
1.2.4 Data-taking procedure, and
1.2.5 Trichromatic color scales employed.
3. Terminology
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1 Definitions of terms in Terminology E 284 are appli-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
cable to this practice.
responsibility of whoever uses this standard to consult and
establish appropriate safety and health practices and deter-
4. Significance and Use
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
4.1 The options available in methods for the measurement
2. Referenced Documents of color or color-difference are many. These involve choices in:
(1) specimens, (2) geometric and spectral properties of instru-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
ments, (3) calibration bases for standards used, (4) procedure
D 1535 Test Method for Specifying Color by the Munsell
2 for taking data, and (5) equations for converting instrumental
System
data to final results. A sample form is provided in Fig. 1 to
D 2244 Test Method for Calculation of Color Differences
2 record identifying information applicable to any instrumental
from Instrumentally Measured Color Coordinates
method of color or color-difference measurement.
E 179 Guide for Selection of Geometric Conditions for
4.2 Refer to Practices E 991, E 1164, and E 1345 and Test
Measurement of Reflection and Transmission Properties of
2 Methods E 1247, E 1331, E 1347, E 1348, and E 1349 for
Materials
specific details of actual measurements.
E 259 Practice for Preparation of Pressed Powder White
Reflectance Factor Transfer Standards for Hemispherical
5. Identification of Samples and Specimens
Geometry
2 5.1 Identification of Samples:
E 284 Terminology of Appearance
5.1.1 Identify samples by material and form, together with
E 308 Practice for Computing the Colors of Objects by
2 markings or document identification.
Using the CIE System
5.1.2 From available samples, select or prepare specimens
that represent the samples in appearance attributes of interest.
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E-12 on Appear-
Specimens should be planar and uniform to the unaided eye
anceand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E12.04 on Color and
over an area large enough to cover the specimen port of the
Appearance Analysis.
Current edition approved April 15, 1994. Published June 1994. Originally instrument to be used for measurement.
published as E 805 – 81. Last previous edition E 805 – 93.
5.2 Identification of Specimens:
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 06.01.
E 805
FIG. 1 Sample Report Form
5.2.1 Mark each specimen with sample identification, a 5.2.4 Identify special specimen characteristics, if any, such
serial number or letter, and any other identifying markings that as:
may be desired. 5.2.4.1 Effect pigment (metal flake or pearlescent),
5.2.2 Identify form of specimens as either: 5.2.4.2 Fluorescent, and
5.2.2.1 Solid sheet or web (specify thickness and backing 5.2.4.3 Retroreflective.
material). 5.2.5 Determine whether the specimen exhibits directional-
5.2.2.2 Powder or granular substance (packed or poured; if ity. If applicable, specify the orientation and any rotation of the
placed behind window, state material and thickness). specimen between measurements. The use of a datum mark
5.2.2.3 Fiber or yarn (describe form, type of transparent may be helpful.
specimen window, pressure on backing plate).
6. Identification of Instrument
5.2.2.4 Paste (if placed behind window, state material and
thickness).
6.1 Geometric Properties of Instrument:
5.2.2.5 Liquid (if observed through window, state window
6.1.1 Directions of Illumination and View—Identify axial
material and thickness).
angles of illumination and view, and aperture angles of
5.2.2.6 Film drawdown (specify film thickness and back-
illumination and view, when known.
ground).
NOTE 2—For more detail on geometric analysis, see Practice E 179.
NOTE 1—When specimens are measured behind glass or other material,
Whenever the extents to which rays deviate from axial angles within
specify thickness and material type. In addition, specify the method used
illuminating and viewing beams are unimportant, aperture angles may be
for data correction.
omitted and a shorthand notation may be used as follows: Designate
bidirectional 45° illumination and 0° viewing as 45/0; designate hemi-
5.2.3 Identify optical character of specimens as either:
spherical illumination and 0° viewing as d/0. Reverse geometries should
5.2.3.1 Opaque, nonmetallic (majority of materials).
be designated 0/45 and 0/d. When more than one beam is used, their
5.2.3.2 Opaque, metallic (bare metal or foil).
number and directions shall be stated. The term circumferential or annular
5.2.3.3 Translucent.
shall be used to indicate that rays are incident at selected or all azimuth
5.2.3.4 Transparent. angles through 360°.
E 805
6.1.2 Hemispherical Illumination or View—Where direc- 7.2 Instrument Standard—Identify instrument standard ac-
tions of illumination or view encompass the whole hemisphere, tually used.
as with an integrating sphere, identify by term “hemispherical.”
7.3 Product Standard—Identify the product standard if used
Where hemispherical illumination or view is employed, or in the measurements.
both, but the specular light is excl
...

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5.1 In today's commerce, instrument makers and instrument users must deal with a large array of bench-top and portable color-measuring instruments, many with different geometric and spectral characteristics. At the same time, manufacturers of colored goods are adopting quality management systems that require periodic verification of the performance of the instruments that are critical to the quality of the final product. The technology involved in optics and electro-optics has progressed greatly over the last decade. The result has been a generation of instruments that are both more affordable and higher in performance. What had been a tool for the research laboratory is now available to the retail point of sale, to manufacturing, to design, and to corporate communications. New documentary standards have been published that encourage the use of colorimeters, spectrocolorimeters, and colorimetric spetrometers in applications previously dominated by visual expertise or by filter densitometers.7 Therefore, it is necessary to determine if an instrument is suitable to the application and to verify that an instrument or instruments are working within the required operating parameters.  
5.2 This practice provides descriptions of some common instrumental parameters that relate to the way an instrument will contribute to the quality and consistency of the production of colored goods. It also describes some of the material standards required to assess the performance of a color-measuring instrument and suggests some tests and test reports to aid in verifying the performance of the instrument relative to its intended application.
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1.1 This practice covers standard terms and procedures for describing and characterizing the performance of spectral and filter based instruments designed to measure and compute the colorimetric properties of materials and objects. It does not set the specifications but rather gives the format and process by which specifications can be determined, communicated and verified.  
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4.1 This practice applies to any measurement of reflectance in which the angle at the sample between the direction of the incident radiation and the direction of viewing is less than approximately 10°, and the reflected radiation is concentrated in a direction opposite to the direction of incidence.  
4.2 The CIE (goniometer) system described in 6.1.1 was developed by the Subcommittee on Retroreflection of Committee 2.3 on Materials of the International Commission on Illumination (Commission International de l'Eclairage, CIE). It is intended to provide a common basis for the measurement of retroreflection, which should be used worldwide.  
4.3 This practice provides alternative geometric coordinate systems useful for visualizing relationships between various angles in actual use.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers terminology, alternative geometrical coordinate systems, and procedures for designating angles in descriptions of retroreflectors, specifications for retroreflector performance, and measurements of retroreflection.  
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ASTM E1247-12(2023)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Detecting Fluorescence in Object-Color Specimens by Spectrophotometry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Several standards, including Practices E991, E1164, and Test Methods E1331, E1348 and E1349, require either the presence or absence of fluorescence exhibited by the specimen for correct application. This practice provides spectrophotometric procedures for identifying the presence of fluorescence in materials.  
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4.4 The confirmation of the presence of fluorescence is made by the comparison of spectral curves, color difference, or single parameter difference such as ΔY between the measurements.
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4.5 Either bidirectional or hemispherical instrument geometry may be used in this practice. The instrument must be capable of providing either broadband (white light) irradiation on the specimen or monochromatic irradiation and monochromatic detection.  
4.6 This practice describes methods to detect the...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides spectrophotometric methods for detecting the presence of fluorescence in object-color specimens.
Note 1: Since the addition of fluorescing agents (colorants, whitening agents, etc.) is often intentional by the manufacturer of a material, information on the presence or absence of fluorescent properties in a specimen may often be obtained from the maker of the material.  
1.2 This practice requires the use of a spectrophotometer that both irradiates the specimen over the wavelength range from 340 nm to 700 nm and allows the spectral distribution of illumination on the specimen to be altered as desired.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The most direct and accessible methods for obtaining the color coordinates of object colors are by instrumental measurement using spectrophotometers or colorimeters with either hemispherical or bidirectional optical measuring systems. This test method provides procedures for such measurement by reflectance spectrophotometry using a hemispherical optical measuring system.  
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5.2.2.2 For the measurement of plane-surface intermediate-gloss specimens and of textured-surface specimens, including textiles, where the first-surface reflection component may be distributed over a wide range of angles, measurement may be made with the specular component included, but the resulting color coordinates may not correlate best with visual judgments of the color. The use of bidirectional geometry, such as 45/0 or 0/45, may lead to better correlations.
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5.2.3 Specimens with bare metal surfaces for color assessment. For this application, the specular component should generally be included during the measurement.  
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5.1 The most fundamental method for obtaining CIE tristimulus values or other color coordinates for describing the colors of visual display units (VDUs) is by the use of spectroradiometric data. (See CIE No. 18 and 63.) These data are used by summation together with numerical values representing the 1931 CIE Standard Observer and normalized to Km, the maximum spectral luminous efficacy function.  
5.2 The special requirements for characterizing VDUs possessing narrow or discontinuous spectra are presented and discussed. Modifications to the requirements of Practice E308 are given to correct for the unusual nature of narrow or discontinuous sources.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method prescribes the instrumental measurements required for characterizing the color and brightness of VDUs.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice is used by artists, designers, scientists, engineers, and government regulators, to specify an existing or desired color. It is used in the natural sciences to record the colors of specimens, or identify specimens, such as human complexion, flowers, foliage, soils, and minerals. It is used to specify colors for commerce and for control of color-production processes, when instrumental color measurement is not economical. The Munsell system is widely used for color tolerancing, even when instrumentation is employed (see Practice D3134). It is common practice to have color chips made to illustrate an aim color and the just tolerable deviations from that color in hue, value, and chroma, such a set of chips being called a Color Tolerance Set. A color tolerance set exhibits the aim color and color tolerances so that everyone involved in the selection, production, and acceptance of the color can directly perceive the intent of the specification, before bidding to supply the color or starting production. A color tolerance set may be measured to establish instrumental tolerances. Without extensive experience, it may be impossible to visualize the meaning of numbers resulting from color measurement, but by this practice, the numbers can be translated to the Munsell color-order system, which is exemplified by colored chips for visual examination. This color-order system is the basis of the ISCC-NBS Method of Designating Colors and a Dictionary of Color Names, as well as the Universal Color Language, which associates color names, in the English language, with Munsell notations (3).
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides a means of specifying the colors of objects in terms of the Munsell color order system, a system based on the color-perception attributes hue, lightness, and chroma. The practice is limited to opaque objects, such as painted surfaces viewed in daylight by an observer having normal color vision. This practice provides a simple visual method as an alternative to the more precise and more complex method based on spectrophotometry and the CIE system (see Practices E308 and E1164). Provision is made for conversion of CIE data to Munsell notation.  
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ASTM D2244-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Calculation of Color Tolerances and Color Differences from Instrumentally Measured Color Coordinates

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The original CIE color scales based on tristimulus values X, Y, Z and chromaticity coordinates x, y are not uniform visually. Each subsequent color scale based on CIE values has had weighting factors applied to provide some degree of uniformity so that color differences in various regions of color space will be more nearly comparable. On the other hand, color differences obtained for the same specimens evaluated in different color-scale systems are not likely to be identical. To avoid confusion, color differences among specimens or the associated tolerances should be compared only when they are obtained for the same color-scale system. There is no simple factor that can be used to convert accurately color differences or color tolerances in one system to difference or tolerance units in another system for all colors of specimens.  
5.2 Color differences calculated in ΔE00 units (6) are highly recommended for use with color-differences in the range of 0.0 to 5.0 ΔE*ab units. This color-difference equation is appropriate for and widely used in industrial and commercial applications including, but not limited to, automobiles, coatings, cosmetics, inks, packaging, paints, plastics, printing, security, and textiles.  
5.3 Users of color tolerance equations have found that, in each system, summation of three, vector color-difference components into a single scalar value is very useful for determining whether a specimen color is within a specified tolerance from a standard. However, for control of color in production, it may be necessary to know not only the magnitude of the departure from standard but also the direction of this departure. It is possible to include information on the direction of a small color difference by listing the three instrumentally determined components of the color difference.  
5.4 Selection of color tolerances based on instrumental values should be carefully correlated with a visual appraisal of the acceptability of differences in hue, lig...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the calculation, from instrumentally measured color coordinates based on daylight illumination, of color tolerances and small color differences between opaque specimens such as painted panels, plastic plaques, or textile swatches. Where it is suspected that the specimens may be metameric, that is, possess different spectral curves though visually alike in color, Practice D4086 should be used to verify instrumental results. The tolerances and differences determined by these procedures are expressed in terms of approximately uniform visual color perception in CIE 1976 CIELAB opponent-color space (1),2 CMC tolerance units (2), CIE94 tolerance units (3), the DIN99o color difference formula given in DIN 6176  (4), or the CIEDE2000 color difference units (5).  
1.2 For product specification, the purchaser and the seller shall agree upon the permissible color tolerance between test specimen and reference and the procedure for calculating the color tolerance. Each material and condition of use may require specific color tolerances because other appearance factors, (for example, specimen proximity, gloss, and texture), may affect the correlation between the magnitude of a measured color difference and its commercial acceptability.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E2867-14(2023)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Estimating Uncertainty of Test Results Derived from Spectrophotometry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Many competent measurement laboratories comply with accepted quality system requirements such as ISO 9001, QS 9000, or ISO 17025. When using standard test methods, the measurement results should agree with those from other similar laboratories within the combined uncertainty limits of the laboratories’ measurement systems. It is for this reason that quality system requirements demand that a statement of the uncertainty of the test results accompany every test result.  
5.2 Preparation of uncertainty estimates is a requirement for laboratory certification under ISO 17025. This practice describes the procedures by which such uncertainty estimates may be calculated.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes a protocol to be utilized by measurement laboratories for estimating and reporting the uncertainty of a measurement result when the result is derived from a measurand that has been obtained by spectrophotometry.  
1.2 This practice is specifically limited to the reporting of uncertainty of color measurement results that are reported as color-differences in ΔE format, even though the measurement itself may be reported in other units such as percent reflectance or transmittance.  
1.3 The procedures defined here are not intended to be applicable to national standardizing laboratories or transfer laboratories.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E2301-12(2022)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Daytime Colorimetric Properties of Fluorescent Retroreflective Sheeting and Marking Materials for High Visibility Traffic Control and Personal Safety Applications Using 45°:Normal Geometry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides procedures for obtaining tristimulus values, luminance factors and chromaticity coordinates of fluorescent-retroreflective materials by bispectral colorimetry using a 45:0 or 0:45 optical measuring system.  
5.2 The CIE 1931 (2°) standard observer is used to calculate the colorimetric properties of fluorescent-retroreflective sheeting and markings used in daytime high visibility traffic control and personal safety applications because in practice these materials are primarily viewed from a distance where they subtend less than 4° of the visual field.  
5.3 This test method is applicable to object-color specimens of any gloss level.  
5.4 Due to the retroreflective properties of these materials the colorimetric data may not be suitable for use in computer colorant formulation.  
5.5 This test method is suitable for quality control testing of fluorescent-retroreflective sheeting and marking materials.
Note 1: Separation of the fluorescence and reflectance components from the total colorimetric properties provides useful and meaningful information to evaluate independently the luminescent and diffuse reflective efficiency and consistency of these materials.  
5.6 This test method is the referee method for determining the conformance of fluorescent-retroreflective sheeting and marking materials to standard daytime colorimetric specifications.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the instrumental measurement of the colorimetric properties (CIE tristimulus values, luminance factors, and chromaticity coordinates) of fluorescent-retroreflective sheeting and marking materials when illuminated by daylight.  
1.2 This test method is generally applicable to any sheeting or marking material having combined fluorescent and retroreflective properties used for daytime high visibility traffic control and personal safety applications.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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