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ASTM D1185-98a(2017)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Methods for Pallets and Related Structures Employed in Materials Handling and Shipping

Standard Test Methods for Pallets and Related Structures Employed in Materials Handling and Shipping

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Static compression and bending tests provide data that are used to estimate stiffness, strength, and safe working loads for pallets under specified load and support conditions. These estimates provide a basis for designing pallets and comparing the performance between pallets of different designs and constructions.  
4.2 Dynamic tests provide data which are used to estimate the physical durability and functionality of a pallet in specified material handling and shipping environments. These estimates provide a basis for designing single or multiple-use pallets.  
4.3 Other tests may be performed to assess the properties of specific materials (Test Methods D2395, D4442, D4444, and T 208 OM) and connecting devices (Test Methods D1761, F680, Test Method F1575, and Specification F1667), design features, use applications, and other variables encountered.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the performance of pallets and related structures, functioning as skids, bases, platforms, and bins in materials handling and shipping. Their use facilitates the protection of both packaged and unpackaged products during storage and transportation. The test methods include measurements of the relative resistance of pallets and related structures to deformations, damages, and structural failures which detrimentally affect the functionality of the unit load.  
1.2 These test methods include conditioning requirements, static stiffness and strength tests, and dynamic tests of structural reliability. These test methods are used to evaluate the relative performance of new, used, or reconditioned general and special-purpose pallets fabricated from various materials including solid wood, wood composites, fiberboard, honeycomb, plastics, or metal, or to compare the performance of such pallets and related structures to specified performance criteria. Recommended criteria for all tests specified in this standard are listed in Appendix X2.  
1.2.1 These test methods are also used to classify pallets as single- or multiple-use pallets and to determine the safe working loads for pallets under specified load and support conditions.  
1.3 Nonmandatory Preliminary Tests—Because each pallet may be used under several different conditions of load and support, pallet-design considerations and safe working-load estimates shall be based on that condition under which the pallet offers least resistance or is most severely stressed.  
1.3.1 Preliminary, short-duration static tests up to the ultimate (see 8.2, 8.3, and 8.4) shall be performed on previously non-tested pallets to determine which load and support conditions influence most severely the pallet load-carrying capacity and safe working loads.  
1.3.2 During the development of prototypes leading to designs that will be subject to acceptance testing, as described in 1.4, these preliminary tests shall include the free-fall drop tests in accordance with 9.1.  
1.4 Mandatory Acceptance Tests:  
1.4.1 General-Purpose Pallets—When the objective of the test is to determine the safe working load or to classify a general-purpose pallet as a single- or multiple-use pallet, all tests described in these test methods shall be performed in the order specified. The same pallet shall be used for all static and dynamic tests, where feasible.  
1.4.2 Special-Purpose Pallets—When the objective of the test is to determine the safe working load or to classify a special-purpose pallet, as a single- or multiple-use pallet, only those tests representing the intended condition of use shall be performed. Certain special–purpose pallet designs, because of the pallet size, its shape, or the material of fabrication, or combinations thereof, cannot be reliably tested using this methodology. When available, alternative test methods should be used.  
1.4.3 Field Testing—It is recommended that pallet designs passing these acceptance tests be further subjected to field testing in the distribution en...

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
30-Apr-2017
ICS
55.180.20 - General purpose pallets
Technical Committee
D10 - Packaging
Drafting Committee
D10.21 - Shipping Containers and Systems - Application of Performance Test Methods
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Refers
ASTM D1761-20 - Standard Test Methods for Mechanical Fasteners in Wood and Wood-Based Materials
Effective Date
15-Apr-2020
Refers
ASTM D4442-15 - Standard Test Methods for Direct Moisture Content Measurement of Wood and Wood-Based Materials
Effective Date
01-Jun-2015
Refers
ASTM D999-08(2015) - Standard Test Methods for Vibration Testing of Shipping Containers
Effective Date
01-Oct-2015
Refers
ASTM F1667-17 - Standard Specification for Driven Fasteners: Nails, Spikes, and Staples
Effective Date
01-Mar-2017
Refers
ASTM F1667-15 - Standard Specification for Driven Fasteners: Nails, Spikes, and Staples
Effective Date
01-Sep-2015
Refers
ASTM D4444-13(2018) - Standard Test Method for Laboratory Standardization and Calibration of Hand-Held Moisture Meters
Effective Date
01-Jul-2018
Refers
ASTM F1667-18 - Standard Specification for Driven Fasteners: Nails, Spikes, and Staples
Effective Date
01-Sep-2018
Refers
ASTM D4003-98(2015) - Standard Test Methods for Programmable Horizontal Impact Test for Shipping Containers and Systems
Effective Date
01-Oct-2015
Refers
ASTM D4003-98(2019)e1 - Standard Test Methods for Programmable Horizontal Impact Test for Shipping Containers and Systems
Effective Date
01-Aug-2019
Refers
ASTM D4442-16 - Standard Test Methods for Direct Moisture Content Measurement of Wood and Wood-Based Materials
Effective Date
15-Nov-2016
Refers
ASTM D4442-20 - Standard Test Methods for Direct Moisture Content Measurement of Wood and Wood-Based Materials
Effective Date
01-Mar-2020
Referred By
ASTM D6179-20 - Standard Test Methods for Rough Handling of Unitized Loads and Large Shipping Cases and Crates
Effective Date
01-May-2017

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ASTM D1185-98a(2017) - Standard Test Methods for Pallets and Related Structures Employed in Materials Handling and ShippingASTM D1185-98a(2017) - Standard Test Methods for Pallets and Related Structures Employed in Materials Handling and Shipping
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ASTM D1185-98a(2017) - Standard Test Methods for Pallets and Related Structures Employed in Materials Handling and Shipping
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Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D1185 − 98a (Reapproved 2017)
Standard Test Methods for
Pallets and Related Structures Employed in Materials
1
Handling and Shipping
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1185; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope 1.3.2 During the development of prototypes leading to
designs that will be subject to acceptance testing, as described
1.1 Thesetestmethodscovertheperformanceofpalletsand
in 1.4, these preliminary tests shall include the free-fall drop
related structures, functioning as skids, bases, platforms, and
tests in accordance with 9.1.
bins in materials handling and shipping. Their use facilitates
the protection of both packaged and unpackaged products
1.4 Mandatory Acceptance Tests :
during storage and transportation. The test methods include
1.4.1 General-Purpose Pallets—When the objective of the
measurements of the relative resistance of pallets and related
test is to determine the safe working load or to classify a
structures to deformations, damages, and structural failures
general-purpose pallet as a single- or multiple-use pallet, all
which detrimentally affect the functionality of the unit load.
tests described in these test methods shall be performed in the
1.2 These test methods include conditioning requirements,
order specified. The same pallet shall be used for all static and
static stiffness and strength tests, and dynamic tests of struc-
dynamic tests, where feasible.
tural reliability. These test methods are used to evaluate the
1.4.2 Special-Purpose Pallets—When the objective of the
relative performance of new, used, or reconditioned general
test is to determine the safe working load or to classify a
and special-purpose pallets fabricated from various materials
special-purpose pallet, as a single- or multiple-use pallet, only
including solid wood, wood composites, fiberboard,
those tests representing the intended condition of use shall be
honeycomb, plastics, or metal, or to compare the performance
performed. Certain special–purpose pallet designs, because of
of such pallets and related structures to specified performance
the pallet size, its shape, or the material of fabrication, or
criteria. Recommended criteria for all tests specified in this
combinations thereof, cannot be reliably tested using this
standard are listed in Appendix X2.
methodology. When available, alternative test methods should
1.2.1 These test methods are also used to classify pallets as
be used.
single- or multiple-use pallets and to determine the safe
working loads for pallets under specified load and support
1.4.3 Field Testing— It is recommended that pallet designs
conditions.
passing these acceptance tests be further subjected to field
testing in the distribution environment.
1.3 Nonmandatory Preliminary Tests —Because each pallet
may be used under several different conditions of load and
1.5 Simulation of the Distribution Environment—These test
support, pallet-design considerations and safe working-load
methods are not intended to lead to exact simulations of pallet
estimates shall be based on that condition under which the
performance in the distribution environment. These test meth-
pallet offers least resistance or is most severely stressed.
ods are designed to relate to practice with the added provision
1.3.1 Preliminary, short-duration static tests up to the ulti-
that they are repeatable, do not depend on exceptional skills,
mate (see 8.2, 8.3, and 8.4) shall be performed on previously
and are safe to conduct without elaborate precautions.The test
non-tested pallets to determine which load and support condi-
findings are not expected to lead to unalterable conclusions.
tions influence most severely the pallet load-carrying capacity
Testing in the distribution environment may be necessary to
and safe working loads.
verify the results obtained from laboratory tests.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D10 on
Packaging and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.21 on Shipping responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Containers and Systems - Application of Performance Test Methods.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
Curre
...

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5.1 This test method is intended for the determination of the arc rating of a hand protective product material, or a combination of hand protective product materials.  
5.1.1 Because of the variability of the arc exposure, different heat transmission values are observed at individual sensors. Evaluate the results of each sensor in accordance with Section 12.  
5.2 This test method maintains the specimen in a static, vertical position and does not involve movement except that resulting from the exposure.  
5.3 This test method specifies a standard set of exposure conditions. Different exposure conditions have the potential to produce different results. In addition to the standard set of exposure conditions, other conditions are allowed and shall be documented in the reporting of the testing results.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is used to determine the arc rating of hand protective products in the form of gloves, glove materials, glove material systems, or other protective products designed to fit on the hand and specifically intended for electric arc flash protection use as protective accessories for workers exposed to electric arcs. The arc rating is determined in the test with an arc that has a heat flux value of 2100 kW/m2 [50 cal/cm2/s].  
1.2 This test method will determine the arc rating of hand protective products made of materials that meet the following requirements for flame resistance: less than 150 mm [6 in.] char length, less than 2 s afterflame and no melt and drip when tested in accordance with Test Method D6413, receive a reported 50 % probability of ignition of a material or flammable underlayer (see definition of ignition50) by this method, or that have been evaluated and pass the ignition withstand requirements of this test method.  
1.2.1 It is the intent of this test method to be used for hand protective products that are flame resistant or that have an adequate flame resistance for the required hazard (see 1.2). Non-flame resistant hand protective products may be used as under layers in multiple-layer systems or tested for ignition probability or ignition withstand.  
1.2.2 Hand protective products tested by this test method are new and ratings received by this method may be reduced or eliminated by hydrocarbon loading (gasoline, diesel fuel, transformer oil, etc.), sweat, dirt, grease, or other contaminants. The end user takes responsibility for use of hand protective products tested by this method when contaminated in such a manner that could reduce or eliminate the arc rating of the hand protective products.  
1.2.3 This test method is designed to provide information for gloves used for electric arc protection only. This test method is not suitable for determining electrical protective properties of hand protective products.  
1.3 This test method is used to measure and describe the properties of hand protective products in response to convective and radiant energy generated by an electric arc under controlled laboratory conditions.  
1.4 This test method does not apply to electrical contact or electrical shock hazards.  
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined  
1.6 This standard shall not be used to describe or appraise the fire hazard or fire risk of materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions. However, results of this test may be used as elements of a fire assessment that takes into account all of the factors, which are pertinent to an assessment of the fire hazard of a particular end use.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this s...

  • Standard
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  • Standard
    14 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off